The second international Chromatiques whiteheadiennes conference was devoted exclusively to the exegesis and contextualization of Whitehead's Science and the Modern World (1925). In order to elucidate the meaning and significance of this epoch-making work, the Proceedings are designed to form "companion" volume. With one paper devoted to each of its thirteen chapters, the Proceedings aim, on the one hand, to identify the specific contribution of each chapter to Whitehead's own research program - that is to say, to put its categories (...) into perspective by means of an internal analysis- and, on the other hand, to identify its global impact in the history of ideas. (shrink)

In the 10th century, the Brethren of Purity conceived a henological arithmetic which they believed could explain the mathematical structure of the cosmos (as a macroanthropos), and could lead the student to the discovery of the real substance of his own soul (as a micro-cosmos), a discovery which is the first step towards knowledge of metaphysical and theological truth.

Dans quelle mesure le calcul logique peut-il rendre compte de la temporalité en général et éclaircir plus particulièrement l'intuition du temps que décrivait Augustin dans ses Confessions? L'objectif de cet article est de montrer que le système axiomatique du calcul classique des propositions,– dans la mesure où il peut, moyennant certaines conditions, être partiellement appliqué aux structures grammaticales indo-européennes exprimant la réalité du temps,– révèle que la conception augustinienne du temps élaborée dans les Confessions est inséparable de la structure grammaticale (...) du latin dans laquelle elle est exprimée et des croyances théologiques de son auteur. (shrink)

La traduction, commise par Luc Foisneau et Florence Perronin, dont je rends compte ici n'est pas à proprement parler celle d'un ouvrage de Thomas Hobbes, mais bien plutôt celle de la seconde partie des minutes d'une longue controverse qu'il eut avec John Bramhall, évêque de Derry, et contradicteur systématique de Hobbes. La première partie de cette dispute avait déjà été traduite par Frank Lessay, puis publiée en 1993 dans la même maison d'édition que celle-ci sous le titre de: De la (...) liberté et de la nécessité. Réponse à la capture de Léviathan. Par souci de cohérence éditoriale la présente traduction a été révisée par le même Frank Lessay. Avec succès. (shrink)

Le large sujet annoncé par le titre de ce livre laisse entendre, pour qui fréquente un peu la philosophie médiévale, que nous allons être informés des vues les plus récentes sur ce problème que posent les textes philosophiques médiévaux, dont on ne dispose souvent pas d’éditions scientifiques, dont l’édition scientifique ellemême pose problème, textes qui appartiennent à une épistèmè si radicalement différente de la nôtre qu’il est légitime de penser que toute interprétation contemporaine va irrémédiablement en escamoter un caractère essentiel. (...) Ce qui pose, on le devine, le problème de la possibilité de la traduction. Éditer, c’est déjà interpréter. Traduire aussi. N’en déplaise aux éditeurs, l’interprétation est toujours première. Interpréter, éditer, traduire, d’Étienne Gilson à Lambert-Marie de Rijk, de Lambert-Marie De Rijk à Alain de Libera et Claude Panaccio ces questions sont au cœur de l’activité de l’historien de la philosophie médiévale. Cette problématique essentielle n’est, nous le concédons, pas absente de l’ouvrage. J. Brams, C. Burnett, et dans une moindre mesure J. Decorte y font écho. Hélas, en nous laissant une impression de déjà lu. Cette constatation nous mène au cœur du malaise que provoque cet ouvrage. Le lecteur pressé risque de ne pas s’attarder sur les deux pages et dix lignes qui constituent la préface maladroite du livre et de garder ainsi l’impression d’avoir entre les mains les actes d’un colloque scientifique. Qu’il se détrompe! Les textes réunis ici ont été lus à Louvain-la-Neuve lors d’un séminaire de troisième cycle devant une poignée d’étudiants. Autant dire que la plupart des collaborateurs se sont contentés, comme de juste, d’exposer les résultats de travaux déjà anciens. Mais quel est l’intérêt de publier ces textes? (shrink)

À la question de savoir si la pensée de Hume peut encore représenter un enjeu pour le philosophe des sciences de ce XXe siècle finissant, il faudra répondre oui, et produire l’ouvrage de Fred Wilson comme pièce à conviction. À la question de savoir si le.

