A predominância dos temas literários e fenomenológicos nos textos sartrianos dos anos 1930 já chamou atenção de vários especialistas e comentadores da obra do autor. É notável, entretanto, como os exames dos textos dessa época contentam-se, no mais das vezes, em apontar o paralelismo ou a contemporaneidade entre fenomenologia e literatura ali presente, sem realçar a fundamentação que uma parece conferir à outra e que constitui uma das questões mais interessantes que a filosofia sartriana levanta. Há que se incluir, na (...) verdade, a estética literária de Sartre na compreensão de suas teses fenomenológicas; teses estas que, por outro lado, fornecem o solo filosófico da literatura sartriana, em termos tanto de autoria quanto de crítica. O propósito deste artigo é demonstrar, assim, uma dependência ou, se quisermos, implicação mútua entre literatura e fenomenologia não apenas central em relação àquele período da produção de Sartre como, também, determinante para seus projetos teóricos e ficcionais ulteriores. (shrink)

Como podemos observar na sociedade contemporânea, as relações de poder estão cada vez mais disseminadas por todos os lados, seja nas relações familiares, num grupo de amigos, numa instituição, numa empresa, em cargos públicos, etc, e essas relações podem-se caracterizar de forma simples (entre dois indivíduos) ou numa esfera mais complexa (empresa, cidade ou país). E cada uma dessas relações têm em comum o fato de servirem como meio de influência na consulta alheia. Na esfera social, são números demasiados de (...) exemplos ou formas de exercício do poder, todavia podemos destacar as que estão no pódio social, e que são as formas de poder predominantes, são eles: o poder econômico, o poder ideológico e o poder político. O primeiro baseia-se na posse de bens materiais, como meios de produção, à exemplo citado anteriormente o poder do patrão sobre seus empregados, o patrão exerce uma ordem (poder) que, caso não cumprida ou não realizada, o empregado pode até perder seu emprego, por isso o proletário é submetido ao patrão que submete suas leis e vontades sobre os empregados. O segundo exemplo, o poder ideológico, serve-se das ideias ou simplesmente de informações para influenciar, de forma direta ou indireta, a conduta e os princípios dos indivíduos, ou influenciar seus comportamentos sobre algo determinado, à exemplo dessa influência, citemos o papel hegemônico de determinados meios de comunicação sobre as pessoas, o poder que a mídia exerce sobre o comportamento humano é gigantesco. Como exemplo da inclusão mídia na mente humana, podemos citar uma família que se alimentou e se serve satisfeita após a refeição, porém ao assistir um programa e em seu comercial estiver passando a propaganda de um produto alimentício, é da natureza humana sentir fome novamente, e essas famílias irem atrás do produto na própria casa, ou em supermercados, restaurantes, etc, para conseguir o produto. O terceiro e último exemplo, o poder político, goza de ferramentas e variadas técnicas para alcançar a influência na conduta alheia, isto é, tentar mudar uma opinião já formada dos cidadãos sobre determinados assuntos, à exemplo o poder de convencimento de partidos políticos e seus candidatos sobre o eleitorado durante um pleito político ou eleições municipais, estaduais ou federais. Após essa iniciação sobre as três formas de exercício do poder, vamos destrinchar cada uma delas, facilitando a compreensão e os seus respectivos papéis no âmbito social. (shrink)

AUTOCOMPOSIÇÃO DE CONFLITOS: DA CULTURA DE LITIGÂNCIA À SOLUÇÃO CONSENSUAL.

A RESPONSABILIDADE CIVIL PELO ABUSO DO DIREITO À LIBERDADE DE EXPRESSÃO EM CONFLITO COM OS DIREITOS DA PERSONALIDADE: UMA ANÁLISE DO CASO DAS BIOGRAFIAS NÃO AUTORIZADAS.

