A soberania é um conceito cuja definição remete para o absoluto e o incondicionado, pese embora a sua génese se situar na modernidade, o que significa ter de se prescindir, na sua formulação, de qualquer recurso de natureza transcendente, como os que serviam de lastro à legitimação do poder nas concepções antiga e medieval. É objectivo do presente artigo analisar este paradoxo, sempre presente no Estado contemporâneo, evidenciando, a partir dos escritos de Fernando Gil sobre o tema, o modo como (...) a soberania alberga em simultâneo duas dimensões conceptuais que são antagónicas e, no entanto, inalienáveis. (shrink)

Maquiavel é geralmente considerado um precursor, senão mesmo o criador, da ciência política. Tal interpretação vê na obra do Florentino uma sistematização da racionalidade intrínseca à ação humana. Com tonalidades distintas, podemos vê-la em autores tão diferentes como Hegel, Meinecke ou Leo Strauss, que atribuem a Maquiavel a intuição do estado como princípio subjacente à autonomia do político e ao realismo. Estará, no entanto, esse princípio realmente presente na obra de Maquiavel? O presente texto questiona semelhante hipótese, sustentando, ao invés, (...) que o Florentino pertence a um universo de pensamento onde o moderno conceito de estado se encontra ausente. Pelo contrário, a mistura de razão e desrazão, que é inerente à ação política, mas que o postulado fundador da ciência política dos modernos – o mito do estado, como lhe chama Cassirer – virá ocultar, ainda se encontra a descoberto. (shrink)

Original scholarly essays by leading philosophers, which bring to life Machiavelli’s lengthiest and most challenging work.

O objetivo do artigo é discutir o pensamento político de Espinosa confrontando-o, por um lado, com o que poderíamos chamar a “ideologia dominante" da época, o pensamento cristão, aqui examinado a partir da correspondência com o dinamarquês N. Stensen, e, por outro lado, com o quadro teórico em que a questão política está então a ser recolocada, o pensamento de Hobbes. Além da conhecida explicitação do que o distingue em relação a Hobbes ( Carta L, a J. Jelles), é na (...) Correspondência que Espinosa expõe a articulação entre a política e os grandes temas de sua metafísica, como são a doutrina da causa imanente e o binômio liberdade/necessidade. Lugar privilegiado de auscultação da opinião dominante e, por isso, exercício em si mesmo exemplarmente político, as cartas são também o espaço textual em que a metafísica se expõe às suas consequências políticas e a teoria se confronta com a prática, oferecendo uma visão de Espinosa que, se está longe do "positivista" hobbesiano, não está menos longe do visionário afastado da realidade que o circunda e o condiciona. (shrink)

Machiavelli is known chiefly for The Prince, but his main considerations on politics are in his most profound and later work Discourses on Livy, the complexity, length and style of which have often discouraged new readers and interpreters of Machiavelli, despite its historical and theoretical importance. For this reason, the Discourses has not been given the attention it deserves. This volume of newly commissioned essays by some of the world's leading experts on Machiavelli overcomes this gap. It is the first (...) collective volume dedicated specifically to this work, ranging over topics such as Machiavelli's republicanism, the relation between liberty and tyranny, the role of religion, his conception of history, his writing style, his view of society as a plural and conflictive body, his suggestion of how a free state should be organized, or his notions of the people and virtù. Contributors include: Jérémie Barthas, Thomas Berns, Alessandro Campi, J. Patrick Coby, Marie Gaille, Marco Geuna, Mark Jurdjevic, Cary J. Nederman, Gabriele Pedullà, Diogo Pires Aurélio, Fabio Raimondi, Andre Santos Campos, Miguel Vatter, and Camila Vergara. (shrink)

Main description: Over the past years global justice has established itself as one of the new and most promising frontiers of political theory. Sovereign Justice collects valuable contributions from scholars of both continental and analytic tradition, and aims to investigate into the relationship between global justice and the nation state. It deals with the moral relevance of national boundaries and cosmopolitanism, and takes into account the most influential traditions that shape current approaches to the subject, especially those descending from Rawls (...) and Kant. (shrink)

Resenha do livro "O mais natural dos regimes. Espinosa e a Democracia", de Diogo Pires Aurélio.

