The main objective of this paper was to examine the involuntary nature of music-evoked autobiographical memories. For this purpose, young adults, older adults, and patients with a clinical diagnosis of probable Alzheimer’s disease were asked to remember autobiographical events in two conditions: after being exposed to their own chosen music, and in silence. Compared to memories evoked in silence, memories evoked in the “Music” condition were found to be more specific, accompanied by more emotional content and impact on mood, and (...) retrieved faster. In addition, these memories engaged less executive processes. Thus, with all these characteristics and the fact that they are activated by a perceptual cue , music-evoked autobiographic memories have all the features to be considered as involuntary memories. Our paper reveals several characteristics of music-evoked autobiographical memories in AD patients and offers a theoretical background for this phenomenon. (shrink)

This work fulfills the need for a conceptual and technical framework to improve understanding of Information Quality (IQ) and Information Quality standards. The meaning and practical implementation of IQ are addressed, as it is relevant to any field where there is a need to handle data and issues such as accessibility, accuracy, completeness, currency, integrity, reliability, timeliness, usability, the role of metrics and so forth are all a part of Information Quality. -/- In order to support the cross-fertilization of theory (...) and practice, the latest research is presented in this book. The perspectives of experts from beyond the origins of IQ in computer science are included: library and information science practitioners and academics, philosophers of information, of engineering and technology, and of science are all contributors to this volume. -/- The chapters in this volume are based on the work of a collaborative research project involving the Arts and Humanities Research Council and Google and led by Professor Luciano Floridi, University of Oxford. -/- This work will be of interest to anyone handling data, including those from commercial, public, governmental and academic organizations. The expert editors’ contributions introduce issues of interest to scientists, database curators and philosophers, even though the issues may be disguised in the language and examples common to a different discipline. (shrink)

O uso de drogas é complexo e multicausal com impactos para as pessoas, famílias e sociedade. Este estudo investigou legislações, políticas públicas e estratégias, que possam diminuir vulnerabilidades e contribuir para os ODS. Foi realizado levantamento documental, em legislações e documentos, para análise da realidade social, a partir das experiências profissionais, e ainda levantamento bibliográfico, na BVS e LILACS, de 2016 a 2018. Observou-se que o Estado se mantém disciplinador e entre as políticas mais relevantes estão a Redução de Danos, (...) os CAPS e o Consultório de Rua, marcadas pelo empirismo, obstáculos e desafios em relação à universalidade e equidade. Estratégias intersetoriais, podem ser utilizadas para se obter melhores condições de saúde e bem-estar, saneamento e água, educação, trabalho. A promoção da saúde corrobora na redução das vulnerabilidades e equidade, com maior sensibilização e qualificação dos profissionais das redes de atenção social, para acolher a população com competência e dignidade. (shrink)

In this paper we propose an approach to multi-source belief revision where the trust or credibility assigned to informant agents can be revised. In our proposal, the credibility of each informant represented as a strict partial order among informant agents, will be maintained in a repository called credibility base. Upon arrival of new information concerning the credibility of its peers, an agent will be capable of revising this strict partial order, changing the trust assigned to its peers accordingly. Our goal (...) is to formalize a set of change operators over the credibility base: expansion, contraction, prioritized, and non-prioritized revision. These operators will provide the capability of dynamically modifying the credibility of informants considering the reliability of the information. This dynamics will reflect a new perception of trust assigned to the informant, or extend the set of informants by admitting the addition of new informant agents. (shrink)

Inducement prizes have been long used to stimulate individuals and groups to accomplish diverse goals. Lately, governments have become more and more interested in these prizes and sought to include this kind of incentives within the set of policy tools available to promote science, technology, and innovation. To date, however, there has been little empirically-based scientific knowledge on how to design, manage, and evaluate innovation prizes. This note discusses aspects of the prize phenomenon and the opportunities and challenges related with (...) the use of innovation prizes as a government policy instrument. Compared to other incentive mechanisms, prizes are likely to present advantages to, for example, accelerate the development and commercialization of technologies that are held back for diverse reasons and help to leverage public money with external ideas, collaborative efforts, and the participation of diverse individuals and organizations. Still, despite these advantages and other interesting features of prizes, there are key questions that policy-makers and scholars must address to better understand this kind of incentives and further improve prize designs and implementations before governments move forward to a more widespread use of innovation prizes in science and technology policies. (shrink)

The philosophy of information (PI) is a new area of research with its own field of investigation and methodology. This article, based on the Herbert A. Simon Lecture of Computing and Philosophy I gave at Carnegie Mellon University in 2001, analyses the eighteen principal open problems in PI. Section 1 introduces the analysis by outlining Herbert Simon's approach to PI. Section 2 discusses some methodological considerations about what counts as a good philosophical problem. The discussion centers on Hilbert's famous analysis (...) of the central problems in mathematics. The rest of the article is devoted to the eighteen problems. These are organized into five sections: problems in the analysis of the concept of information, in semantics, in the study of intelligence, in the relation between information and nature, and in the investigation of values. (shrink)

