The goal of the Department of Defense Net-Centric Data Strategy is to improve data sharing throughout the DoD. Data sharing is a critical element of interoperability in the emerging system-of-systems. Achieving interoperability requires the elimination of two types of data heterogeneity: differences of syntax and differences of semantics. This paper builds a path toward semantic uniformity through application of a disciplined approach to ontology. An ontology is a consensus framework representing the types of entities within a given domain and the (...) relations between them. The construction of an ontology begins when a Community of Interest (COI) identifies its authoritative data sources (ADS), which are usually manifest in relevant doctrinal publications, glossaries, data dictionaries, and logical data models. The identified terms are then defined in relation to a common logical framework that has been designed to ensure interoperability with other ontologies created on the basis of the same strategy. As will be described, the Command and Control (C2) Ontology will include representations of a substantial number of entities within the Command and Control (C2) domain. If domain ontologies (e.g. Strike and Counterinsurgency) semantically align with the C2 Ontology, then a substantial barrier to systems interoperability is thereby crossed. (shrink)

Studien zum Entstehen der Philosophie Wittgensteins János Kristóf Nyíri. BEIM STERNENLICHT DER NICHTEXISTIERENDEN: ZUR IDEOLOGIEKRITISCHEN INTERPRETATION DES PLA- TONISIERENDEN ANTIPSYCHOLOGISMUS* ...

How was violence justified in early Islam? What role did violent actions play in the formation and maintenance of the Muslim political order? How did Muslim thinkers view the origins and acceptability of violence? These questions are addressed by an international range of eminent authors through both general accounts of types of violence and detailed case studies of violent acts drawn from the early Islamic sources. Violence is understood, widely, to include jihad, state repressions and rebellions, and also more personally (...) directed violence against victims (women, animals, children, slaves) and criminals. By understanding the early development of Muslim thinking around violence, our comprehension of subsequent trends in Islamic thought, during the medieval period and up to the modern day, become clearer. (shrink)

The whole human body, the entire motor system including facial expressions and bodily gestures, is subject not just to emotions, but also abstract thought. Meaning, both emotional and cognitive, is grounded within the motor dimension. By implication, no meaningful philosophy of time can neglect the aspect of motor imagery.

La Pensée d’Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ: Un «agent double» dans le monde persan et arabe. By István T. Kristó-Nagy. Studia Arabica, vol. 19. Paris: Éditions de Paris, 2013. Pp. 605. €34.

Ndomikolayi Massaki. Mungu ni wa taifa gani?--Kouta, E. Mungu ni wa taifa la weupe.--Ndomikolayi Massaki. Mungu ni roho.--Pache, D. Uungwana na Yesu Kristo.--Missengué, G. Ukristo na elimu ya Ki-afrique.--Mathiona, A. Mungu ni baba ya watu wote.--Ndomikolayi Massaki. Neno la mwisho wa kitabu.