Given the need to explore the factors that can account for a better understanding of the intention-behavior gap in exercise practice in health club settings, and considering the emergence of hedonic assumptions related to exercise adherence, this cross-sectional study aimed to test the moderation effect of the intensity traits agreement/disagreement in three relevant outcomes of exercise enjoyment: exercise habit, intention to continue exercising, and exercise frequency. A sample consisted of 273 exercisers (male = 127; Mage = 36.21; SD = 11.29) (...) enrolled in nine health clubs who voluntarily fulfilled a battery of questionnaires. All analyses were performed using SPSS v. 23.0/PROCESS v. 3.5. The results of the study presented a moderation effect of exercise intensity traits agreement on three relevant enjoyment outcomes: exercise habit, intention to continue exercising, and exercise frequency. No relevant results emerged from intensity traits disagreement. The results suggest that assessing and tailoring exercise prescription and supervision in order to customize exercise intensity may influence future exercise participation. (shrink)

Notwithstanding its critical and refutative method and scope, which are so different from his subsequent phenomenological work, Husserl’s Prolegomena to Pure Logic lays the foundations for that later work. His refutation of relativism is based upon the existence of a general form for scientific “foundations”, the availability of non-linguistic evidence of pure significations and the possibility of the subject reflecting upon its own acts, which also pave the way for Phenomenology. This paper also points out that, although the later relativist (...) philosophy often rested on exactly the opposite theses of the Prolegomena, the arguments of this work were not seriously discussed or refuted. (shrink)

Con base en la hipótesis de que las leyes son fuentes de legitimación de las relaciones de dominación existentes en las sociedades capitalistas, aunque contradictorias, y que en este contexto, el abogado como especialista en el manejo de la ley, tiene una mayor importancia, en este artículo analizo los discurso políticos y legales de los abogados que han actuado y/o actuan en la asesoría jurídica de la entidad oficial que representa a empleadores rurales en el Brasil, denominada “Confederação de Agricultura (...) e Pecuária do Brasil” (CNA). En particular, examinaré la retórica y los argumentos de sus principales demandas (laborales y fundiárias) en la coyuntura de la globalización neoliberal, que tuvo inicios a media-dos de 1980. (shrink)

In this article, we reassess two of Mises’ core methodological claims. The first claim is that action is necessarily rational. The second claim is that all human minds share a logical structure. Neither claim can be unreservedly accepted but, we argue, both contain truth: Mises’ reflections remain important contributions to our understanding of action and the mind, hence to economics.

Aristotle is indebted to the more precise distinction and elaboration of the concepts of theory and practice. He made philosophy a theoretical knowledge, coining the notion of theory as speculative knowledge of given realities in the world.However, this theory is no longer a contemplation of Ideas, but of essential and universal realities, arising from an intellectual abstraction of nature. The theoretical knowledge turns to the nature of things to observe their causes and developments.Alongside theory and in opposition to it, he (...) develops the notion of practice (praxis). In general, it can be said that praxis dominates everything that is operable by man, that is, it concerns properly human action insofar as it is immanent and voluntary. Although theory and practice most often present themselves as completely opposite and independent, it is possible to verify that the Aristotelian system presupposes a certain degree of coherence involving some key concepts of his philosophy. In this sense, the main objective of this seminar is to investigate the ways in which it is possible to think about the relationship between theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge in Aristotle’s philosophy, taking into account excerpts from two of hismain works of maturity, namely, Metaphysics and Nicomachean Ethics. (shrink)

We start by problematizing the way in which philosophical practice is generally conceived in our academic environment. In this article, we address an understanding of Philosophy as a process of serious and sincere investigation of existential questions and creation of theory. With this, we intend to question some of the most common diagnoses and solutions for the underdevelopment of philosophical practice in Brazil, as well as provide our contribution to the propagation of a philosophical practice that risks the leap from (...) commentary to creation. (shrink)