This paper presents a belief revision operator that considers time intervals for modelling norm change in the law. This approach relates techniques from belief revision formalisms and time intervals with temporalised rules for legal systems. Our goal is to formalise a temporalised belief base and corresponding timed derivation, together with a proper revision operator. This operator may remove rules when needed or adapt intervals of time when contradictory norms are added in the system. For the operator, both constructive definition and (...) an axiomatic characterisation by representation theorems are given. (shrink)

This article develops an axiomatic theory of induction that speaks to the recent debate on Bayesian orgulity. It shows the exact principles associated with the belief that data can corroborate universal laws. We identify two types of disbelief about induction: skepticism that the existence of universal laws of nature can be determined empirically, and skepticism that the true law of nature, if it exists, can be successfully identified. We formalize and characterize these two dispositions toward induction by introducing novel axioms (...) for subjective probabilities. We also relate these dispositions to the axiom of σ-additivity. (shrink)

An intelligent model of the incremental capacity curve of an automotive lithium-ferrophosphate battery is presented. The relative heights of the two major peaks of the IC curve can be acquired from high-current discharges, thus enabling the state of health estimation of the battery while the vehicle is being operated and in certain cases, aging mechanisms can be suggested. Our model has been validated using a large dataset representing different degradation scenarios, obtained from a recently available open-source database.

This article argues that an ethical framework will help to harness the potential of AI while keeping humans in control.

This paper substitutes a structural hermeneutics for the sequential approach to the Tractatus and its manuscript, which leaves the manuscript completely unexplained. All the pieces come together only if we recognise that Wittgenstein's book is a hierarchical object that was composed following a top-down strategy. Therefore, we realise that the “summary on scattered sheets” represents the perspicuous version of the manuscript, the correlations with the Notebooks become obvious and the “supplements” can be reconstructed. A correct dating of the composition allows (...) us to understand how it was possible, without digital technologies except from an ingenious application of the decimal system, to achieve this formal masterpiece. (shrink)

This study examines how multinational corporations (MNCs) from the retail sector deal with four challenges they face when adopting Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies: the challenge of developing well-performing CSR projects and programs, building competitive advantages based on CSR, responding to local stakeholder issues in the host countries and learning from different CSR experiences on a worldwide basis. Based on in-depth case studies of two globally leading retail MNCs (with strong operations in Latin America), the concept of Transverse CSR Management (...) emerged. Transverse CSR Management is defined as a distinctive form of organizational configuration that crosses different functional areas, country operations, and the boundaries of the firm. In particular, this article makes three main contributions: (1) we identify four central challenges faced by MNC managers when developing their CSR strategies; (2) we propose the concept of Transverse CSR Management to face these central challenges (together, at the same time) and identify its key elements (top management, external stakeholders, functional areas, and country subsidiaries); and (3) we propose four mechanisms (hierarchical, relational, cultural, and collaborative) through which the concept of Transverse CSR Management can be implemented by practicing managers. This study provides valuable insights for MNC managers in headquarters and subsidiaries on the issues they need to address in order to successfully deal with the four CSR-related challenges. (shrink)

El presente trabajo propone un acercamiento a la identificación de las adscripciones de clase de los integrantes del movimiento por los derechos humanos en Argentina. Luego de constatar una integración policlasista del movimiento social, se centra en el predominio en su dirigencia y composición de integrantes de las clases medias y en ocasiones más específicamente de las clases de servicio. Primero se desarrollan algunas dimensiones subyacentes al concepto de “clase social”, para luego esbozar mediante diversos relevamientos la composición de distintos (...) organismos de derechos humanos. Finalmente, se concluye que si bien la adscripción de clase no fue determinante para la composición del movimiento, sí sentó las bases para una cultura política compartida y para la adopción de repertorios discursivos y de acción. (shrink)

En este ensayo se evidencia cómo la categoría de lo “apolineo” elaborada por Nietzsche es heredera de la visión tradicional de la Grecia serena dibujada por Winckelmann. De lo histórico del arte dedujo este carácter privilegiando la técnica escultórica como interpretación de la esencia de aquella cultura, mientras que Nietzsche la dedujo sobre todo de la mùsica. Sin embargo Apolo, así como Dionisos, producía un estado de posesión y se caracterizaba por su esencia violenta y a menudo mortífera. Con la (...) variante de una forma de adorcismo producido por diferentes ritmos e instrumentos, y que determinaba formas diferentes de sabiduría, esencialmente epistémica la de Apolo, sensitiva la de Dionisos. (shrink)

