English summary: Although the idea of a Euro-Asian Axis Age can be traced back to the pioneer of Iranian studies, Anquetil Duperron, ancient Iran usually plays only a minor role in the 20th century Axis Age theory founded by Karl Jaspers, which revolves around the recording and explanation of rationality. In this investigation of the history of Ancient Iranian rationality, Gotz Konig first points out which theory-immanent moments in Jasper's basic text The Origin and Goal of History (1949) may have (...) favored this omission. Examplary analyses show how minimal changes in the ritual, a change in the configuration of intellectual capacity, or the replacement of a metaphysical concept of order by a legal one open up paths that are oriented towards certain central axial categories. A concluding study of the dialectic of the Axis Age shows how the Achaemenid period (6th-4th century BC) can be regarded in various respects as the true Axis Age of Iran, but ultimately misses and reverses its own rational measures. German description: Obgleich sich der Gedanke einer euro-asiatischen Achsenzeit bis auf den Pionier der Iranistik Anquetil Duperron zuruckfuhren lasst, so spielt der antike Iran in der von Karl Jaspers begrundeten Achsenzeittheorie des 20. Jahrhunderts, die um die Erfassung und Erklarung von 'Rationalitat' kreist, in der Regel nur eine Nebenrolle. Gotz Konig stellt in seinen Untersuchungen zur altiranischen Rationalitatsgeschichte zunachst heraus, welche theorieimmanenten Momente in Jaspers Basistext Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte (1949) dieses Vergessen begunstigt haben konnen. In Beispielanalysen wird gezeigt, wie durch minimale Veranderungen des Rituals, durch einen Wandel in der Konstellation geistiger Vermogen oder durch die Ersetzung eines metaphysischen durch einen rechtlichen Ordnungsbegriff Wege (im antiken Ost- wie sodann West-Iran) eroffnet werden, die sich auf bestimmte axiale Zentralkategorien hin ausrichten. Eine abschliessende Studie zur Dialektik der Achsenzeit zeigt, wie die Periode der Achameniden (6.-4. Jahrhundert v.Chr.) zwar in verschiedener Hinsicht als die eigentliche Achsenzeit Irans betrachtet werden kann, letztlich aber die eigenen, von ihr aufgestellten rationalen Massstabe verfehlt und verkehrt. (shrink)

The series Studien zur deutschen Literatur (Studies in German Literature) presents outstanding analyses of German-speaking literature from the early modern period to the present day. It particularly embraces comparative, cultural and historical-epistemological questions and serves as a tradition-steeped forum for innovative literary research. All submitted manuscripts undergo a double peer-review process.

This article challenges E.P. Thompson's definition of ‘moral economy’ as a traditional consensus of crowd rights that were swept away by market forces. Instead, it suggests that the concept has the potential of improving the understanding of modern civil society. Moral economy was a term invented in the eighteenth century to describe many things. Thompson's approach reflects only a minor part of this conceptual history. His understanding of moral economy is conditioned by a dichotomous view of history and by the (...) acceptance of a model according to which modern economy is not subject to moral concerns. It is on principle problematic to confine a term conjoining two concepts as general as ‘moral’ and ‘economy’ to a specific historical and social setting. Recent approaches that frame moral economy as an emotively defined order of morals are also misleading since they do not address economic issues in the way they are commonly understood. The most promising current approaches appear to be those that consider t.. (shrink)

This paper argues that despite recent tendencies to minimize the differences between Posidonius and the Early Stoics, there are some important aspects of Stoic ethics in which Posidonius deviated from the orthodox doctrine. According to two passages in Diogenes Laertius, Posidonius counted health and wealth among the goods and held that virtue alone is insufficient for happiness. While Kidd in his commentary dismissed this report as spurious, there are good reasons to take Diogenes’ remarks seriously. Through a careful analysis of (...) the sources, in particular of Galen's De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis, this article offers a new interpretation of Posidonius’ ethics. It sheds light on Posidonius’ theory of virtues and shows that Posidonius must have granted a special status to things like health and wealth even if he did not regard them as genuine goods. (shrink)

Fundamental frequency, perceived as pitch, is the first and arguably most salient auditory component humans are exposed to since the beginning of life. It carries multiple linguistic and paralinguistic functions in speech and communication. The mappings between these functions and ƒ0 features vary within a language and differ cross-linguistically. For instance, a rising pitch can be perceived as a question in English but a lexical tone in Mandarin. Such variations mean that infants must learn the specific mappings based on their (...) respective linguistic and social environments. To date, canonical theoretical frameworks and most empirical studies do not view or consider the multi-functionality of ƒ0, but typically focus on individual functions. More importantly, despite the eventual mastery of ƒ0 in communication, it is unclear how infants learn to decompose and recognize these overlapping functions carried by ƒ0. In this paper, we review the symbioses and synergies of the lexical, intonational, and emotional functions that can be carried by ƒ0 and are being acquired throughout infancy. On the basis of our review, we put forward the Learnability Hypothesis that infants decompose and acquire multiple ƒ0 functions through native/environmental experiences. Under this hypothesis, we propose representative cases such as the synergy scenario, where infants use visual cues to disambiguate and decompose the different ƒ0 functions. Further, viable ways to test the scenarios derived from this hypothesis are suggested across auditory and visual modalities. Discovering how infants learn to master the diverse functions carried by ƒ0 can increase our understanding of linguistic systems, auditory processing and communication functions. (shrink)