Philosophie des expérientes radicales, livro recém-publicado pelo filósofo pragmatista e professor da Universidade de Lyon III, Stéphane Madelrieux, propõe uma maneira original e inovadora de ler a filosofia francesa do século XX. Sem abordá-la por caminhos tradicionais, tais como a sucessão cronológica de gerações (1860, 1900, 1900, etc), conceitos típicos (espírito e vida; existência e transcendência; dialética e práxis; estrutura e descontinuidade; diferença e desconstrução, etc.), correntes hegemônicas (espiritualismo bergsoniano, filosofias da vida; existencialismos; hegelianismos, marxismos; estruturalismo, epistemologia histórica; pós-estruturalismo ou (...) pós-modernismo, etc.), Madelrieux elege seis autores franceses (Henri Bergson, Jean Wahl, Gilles Deleuze, Georges Bataille, Maurice Blanchot e Michel Foucault), todos do século XX, para, em seguida, analisá-los pelo prisma do "empirismo metafísico". O que interessa a Madelrieux é apontar a presença de um programa inédito, não trabalhado na literatura filosófica, que amarra experiência e metafísica, e que explica uma parte importante da filosofia do século XX, notadamente na França. (shrink)

The main goals of this study were, to test the motivational determinants of athletes perceived effort in football considering the four-stage motivational sequence at the contextual level proposed by Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: task-involving, basic psychological needs, self-determined motivation and perceived effort. The multi-group analysis across different age-groups (U15, U17, U19, U21 years) and mediation role of basic psychological needs and self-determined motivation on the task-involving climate and the perceived effort were also analysed. Two independent samples of (...) male football athletes (N= 403, N= 403), aged 13-20 were enrolled in this study. The results demonstrated that structural model provided a good fit to data for all samples under analysis, and was invariant across U17, U19, and U21. However, it was not invariant across U15 and U17, U19 and U21. Additionally, in the results from the mediation analysis, there were significant indirect effects in all samples, supporting theoretical by self-determination theory assumptions, reinforcing the importance of basic psychological needs satisfaction and behavioral regulation in the relation in analysis. The results allow concluding that when coaches promote a task-involving climate, the basic psychological needs satisfaction of athletes improves. This climate will facilitate the regulation of their behaviors towards more autonomous forms of motivation, with positive results in the perceived effort of the athletes. (shrink)

Uma das principais discussões na correspondência Leibniz-Clarke tem que ver com o melhor modo de conceber a liberdade da vontade. A relação entre a vontade e os motivos é semelhante à que se verifica entre a balança e os pesos? A vontade tem a capacidade de contrariar a inclinação mais forte? A noção de motivos que inclinam sem necessitar basta para defender a liberdade? Estas e outras perguntas constituem o campo de batalha em que duas diferentes perspectivas acerca da liberdade (...) humana e divina se enfrentam. O nosso artigo foca a posição de Leibniz a respeito deste tema, tal como se desenha nas cartas tro­cadas com Clarke. Nele, sublinhamos as preocupações fundamentais de Leibniz na tarefa de conceptualização da vontade livre, oferecemos um brevíssimo resumo da sua argumentação e partilhamos algumas dificuldades relativas à interpretação das teses apresentadas pelo filósofo alemão. (shrink)

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When preferences are such that there is no unique additive prior, the issue of which updating rule to use is of extreme importance. This paper presents an axiomatization of the rule which requires updating of all the priors by Bayes rule. The decision maker has conditional preferences over acts. It is assumed that preferences over acts conditional on event E happening, do not depend on lotteries received on Ec, obey axioms which lead to maxmin expected utility representation with multiple priors, (...) and have common induced preferences over lotteries. The paper shows that when all priors give positive probability to an event E, a certain coherence property between conditional and unconditional preferences is satisfied if and only if the set of subjective probability measures considered by the agent given E is obtained by updating all subjective prior probability measures using Bayes rule. (shrink)

