DNA copy number variation (CNV) represents a considerable source of human genetic diversity. Recently,1 a global map of copy number variation in the human genome has been drawn up which reveals not only the ubiquity but also the complexity of this type of variation. Thus, two human genomes may differ by more than 20 Mb and it is likely that the full extent of CNV still remains to be discovered. Nearly 3000 genes are associated with CNV. This high degree of (...) variability with regard to gene copy number between two individuals challenges definitions of normality. Many CNVs are located in regions of complex genomic structure and this currently limits the extent to which these variants can be genotyped by using tagging SNPs. However, some CNVs are already amenable to genome‐wide association studies so that their influence on human phenotypic diversity and disease susceptibility may soon be determined. BioEssays 29:311–313, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

O objetivo do presente artigo consiste em apresentar uma reflexão sobre os paradigmas existentes e emergentes frente a um contexto teórico-científico e a necessidade de mudança devido aos desafios enfrentados em determinados momentos. Assim, o texto, de abordagem qualitativa e caracterizado como uma revisão bibliográfica, contextualiza acerca deste braço da filosofia que trata da natureza da pesquisa científica, do conhecimento no campo educacional, não somente do âmbito da epistemologia, mas também da fundamentação dos paradigmas das ciências e da educação, e (...) do conhecimento científico. As questões metodológicas estão diretamente relacionadas com essa reflexão sobre os resultados significativos e o que precisa ser modificado a partir de uma análise sobre o contexto social em que se está inserido. Para fundamentar este artigo, se apresentam as contextualizações que dialogam em torno de autores como Alda Judith Alves-Mazzotti, Pierre Bourdieu, Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Bernard Charlot, Edgar Morin, Thomas Kuhn e Mario Osório Marques. Portanto, o artigo expõe no seu panorama científico uma resposta às imposições das ciências na contemporaneidade, sem o rompimento com o passado e suas tradições, mas apresentando um olhar voltado para o futuro. A partir dessa perspectiva, precisamos ter clareza do campo científico em que estamos inseridos, conhecendo de fato suas peculiaridades para optarmos por um método que contemple as necessidades apresentadas, tendo segurança do que estamos fazendo. Enfim, pode-se concluir que os profissionais da educação precisam de uma base de pesquisa científica sólida para terem subsídios necessários ao experimentarem novas metodologias em suas práticas pedagógicas que sejam significativas para os estudantes. (shrink)

This is the second volume in what will be a translation with full scholarly apparatus of the entire correspondence of St. Hildegard of Bingen. The translation follows Van Acker's definitive new edition of the Latin text, which is being published serially in Belgium by Brepols. As in that edition, the letters are organized according to the rank of the addressees. The first volume included ninety letters to and from the highest ranking prelates in Hildegard's world: popes, archbishops, and (...) bishops. Volume II comprises letters 91-217, in which Hildegard addresses lower-ranking spiritual leaders offering advice and consolation, and is particularly noteworthy for the correspondence with Guilbert of Gembloux, who provides a wealth of information about the saint and her spiritual gift. (shrink)

The first of four volumes that will present the only English translation of the complete correspondence of the remarkable twelfth-century Benedictine abbess Hildegard of Bingen, this study consists of nearly four hundred letters addressed to some of the most notable people of the day.

This is the second volume in what will be a translation with full scholarly apparatus of the entire correspondence of St. Hildegard of Bingen. The translation follows Van Acker's definitive new edition of the Latin text, which is being published serially in Belgium by Brepols. As in that edition, the letters are organized according to the rank of the addressees. The first volume included ninety letters to and from the highest ranking prelates in Hildegard's world: popes, archbishops, and (...) bishops. Volume II comprises letters 91-217, in which Hildegard addresses lower-ranking spiritual leaders offering advice and consolation, and is particularly noteworthy for the correspondence with Guilbert of Gembloux, who provides a wealth of information about the saint and her spiritual gift. (shrink)

The first of four volumes that will present the only English translation of the complete correspondence of the remarkable twelfth-century Benedictine abbess Hildegard of Bingen, this study consists of nearly four hundred letters addressed to some of the most notable people of the day.