La problématique qui traverse les trois premiers traités — Des sectes pour les débutants, Esquisse empirique, De l’expérience médicale — est d’abord médicale: il s’agit de confronter les différentes doctrines médicales — dogmatisme, empirisme et méthodisme — du IIe siècle de notre ère. Ce type de confrontation n’est pas nouveau. Il était largement utilisé par l’école sceptique. Mais Galien n’est pas Sextus Empiricus. La pratique de la logique lui a permis d’écarter la tentation sceptique. Pour les dogmatistes, les causes évidentes (...) — le climat, une indigestion, un choc émotionnel ou un coup reçu — ne sont pas toujours des causes fondamentales. Il faut donc improviser de nouveaux remèdes et de nouvelles méthodes pour dénicher ces causes non manifestes. Pour les empiristes, en revanche, on ne peut supposer l’existence d’aucune cause non manifeste, puisqu’il faut s’en tenir à l’expérimentation. Sorte de sceptiques du monde médical, ils refusent toute rationalisation des faits empiriques, toute étiologie générale. Pour les méthodistes, enfin, les conditions d’expérimentation auxquelles les empiristes prêtaient toute leur attention sont inopérantes pour la composition d’un traitement approprié: ni l’organe affecté, ni l’âge, ni la vigueur du malade ne sont utiles à prescrire la thérapeutique adéquate. La cause de la maladie elle-même, à laquelle les dogmatistes s’attachaient en priorité, n’a pas d’utilité médicale; c’est uniquement le moyen de supprimer la symptomatologie qui est recherché. (shrink)

Text in French. Les 31 mai, 1er et 2 juin 2006, la Faculté de Théologie de l'Université catholique de Louvain a organisé, en collaboration avec le Centre de philosophie pratique Chromatiques whiteheadiennes, un colloque international consacré á la pensée d'Alfred North Whitehead. Les échanges ont privilégié les aspects les plus actuels d'une pensée apte á rencontrer les défis contemporains. Rejoindre l'actualité de Whitehead tant en science et en philosophie qu'en théologie suppose de pratiquer une interdisciplinarité qui est au coeur de (...) ses intuitions. Le dialogue entre scientifiques, philosophes et théologiens a permis d'apporter des précisions importantes sur la manière whiteheadienne d'appréhender les sphères en interaction de la religion, de la science et de la politique. (shrink)

Guillaume d’Auvergne est l’un des auteurs les plus injustement méconnus du Moyen Âge. Sa pensée fut occultée par celles de ces grands théologiens un peu plus tardifs du XIIIe siècle, Albert le Grand, Thomas d’Aquin ou Bonaventure, qui lui doivent pourtant la première tentative de penser le christianisme au moyen de l’apport des textes grecs et arabes nouvellement traduits. Seul Roger Bacon reconnaît sa dette envers lui, mais en engageant une interprétation de ces thèses qui ajoutera encore à la mécompréhension (...) dont souffre toujours Guillaume. (shrink)

L'Essai sur l'entendement humain est de ces livres dont le succès a largement dépassé l'intention de leurs auteurs. Locke n'entendait pas y faire œuvre de philosophie, mais simplement consigner «quelques pensées hâtives et indigestes» qui lui étaient venues sur le sujet de la connaissance. Pourtant l'ouvrage exercera une influence profonde dès avant sa parution en 1690 et infléchira durablement le cours de l'histoire de la philosophie. Berkeley, Condillac, Leibniz et plus généralement tous les auteurs du XVIIIe siècle y nourriront leur (...) pensée. Russell reconnaîtra, dans la mise en question lockienne de la proposition catégorique et de la structure sujet/prédicat, une parenté avec l'«atomisme logique». D'autres logiciens contemporains héritent encore de la pensée de Locke. L'idée que la source des faux problèmes doit être trouvée dans le langage ne préfigure-t-elle pas la pensée de Wittgenstein? Les tentatives que mène Locke pour reconstruire les ontologies implicites, celle de Quine? (shrink)

Appelé à dresser un état des lieux des études de philosophie médiévale en France, Alain de Libera constatait en 1992: «[...] il y a beau temps que les professeurs des séminaires ont oublié leur Thomas». Ce n’était pas un regret qui perçait derrière cette assertion. Mais avait-il raison? Il n’y avait alors pas encore quinze ans que les étudiants en théologie de l’Institut catholique de Paris avaient entendu les leçons du Père Dubarle sur l’ontologie de Thomas. Preuve, s’il en faut, (...) d’une persistance de la présence de la pensée de Thomas dans le cursus des études en théologie. Ce ne sont pas les étudiants qui, en fin d’année, ont dû étudier les feuilles ronéotypées — qui nous donnent aujourd’hui ce fort volume de presque cinq cent pages — qui nous contrediront. (shrink)