Con este ensayo el autor propone una crítica al actual principio de la necesidad de “raíces” para el ser humano. Esta expresión, que tendría que haber un carácter exclusivamente simbólico, en la cultura alemana romántica y post romántica, se hizo concreta. El hombre fue considerado un árbol, una planta y sus valores más elevados fueron expresados a través el peligroso binomio “Blut und Boden” (tierra y sangre). Por consecuencia se produjo una condena hacia el libre burgués, el ciudadano de la (...) nueva realidad urbana, y específcamente el Hebreo.Esto no quiere decir que el hombre no debe tener raíces ni pasado o tradiciones, pero que, consciente de esto, tiene que saberse liberar de su peso para proceder en sentido espacial como temporal. Al fn de moverse en el mundo, como un nómada como siempre fue, para crear cultura, que es decir dar al paisaje su propia imagen y sus valores. (shrink)

Mientras Spengler cree en un sistema cíclico que regula la historia de las culturas humanas y por lo tanto considera inevitable la destrucción de la civilización occidental, que dejará sus poderes (la técnica) a otras culturas que no los sabrán utilizar, Jünger, en cuanto a la Modernidad, ve la interrupción de la regularidad cíclica por la increíble aceleración de su tiempo, y por lo tanto considera posible una regeneración. Sin embargo, ambos, aunque expresen con fuerza el valor negativo de la (...) civilización actual, que encuentra su fiel expresión en la metrópolis, por su alejamiento de las raíces naturales, sienten el deber y tal vez el “privilegio” de ser parte de esta realidad para poder vivir heroicamente su destino. (shrink)

In the past months, there has been a lively debate about so-called COVID-19 apps developed to deal with the pandemic (Morley et al. 2020b). Some of the best solutions use the Bluetooth connection of mobile phones to determine contacts between people and therefore the probability of contagion, and then suggested related measures. In theory, it may seem simple. In practice, there are several ethical problems (Morley et al. 2020a), not only legal and technical ones. To understand them, it is useful (...) to distinguish between the validation and the verification of a system, remembering that these words are used here only in the design/engineering sense, and certainly not philosophically. The validation of a system answers the following question:“are we building the right system?”. (shrink)

SÍNTESE - O artigo tematiza as chamadas provas da existência de Deus na filosofia de René Descartes. A primeira, propriamente cartesiana, parte da idéia de infinito, presente no eu, para a existência do Ser infinito; a segunda, versão cartesiana do argumento da contingentia mundi, parte da existência do eu contingente que possui a idéia para a existência de Deus; a terceira é uma reedição do argumento ontológico de Santo Anselmo.

La búsqueda de la unidad en el ámbito doctrinal, espejo e instrumento de la unidad de la Iglesia, es un elemento recurrente en la obra de Jean Gerson (1363 - 1429), renombrado teólogo y canciller de la Universidad de París entre el siglo XIV y el XV. La insistencia sobre el concepto de unidad es transmitida por una constante reflexión sobre el rol y sobre el modo de la escritura teológica. Gerson identifica métodos precisos y modelos a seguir con el (...) fin de explicar algunas oscuridades de la Escritura con claridad y precisión, y sin riesgo para la integridad de la doctrina. Parte fundamental de la reflexión sobre la escritura teológica es la discusión sobre la posibilidad de usar la lengua vulgar, una posibilidad que el canciller parisino niega de forma lapidaria, estigmatizando la confusión lingüística que inevitablemente conduce no solo a la incomprensión recíproca, sino a la ruptura de una correspondencia entre términos y conceptos que hunde sus raíces en una consolidada y plurisecular tradición teológica en latín. El presente artículo se propone estudiar la reflexión de Gerson sobre la lengua, sobre los métodos y sobre la selección de los modelos en el ámbito de la escritura teológica académica, en el marco más amplio de la búsqueda de la unidad en el ámbito doctrinal, elemento necesario para perseguir la unidad de la Iglesia _tout court_. (shrink)

The experimental approach to aesthetics, proposed by Gustav Fechner, was discussed in Italy at the beginning of the Twentieth century from different point of views. Benedetto Croce severely criticized experimental aesthetics by considering it as reductionist and naturalist. In contrast, the psychologist Agostino Gemelli stated the experimental validity and the theoretical relevance of this research perspective in determining the laws of aesthetic preference and judgment.

A history of psychoanalysis through the twentieth century, critiquing Freud as a scientist and as a creative thinker, and considering the political and social environment in which psychoanalysis was born and applied.