Since the 1980s scholars have been increasingly confronted with expectations to orient themselves toward societal and economic priorities. This normative demand for societal responsiveness is inscribed in discourses aimed at increasing the usefulness, competitiveness, and control of academia. New performance criteria, funding conditions, and organizational forms are central drivers of this debate – thereby, they change the conditions in which scholars conduct research and advance their careers. However, little is known so far about the impact these institutional changes have on (...) the habitus of academics. This article analyzes how stable and consistent habitus formations among academics turn out to be in the course of institutional changes. We compare the habitus formations of two generations of German scholars before and after institutional changes gained pace in Germany. Three distinct habitus formations can be identified, which we refer to as “self-fulfilling,” “self-surpassing,” and “self-asserting.” These habitus formations hold across the two generations, but the lines between them become blurry in the new generation. (shrink)

Increasing attention is being paid to spirituality in nursing practice. Much of the literature on spiritual care uses the nursing process to describe this aspect of care. However, the use of the nursing process in the area of spirituality may be problematic, depending upon the understandings of the nature and intent of this process. Is it primarily a descriptive process meant to make visible the nursing actions to provide spiritual support, or is it a prescriptive process meant to guide nursing (...) actions for intervening in the spirituality of patients? A prescriptive nursing process approach implies influencing, and in some cases reframing, the spirituality of patients and thereby extends beyond general notions of spiritual support. In this paper we discuss four problematic assumptions that form the basis for a prescriptive approach to spiritual care. We conclude that this approach extends the nursing role beyond appropriate professional boundaries, making it ethically problematic. (shrink)

Engagement with the historical and theoretical underpinnings of measuring quality of life (QoL) and patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) in healthcare is important. Ideas and values that shape such practices—and in the endgame, people's lives—might otherwise remain unexamined, be taken for granted or even essentialized. Our aim is to explicate and theoretically discuss the philosophical tenets underlying the practices of QoL assessment and PRO measurement in relation to the notion of person‐centredness. First, we engage with the late‐modern history of the concept of (...) QoL and the act of assessing and measuring it. Working with the historical method of genealogy, we describe the development of both QoL assessments and PRO measures (PROMs) within healthcare by accounting for the contextual conditions for their possibility. In this way, the historical and philosophical underpinnings of these measurement practices are highlighted. We move on to analyse theoretical and philosophical underpinnings regarding the use of PROMs and QoL assessments in clinical practice, as demonstrated in review studies thereof. Finally, we offer a critical analysis regarding the state of theory in the literature and conclude that, although improved person‐centredness is an implied driver of QoL assessments and PROMs in clinical practice, enhanced theoretical underpinning of the development of QoL assessments is called for. (shrink)

O artigo trata sobre o legado de Francisco de Assis e Madre Madalena, referência de vida e educação: formando para a vida com princípios, valores e atitudes. Objetiva reconhecer os princípios, valores e atitudes franciscanas que referendam uma educação pautada nos exemplos de São Francisco de Assis e Madre Madalena. O aporte teórico fundamenta-se em escritos das Fontes Franciscanas e Clarianas (2004), Cools e Winpersee (1996) dentre outros autores que tratam da temática em estudo. Utilizando uma metodologia qualitativa, caracteriza-se como (...) um estudo bibliográfico. A análise dos dados baseia-se em Bardin (2016). Os resultados encontrados apontam para o reconhecimento dos princípios, valores e atitudes franciscanas que referendam a proposta de educação franciscana. Destacam-se os princípios da construção da fraternidade, a cultura de paz, uma nova ética, a cultura da solidariedade, a integralidade, a justiça, a confiança em Deus. Os valores a serem cultivados na proposta da educação franciscana para o século XXI emergem da vivência da filosofia e da espiritualidade franciscana. (shrink)

Das typologische Spektrum der Denkformen von Alterität ist breit. Es erstreckt sich zwischen leerer Gleichheit und unzugänglicher Fremdheit. Eine besondere Zuspitzung erfährt das Thema in der Theologie im Gottesgedanken. Das Buch behandelt diesen Problemzusammenhang anhand von Fallstudien zu Schleiermacher und Luther. Bei der Interpretation geht es zugleich um die Frage nach Genese und Quellen von Alterität in übergreifenden Zusammenhängen. Im Mittelpunkt stehen hierbei die grossen theologischen Gegensatzverhältnisse zwischen Gott und Sünde im Horizont, ebenso die vielfältigen Differenzkorrelationen von Selbst und Welt. (...) Dies findet eine Zuspitzung in der Fokussierung von Entsprechungen zwischen Gottes-, Sozial- und Selbstverhältnissen: Theologie wird mit der Logik von Soziologie und Psychologie verknüpft."-- Back cover. (shrink)