This book presents the thesis that happiness does not mean just one thing but many, and that these many meanings have been studied, described, argued, and practiced throughout the centuries in many climes and places. This book explores many views of happiness as espoused by their original founders and developers.

The relative age effect is associated with advantages in competitive sports. While the RAE in elite male soccer reveals a skewed birthdate distribution in relation to a certain cut-off date, research of RAE in elite female soccer is affected by small number of samples and conflicting results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the RAE in elite adult German soccer regarding gender and competition level. The sample comprised 680 female and 1,083 male players of the two top German (...) leagues during the 2019/20 season and German national teams. Differences between the observed and expected birthdate distributions were analyzed using chi-square statistics and effect sizes followed by calculating odds ratios. Results showed a statistically significant RAE with small effect size across all players included for both genders. The identified RAE was based on an over-representation of players born at the beginning of the year. According to gender and competition level, RAEs were more pronounced in German male soccer. While significant RAEs were found among males in the first two leagues, the RAE of females was more pronounced in the second league. The analysis of RAE regarding the national teams revealed a statistically significant RAE with large effect size for only the youngest investigated age group of male players. Our data show an RAE in female and male German adult soccer, which could be accompanied by a loss of valuable elite players during the youth phase of the career. Consequently, the pool of talented players at the adult level would be limited. (shrink)

Descartes and al-Ghazâlî were led to inquire into the nature of certainty by their experiences of a fragmented world into which they were nurtured. Though theylived five hundred years apart, their searches were similar, to the extent that some have asked whether Descartes was more indebted to al-Ghazâlî than he would have been willing to admit. But despite striking similarities there are significant differences. Descartes found certainty in any experience or concept that overwhelmed him by its clarity and distinctness. Such (...) certainty was achieved in intuition, which is a direct, experiential knowing. God guarantees thatwe shall not be deceived in this. On the other hand, al-Ghazâlî found certainty in a direct experience (dhawq) of God in whom all knowledge resides. For Descartes, God was an outside guarantor; for al-Ghazâlî, God was the very truth experienced inwardly in such a way that it could not be doubted. (shrink)

Descartes and al-Ghazâlî were led to inquire into the nature of certainty by their experiences of a fragmented world into which they were nurtured. Though theylived five hundred years apart, their searches were similar, to the extent that some have asked whether Descartes was more indebted to al-Ghazâlî than he would have been willing to admit. But despite striking similarities there are significant differences. Descartes found certainty in any experience or concept that overwhelmed him by its clarity and distinctness. Such (...) certainty was achieved in intuition, which is a direct, experiential knowing. God guarantees thatwe shall not be deceived in this. On the other hand, al-Ghazâlî found certainty in a direct experience (dhawq) of God in whom all knowledge resides. For Descartes, God was an outside guarantor; for al-Ghazâlî, God was the very truth experienced inwardly in such a way that it could not be doubted. (shrink)

Diversity and psychological health issues at the workplace are pressing issues in today’s organizations. However, research linking the two fields is scant. To bridge this gap, drawing from team faultline research, social categorization theory, and the job-demands resources model, we propose that perceiving one’s team as fragmented into subgroups increases strain. We further argue that this relationship is mediated by task conflict and relationship conflict and that it is moderated by psychological empowerment and task interdependence. Multilevel structural equation models on (...) a two-wave sample consisting of 536 participants from 107 work teams across various industries and work contexts partially supported the hypotheses: Task conflict did indeed mediate the positive relationships between perceived subgroups and emotional exhaustion while relationship conflict did not; effects on stress symptoms were absent. Moreover, contrary to our expectations, neither empowerment, nor task interdependence moderated the mediation. Results indicate that team diversity can constitute a job demand that can affect psychological health. Focusing on the mediating role of task conflict, we offer a preliminary process model to guide future research at the crossroads of diversity and psychological health at work. (shrink)