The diffusion of Vygotsky’s work in Italy was analysed by first considering the issues related to the translation of his texts since the 1970s, particularly with regard to the project promoted by the publishing house of the Italian Communist Party and supervised by the author of this article. Second, the reception of cultural-historical theory was discussed in the context of Italian psychology and medicine in the 1970s and 1980s. After an early acceptance of Pavlovian theory by a few Italian psychologists (...) linked to the Communist Party, the need was felt to overcome physiological reductionism in relation to the new social and psychological problems connected with the development of Italian society. Finally, a brief reference was made to Italian neo-Vygotskyan trends in various areas of contemporary psychological research. (shrink)

La ricerca dell’unità in ambito dottrinale, specchio e strumento dell’unità della Chiesa, è un elemento ricorrente nell’opera di Jean Gerson (1363-1429), rinomato teologo e cancelliere dell’Università di Parigi a cavallo tra il XIV ed il XV secolo. L’insistenza sul concetto di unità è veicolata da una costante riflessione sul ruolo e sui modi della scrittura teologica. Gerson individua precisi metodi e modelli da seguire al fine di spiegare alcune oscurità delle Scritture con chiarezza e precisione e senza rischi per l’integrità (...) della dottrina. Parte fondamentale della riflessione sulla scrittura teologica è la discussione sulla possibilità di usare le lingue volgari, una possibilità che il cancelliere parigino nega in maniera lapidaria, stigmatizzando la confusione linguistica che inevitabilmente conduce non solo all’incomprensione reciproca, ma alla rottura di una corrispondenza tra termini e concetti che affonda le proprie radici in una consolidata e plurisecolare tradizione teologica in latino. Il presente articolo si propone di studiare la riflessione di Gerson sulla lingua, sui metodi e sulla selezione dei modelli nell’ambito della scrittura teologica accademica, nel quadro più ampio della ricerca dell’unità in ambito dottrinale, elemento necessario per perseguire l’unità della Chiesa _tout court_. (shrink)

This study investigates the antecedents of human rights infringements by emerging market firms. We used fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to examine HRIs in 245 firms based in eight emerging markets, between 2003 and 2012. Our findings disclose three equifinal configurations of high levels of HRIs, all involving EFs that have expanded to a high number of foreign markets: large, old, low performing state-owned enterprises operating in high quality institutions’ home and host markets, small, young, over-performing EFs operating in low (...) quality institutions’ home and host markets, and finally large, old, high performing SOEs, operating in low quality institutions’ home and host markets. We contribute to the literature by examining a novel dataset on HRIs by EFs, and by building a configurational explanation of HRIs that bridges the arguments of the institutional theory and strain theory literatures on corporate wrongdoing. (shrink)

Gadamer resgata o valor da tradição e explicita o desprezo feito pela Aufklärung a mesma. A questão da reabilitação da tradição enquanto fundamental para a compreensão é o que está em questão neste artigo. Um dos problemas a ser analisado é se há incompatibilidade entre razão e tradição, e se não há de que forma podemos buscar resgatar o valor da tradição como algo fundamental para a compreensão de como se dá o processo do entendimento humano. É, portanto, uma análise (...) dentro da hermenêutica filosófica de Gadamer, especificamente a segunda parte de Verdade e Método I. (shrink)

A carta-resposta de Jacobi a Fichte (1799) pareceu selar o destino da Filosofia transcendental ao considerar o esforço sistemático da razão pura como conduzindo ao nada, ao vazio. No entanto, essa caracterização negativa da razão pura fora gestada por Jacobi em obras ainda anteriores. No presente texto examinamos dois desses opúsculos prévios à Carta a Fichte, o Algo que disse Lessing. Um comentário à “Viagem dos Papas” (1782) e a Carta a Laharpe (1790). No resgate de sua argumentação, inicialmente favorável (...) e em seguida desfavorável à razão, identificam-se elementos subliminares que reaparecem na Carta a Fichte. Em vista disso coloca-se em questão a rubrica de niilismo então imputada como não devendo ser assumida no peso atribuído por Jacobi, devido a sua caracterização negativa da razão depender de um fundo sócio-político, o qual tenta encobrir. Ao se reconhecer isso, realoca-se a crítica jacobiana à perspectiva de ser uma tentativa renovada para sustar o desenvolvimento da razão pura devido seu elemento subversivo, o qual parece ter sido o original motivo pelo qual Jacobi teria modificado sua inicial posição em favor da razão. (shrink)

É possível afirmar que a filosofia da liberdade de Sartre contenha as bases de uma Ética? Algo corrente de sua biografia é que ele, como sequência de sua obra magna pretendia escrever uma Moral; mas essa pretensão acabou se resumindo a simples anotações de trabalho publicadas postumamente. Algo similar ocorre quando ele publica sua segunda grande obra, que também teria seu volume prático, jamais levado a termo. Considerando que toda a filosofia de Sartre está pautada no princípio da liberdade humana (...) absoluta e irrestrita, essa não seria a razão de tal malogro? No intuito de introduzir essa questão escrevemos esse artigo. (shrink)