The second international 'Chromatiques whiteheadiennes' conference was devoted exclusively to the exegesis and contextualization of Whitehead's Science and the Modern World. In order to elucidate the meaning and significance of this epoch-making work, the Proceedings are designed to form a 'companion' volume. With one paper devoted to each of its thirteen chapters, the Proceedings aim, on the one hand, to identify the specific contribution of each chapter to Whitehead's own research program -- that is to say, to put its categories (...) into perspective by means of an internal analysis -- and, on the other hand, to identify its global impact in the history of ideas. (shrink)

In global business, business organizations and their representatives frequently encounter corruption and may be the perpetrators, victims, or simply participants in such acts. While international corruption has existed in multiple forms for several years, many individuals, companies, nations, and international organizations are currently attempting to reduce or eliminate corrupt acts because of their harmful effects on local economies and the quality of life of citizens. Several of these corruption curtailment efforts have been directed toward the supply-side of corruption, i.e., those (...) who make corrupt payments. In developing an understanding of corruption, however, and formulating strategies for its reduction, consideration must also be given to the demand-side of corruption, i.e., those who demand and accept corrupt payments. Accordingly, this study examined the demand-side of corruption and several related factors in the categories of government, economy and poverty, education, geography, and culture. Analysis of these factors employed the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), formulated annually by Transparency International (TI), and other sources. Several factors in each of the five categories were found to correlate significantly with perceived corruption, and strategies for addressing these issues were developed and discussed. (shrink)

The expansion of international trade and global business competition in recent years has been accompanied by growth in corruption. While many factors may contribute to a person's willingness to participate in a corrupt transaction, the influence of religion may be significant, and leaders of religious organizations have become increasingly vocal in their condemnation of corruption. As honesty and fairness to third parties is universal to many religions, leaders of many faiths are united in their opposition to corruption. To better comprehend (...) the relationship between religion and corruption, a study was conducted employing information related to religion and Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), which ranks nations according to the perceived degree of corruption among public officials and politicians. The 133 countries that were included in the 2003 CPI were compared across a range of factors related to 1) the dominant religion practiced in each country, 2) perceived corruption, 3) the importance of religion to the citizens of each country, 4) religious freedom, and 5) the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Study results indicate that, when countries are grouped by dominant religion, the groups differ significantly with regard to perceived corruption, value of religion, religious freedom, and GDP per capita. Significant differences in the same factors also occurred when countries were grouped by corruption levels. (shrink)

Although stockholders may benefit from information regarding the frequently substantial charitable and political contributions of the corporations they own, US corporations are typically not required to disclose any information about such payments in annual financial statements or information submitted periodically to regulatory agencies. This lack of transparency is confounded by disclosure requirements of private foundations, which a corporation may choose to establish for the purposes of administering charitable giving for the corporation. The resulting disclosure fog engendered by extant regulations may (...) be confusing to those corporation owners who would like to know what corporation contributions are being made to charities and politicians. This article enumerates the magnitude of the charitable and political gifts of 40 of the most generous public corporations in the USA, the current disclosure requirements for public companies, the role of foundations, rationales for withholding relevant information from owners, and ethically questionable strategies that corporations may use to manage those disclosures for their benefit. (shrink)

Tuition and government funding does not adequately support the mission of many colleges and universities, and increasingly, corporations are responding to this need by making payments to institutions of higher learning with significant contracted expectations, including influence of the curriculum and content of college courses. One large, public banking corporation, BB&T, has funded grants to more than 60 colleges and universities in the United States to address what the corporation refers to as the “moral foundations of capitalism.” These grants vary (...) in size but average $1.1 million and typically require design of a new course that includes discussion of Atlas Shrugged, one of the novels of the author Ayn Rand. With many of the participating universities, the agreement with BB&T also stipulates the creation of chaired faculty positions, library reading rooms, designated capitalism centers, speaker series, scholarships, and the distribution of free student copies of Atlas Shrugged. Several ethics concerns about these grants, including their threat to academic freedom, are discussed in this article, as well as the need for focused guidance for university administrators regarding the temptation of large donations with attached questionable expectations. (shrink)