Em um artigo intitulado “Whether certainty is a form of life”, Elizabeth Wolgast ataca por duas vias diversas a concepção witgensteiniana de proposição gramatical desenvolvida no Da Certeza. Ela acusa Wittgenstein de contradizer certas teses centrais das Investigações Filosóficas, ao estabelecer como significativas proposições sem uso em nossos jogos de linguagem correntes, e denuncia a precariedade da tese, supostamente presente no Da Certeza, de que proposições gramaticais descrevem nosso sistema de crenças. Procuro refutar ambas as objeções por meio de uma (...) apresentação de evidências de que proposições gramaticais podem ter uso efetivo em jogos de linguagem correntes, e da demonstração de que uma mesma proposição pode, a um só tempo, descrever o uso das palavras em uma língua e servir como exemplo (modelo) de uso. Busco apoio no artigo de Debrah Aidun, “Wittgenstein on gramatical propositions”, para efetuar essa investigação sobre o estatuto das proposições gramaticais e faço complementações a seus argumentos de modo a aproximar o último Wittgenstein das pesquisas sobre os atos de fala conforme desenvolvidas por Austin e Searle. (shrink)

This essay considers insects’ place-making powers in history of science topics. Insects have co-shaped the geographies of knowledge production throughout history in three primary dimensions: through their size, density, and multiplane existence. Insects’ miniature worlds have helped humans to create trans-scale analogies. Their spatial transgression and swarming capacity have overwhelmed people, including field researchers, contributing to the making of the places where science is produced. Finally, insects’ “ontologically alien” ways of engaging with environments (e.g., flying and living underground) have offered (...) valuable material for humans’ imaginings of their own realities. By prioritizing insects’ own spatial characteristics, this tripartite typology of human/insect entanglements intends to spur new ways of writing histories of science that engage with space and place. (shrink)

En este trabajo se presenta una intervención psicológica con un jugador de fútbol profesional que muestra un nivel muy bajo de confianza y problemas para poder concentrarse durante las competiciones. Desde un enfoque cognitivo-conductual se implementó un programa de entrenamiento psicológico con una duración de cuatro meses. Se realizó una evaluación inicial y final para valorar la satisfacción y la eficacia del programa. La intervención estuvo formada por técnicas y estrategias como reestructuración cognitiva, establecimiento de objetivos, plan de competición, auto-registros (...) conductuales y técnicas de relajación y visualización. Al finalizar el programa el futbolista muestra un nivel mucho más alto de confianza y tiene recursos eficaces para poder concentrarse tanto en los partidos como en los entrenamientos. Se postula la adecuación del enfoque cognitivo-conductual a la intervención psicológica en el ámbito deportivo, enfatizando la importancia de incorporar estrategias psicológicas en el trabajo del entrenamiento deportivo. (shrink)

Investigation on the ethical implications of the principle of identity and of the principle of reason. The logical principle of identity (A=A), along with the principle of non­contradiction and the principle of the third middle costitute the basis of ocidental logic. However, its dominance is not restricted to logic. As the dominance of the principle of reason is not restricted to epistemology and ontology. This principles constitute a whole worldvew with serious ethical implications. We’ll try, at the end of the (...) article, to indicate contemporary alternatives to this principles – alternatives which bring with themselves different ethical implications. (shrink)

In this paper, we intend to demonstrate that the asylum request process can have its semantic and politic structures evidenced from an access via philosophy of language. In order to elucidate the normative nature of this social practice and to take a critical stance in relation to the treatment given to the refuge interview as it has been done in our country, we resort to certain concepts developed by the so called later Wittgenstein. Looking for a more complete treatment of (...) our object of study, we also turn to the authors of Bakhtin’s Circle, which explore communicational dimensions that the Viennese philosopher did not properly explore – with special emphasis on “value accents”. In order to collect empirical evidence relevant to our purposes, a field research was carried out with professionals and volunteers involved in the asylum request interviews. The resulting reports provided us with more basis for the considerations we make about the normative fragility of the interview language game and the intricate value system that guides the interaction between interviewer, interpreter and interviewee. (shrink)

No presente trabalho, procuro mostrar que um esclarecimento prévio acerca do papel da metáfora nas barganhas de significado é elemento imprescindível para a constituição de uma Filosofia da Retórica. Para tanto, recorro ao tratamento precursor conferido por I.A. Richards ao tema da metáfora na obra intitulada The Philosophy of Rhetoric e proponho complementações ao mesmo a partir de uma concepção de aprendizado da linguagem de orientação wittgensteiniana.