This review essay of two edited volumes sketches how STS scholars have analyzed scientific representation and visualization in recent work. Several key foci have emerged, among them attending closely to materiality, engaging the digital through embodied action, turning to ontology, as well as benefitting from artistic practice and critique. In diverse ways these choices are informed by a discontentment with the Cartesian split of mind and body as well as the picture theory of language. Yet, naturalism endures as a template, (...) an expectation, and sometimes a specter with and against which much representational work in science is done. What STS scholars have learnt about representation in laboratory and expert settings still awaits being employed more comprehensively for making sense of practices beyond the lab, especially in contested political, social and ecological environments. In setting out to do so, they ought to reflect on the kinds of logic that their practices of representing representation enact. (shrink)

Der theoretische Kontext, aus dem die frühromantische, vor allem von Friedrich Schlegel und Friedrich von Hardenberg repräsentierte Denkform hervorgeht, ist bekanntlich die Philosophie des sogenannten deutschen Idealismus, namentlich die Transzendentalphilosophie Kants und Fichtes. Die Forschung vertritt nicht selten die These einer stringenten Kritik Fichtes durch die Frühromantik, welche schließlich zur Verabschiedung des Begriffs vom »Ich« im Sinne eines Fundaments aller Philosophie geführt habe. Der frühromantische Ansatz, so wird oftmals angenommen, gewinne sein Profil dadurch, daß er einen dem Denken unzugänglichen Bewußtseinsgrund (...) postuliere, während Fichte den Status der Absolutheit letztlich für das Selbstbewußtsein beanspruche. Fichte unterscheidet jedoch sehr wohl zwischen dem »empirischen Ich« und einer nur mittels methodischer Reflexion erschließbaren Instanz, die das empirische Ich begründet und der deshalb keinerlei Form von Bewußtsein zukommen kann. Die Romantiker entwickeln vielmehr aus der mit Fichte weitgehend geteilten transzendentalen Theorie des Absoluten Konsequenzen für das Philosophieren, die dann zwar eklatant von Fichte abweichen, aber auch dabei noch Einsichten der Wissenschaftslehre treu bleiben. (shrink)

Der theoretische Kontext, aus dem die frühromantische, vor allem von Friedrich Schlegel und Friedrich von Hardenberg repräsentierte Denkform hervorgeht, ist bekanntlich die Philosophie des sogenannten deutschen Idealismus, namentlich die Transzendentalphilosophie Kants und Fichtes. Die Forschung vertritt nicht selten die These einer stringenten Kritik Fichtes durch die Frühromantik, welche schließlich zur Verabschiedung des Begriffs vom »Ich« im Sinne eines Fundaments aller Philosophie geführt habe. Der frühromantische Ansatz, so wird oftmals angenommen, gewinne sein Profil dadurch, daß er einen dem Denken unzugänglichen Bewußtseinsgrund (...) postuliere, während Fichte den Status der Absolutheit letztlich für das Selbstbewußtsein beanspruche. Fichte unterscheidet jedoch sehr wohl zwischen dem »empirischen Ich« und einer nur mittels methodischer Reflexion erschließbaren Instanz, die das empirische Ich begründet und der deshalb keinerlei Form von Bewußtsein zukommen kann. Die Romantiker entwickeln vielmehr aus der mit Fichte weitgehend geteilten transzendentalen Theorie des Absoluten Konsequenzen für das Philosophieren, die dann zwar eklatant von Fichte abweichen, aber auch dabei noch Einsichten der Wissenschaftslehre treu bleiben. (shrink)

Uchiyama et al. present a dual inheritance framework for conceptualizing how behavioural genetics and cultural evolution interact and affect heritability. We posit that to achieve a holistic and nuanced representation of the cultural environment and evolution against which genetic effects should be evaluated, it is imperative to consider the multiple geographic cultural layers impacting individuals and genetic heritability.

Die Beiträge des Sammelbandes beschäftigen sich mit dem Spannungsfeld von Physik, Krieg und Friedensengagement. Ausgehend von der physikalischen Gemeinschaft im Ersten Weltkrieg diskutieren die Autoren Rüstungsforschung jenseits der großen Brennpunkte wie Atomwaffen – von Röntgenblitzen bis zum Laser. Zum anderen setzen sich die Autoren mit den ethisch begründeten Debatten und daraus resultierend mit dem zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagement von Physikern wie Albert Einstein und Hans Thirring auseinander, sei es individuell oder organisiert wie in der Pugwash-Bewegung.

In the adult mammalian brain, neurogenesis is restricted to few regions, while gliogenesis continues in a wide‐spread manner. Here we discuss our knowledge of extrinsic and intrinsic factors regulating neuro‐ and gliogenesis in the adult brain and propose a model of fate specification identifying the states of easiest transition between glio‐ and neurogenesis, highlighting the unique mechanisms stabilising the neural stem cell state. The model also encompasses the fate alterations achieved by direct reprogramming, and hence addresses a novel avenue for (...) repair, namely eliciting neurogenesis from glial cells outside the neurogenic niches. (shrink)

Bioethics, Volume 36, Issue 4, Page 388-402, May 2022.