Although stockholders may benefit from information regarding the frequently substantial charitable and political contributions of the corporations they own, US corporations are typically not required to disclose any information about such payments in annual financial statements or information submitted periodically to regulatory agencies. This lack of transparency is confounded by disclosure requirements of private foundations, which a corporation may choose to establish for the purposes of administering charitable giving for the corporation. The resulting disclosure fog engendered by extant regulations may (...) be confusing to those corporation owners who would like to know what corporation contributions are being made to charities and politicians. This article enumerates the magnitude of the charitable and political gifts of 40 of the most generous public corporations in the USA, the current disclosure requirements for public companies, the role of foundations, rationales for withholding relevant information from owners, and ethically questionable strategies that corporations may use to manage those disclosures for their benefit. (shrink)

Tuition and government funding does not adequately support the mission of many colleges and universities, and increasingly, corporations are responding to this need by making payments to institutions of higher learning with significant contracted expectations, including influence of the curriculum and content of college courses. One large, public banking corporation, BB&T, has funded grants to more than 60 colleges and universities in the United States to address what the corporation refers to as the “moral foundations of capitalism.” These grants vary (...) in size but average $1.1 million and typically require design of a new course that includes discussion of Atlas Shrugged, one of the novels of the author Ayn Rand. With many of the participating universities, the agreement with BB&T also stipulates the creation of chaired faculty positions, library reading rooms, designated capitalism centers, speaker series, scholarships, and the distribution of free student copies of Atlas Shrugged. Several ethics concerns about these grants, including their threat to academic freedom, are discussed in this article, as well as the need for focused guidance for university administrators regarding the temptation of large donations with attached questionable expectations. (shrink)

The history of corporations in the United States (U.S.) is much older than the country, as it must be understood in the context of the history of peoples of Europe who eventually dominated the North American continent in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. These European settlers came, in part, to achieve economic prosperity for themselves and, in many cases, for early forerunners of the modern corporation. These business organizations had predecessors in Europe millennia earlier as ancient Romans had developed a (...) functional and successful form of corporation for the purpose of conducting commerce in the Roman Empire. In the decades that followed the founding of the U.S. in 1776, corporations evolved from rare, small, closely controlled business organizations with a multitude of restrictions to very large, very powerful modern institutions that enjoy many of the legal rights of humans. With this evolution came ethical issues, as (1) the ethical distance was altered between corporate decision-makers and those affected by those decisions, and (2) many of the legal rights of individual humans were extended, through litigation, to corporations. This article explains the historical development of the U.S. corporation and identifies 20 Critical Events in the Ethics of Corporation History (CEECH). An understanding of these historical events may facilitate comprehension of many of the current ethical issues associated with a legal organizational form that profoundly affects business and society. (shrink)

The chicken meat, or broiler, business in the United States is a vertically integrated industry in which integrator corporations control all aspects of the business. Primarily through a series of business acquisitions, an industry duopoly has evolved. The two dominant integrator corporations, Pilgrim's Pride and Tyson Foods, are profitable, and their officers and stockholders benefit from the corporations’ financial success. The multitude of local growers who nurture the chickens to maturity for the integrators, however, benefit minimally from the financial success (...) of the integrators, as the growers face a myriad of financial, environmental, community, and health problems. Many growers have difficulty in extracting themselves from an occupation that requires their initial, personal expenditure, or debt of hundreds of thousands of dollars. Additionally, many who live in regions or states of broiler growing facilities suffer from gases emitted by these facilities and correspondingly lower property values. Several demographic, economic, education, health, and quality of life metrics were analyzed for the 50 U.S. states to provide insights regarding the ethics of the broiler industry and why some states produce significantly more broilers than others. (shrink)

SummaryIntense, sustained nursing lengthens inter-birth intervals and is causally linked with low natural fertility. However, in traditional settings, the effects of such nursing on fertility are difficult to disentangle from those of nutrition. Results from an prospective, direct observational study of reproductive function in well-nourished Amele women who nurse intensively and persistently but who also have high fertility are here presented. Endocrine measures show that ovarian activity resumes by median 11·0 months postpartum. Median duration of postpartum amenorrhoea is 11·3 months, (...) time to next conception is 19·0 months, and the inter-birth interval is 28·0 months. Average life time fertility is 6·8. High fertility in Amele women is due both to refractoriness of reproductive function to suckling stimuli, and to maintenance of equivalent age-specific fertility rates across the reproductive life span. (shrink)

Plagiarism strikes at the heart of academe, eroding the fundamental value of academic research. Recent evidence suggests that acts of plagiarism and awareness of these acts are on the rise in academia. To address this issue, a vein of research has emerged in recent years exploring plagiarism as an area of academic inquiry. In this new academic subject, case studies and analysis have been one of the most influential methodologies employed. Case studies provide a venue where acts of plagiarism can (...) be discussed and analyzed in a constructive manner, and that is the primary purpose of this article. Unlike previous studies, however, we focus on the role of the publisher, a key player in dealing with acts of plagiarism, but one who has received little attention in the academic literature. Specifically, we examine how an academic publisher addressed allegations of plagiarism and how the publisher’s decision-making affected the outcome. We analyze the case by applying the guidelines from different frameworks and ethical theory and develop recommendations from the lessons evidenced, the second main objective of our article. This analysis advances the dialog on academic plagiarism by exploring the role of the publisher from a deontological perspective of ethical absolutism. (shrink)

While assessment is regarded as integral to enhancing the quality of teaching and learning, it is also a practice fraught with moral and ethical issues. An analysis is made of current assessment practices of teachers in South Africa which seem to straddle the domains of accountability and professional codes of conduct. In the process the position of the teacher as mediator between policies and diverse learner needs is explored in the light of moral and ethical considerations. Based on the notions (...) of ethical caring and caring about, the article suggests the infusing of principles of ubuntu in assessment practices may provide a framework to embed and strengthen morality and ethics in South African school assessment practices. (shrink)

The systematic mapping of the interplay of ontology and epistemology in the context of present day philosophy of mathematics constitutes an important heuristic goal. In order to achieve it, we must analyze and reinterpret the position of mathematics in philosophy." -- Back cover.

A defence of the 'pragmatic' theory of anaphora (which stresses the analogy between anaphora and deixis) against an argument put forward by Gareth Evans.

The expansion of international trade and global business competition in recent years has been accompanied by growth in corruption. While many factors may contribute to a person's willingness to participate in a corrupt transaction, the influence of religion may be significant, and leaders of religious organizations have become increasingly vocal in their condemnation of corruption. As honesty and fairness to third parties is universal to many religions, leaders of many faiths are united in their opposition to corruption. To better comprehend (...) the relationship between religion and corruption, a study was conducted employing information related to religion and Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), which ranks nations according to the perceived degree of corruption among public officials and politicians. The 133 countries that were included in the 2003 CPI were compared across a range of factors related to 1) the dominant religion practiced in each country, 2) perceived corruption, 3) the importance of religion to the citizens of each country, 4) religious freedom, and 5) the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Study results indicate that, when countries are grouped by dominant religion, the groups differ significantly with regard to perceived corruption, value of religion, religious freedom, and GDP per capita. Significant differences in the same factors also occurred when countries were grouped by corruption levels. (shrink)

Since 2000, the Charles Koch Foundation has paid hundreds of millions of dollars to US universities in contractual exchanges. Many of these contracts have dictated the establishment or support of a CKF-affiliated center or institute on campus and university employment of CKF-affiliated tenured or tenure-track professors who agree to promote the CKF philosophy of minimal government regulation of business. While many in the academic community are opposed to these contracts because of concerns about academic freedom and the transfer of university (...) decision-making from the campus to the external wealthy, the CKF has successfully forged many such contracts with universities. While most of these contracts are undisclosed, 14 of these contracts were obtained and analyzed to determine what the CKF has been purchasing from these universities. (shrink)

ABSTRACTWhat does it take for lawyers and others to think or talk about the same legal topic—e.g., defamation, culpability? We argue that people are able to think or talk about the same topic not when they possess a matching substantive understanding of the topic, as traditional metasemantics says, but instead when their thoughts or utterances are related to each other in certain ways. And what determines the content of thoughts and utterances is what would best serve the core purposes of (...) the representational practice within which the thought or utterance is located. In thus favoring a “relational model” in metasemantics, we share Ronald Dworkin's goal of explaining fundamental legal disagreements, and also his reliance on constructive interpretation. But what we delineate is a far more general and explanatorily resourceful metasemantics than what Dworkin articulated, which also bypasses some controversial implications for the nature of law that Dworkin alleged. (shrink)