The aim of this essay is to analyze the treatment of the theory of natural slavery in Francisco de Vitoria’s thought through his reception of Aquino’s treatise on justice and the Aristotelian theory of natural slavery as described in book I of Politics. In order to understand how Vitoria distances himself from Aquinas, by considering the ius gentium as a positive right, I analyze Victoria’s comments on the Summa Theologica. Finally, I consider Question 1 of the relectio De Indis, where (...) Victoria directly criticizes the idea of natural slavery. (shrink)

The blogosphere is full of personalities with masks, or pseudonyms. Although not a desired state of public communication, one could excuse the use of pseudonyms in blogs and social media, which are generally unregulated or weakly regulated. However, in science publishing, there are increasingly strict rules regarding the use of false identities for authors, the lack of institutional or contact details, and the lack of conflicts of interest, and such instances are generally considered to be misconduct. This is because these (...) violations of publishing protocol decrease trust and confidence in science and bring disrepute to those scientists who conform to the rules set out by journals and publishers and abide by them. Thus, when cases are encountered where trust and protocol in publishing are breached, these deserve to be highlighted. In this letter, I focus on Neuroskeptic, a highly prominent science critic, primarily on the blogosphere and in social media, highlighting the dangers associated with the use of pseudonyms in academic publishing. (shrink)

The title of the paper is an allusion to Philip K. Dick’s book Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (which inspired the movie Blade Runner) and aims, at once, to highlight the (possible) relation between Criminal Law and Artificial Intelligence in its two dimensions of criminal protection (hence the reference to ‘electric crimes’) and criminal liability (hence the reference to the androids’ dreams), within the background problem of knowing whether Artificial Intelligence is truly mind. The purpose of this paper is, (...) precisely, to identify whether there is indeed such relation, in those two dimensions, and making use of a mediating concept, the concept of ‘mind (or ‘mentality’). I argue that Artificial Intelligence “specimens” do not have a mind and, therefore, its protection and regulation by Criminal Law is impaired. I conclude by presenting a choice between a total irrelevance model of Artificial Intelligence to Criminal Law and a model in which Artificial Intelligence emerges as object and subject of Criminal Law by analogy with persons. (shrink)

In this paper, I argue that a reconciliation between science and nature is possible by way of the role played by ecological sciences on the aesthetical and ethical appraisal of natural diversity. First, I show that the aim of science – namely natural sciences – is to dominate nature and contend that environmental ethics was founded to support nature’s protection from the perils of science. I then show that when environmental ethics is supported by environmental aesthetics, a different role may (...) be assigned to science. I start by building on Allen Carlson’s philosophical aesthetics to show that the aesthetical appraisal of nature requires a scientific understanding of the ecological processes. Finally, I refer to Holmes Rolston’s environmental ethics to show how nature’s ethical value may arise from Carlson’s peculiar aesthetic evaluation. (shrink)

Regarding the selection of the legislative representatives, the elective system is the system that most democratic organizations have adopted. It has become so present nowadays that we take for granted the identification between elective system and representative democracy. But is this identification a correct one? I argue that it is not, since the meaning of 'representative democracy' has no reference to specific mode of selection of the representatives. And, since democracy and other methods of selection are compatible, it should adopted (...) the best one. The criteria of competence for the exercise of the political power ought to be the adopted method of selection, for it is the best one. I too argue that, in the context of division of labor into public and private labor, this is precisely what public representation aims: to leave to the experts the exercise of public labor. (shrink)

With this article we intend to explore the concept of «esthetical object» proposed in Dufrenne’s text entitled La Phénoménologie de l’experience estéthique I. The potentiality/activity binomial appears as the ground for Dufrenne’s definition of esthetical object as perceived work of art. According to this, the happening of any artwork truly finds its proper place in esthetical experience, which arises as the meeting point of art’s expressive potentiality and the spectator’s perception act. Establishing an accurate distinction between esthetical perception and other (...) kinds of human perception, Dufrenne sees the former as the pure presence of the sensitive. Advocating the inseparability of significant and signification for the esthetical object, the author declares the meaning of esthetical experience as immanent to its own sensitive presentation. Dufrenne presents authentic esthetical perception as something, which has the power to, engage subjectivity in a radical experience. Under the light projected by the work of art, human beings are enabled to actualise other modes of being-in-the-world. With expression as its proper signifying mode, the esthetical object reveals itself as a world beginning, proposing an affective atmosphere, which opens the subject of esthetical experience to new existential possibilities. (shrink)

In this paper I show the possibility of an ontology of mathematics that keeps some points in common with platonism and constructivism while diverging from them in other essencial ones. I understand that mathematical objects are simply the referential focus of mathematical discourse, I also understand that their existence is merely intentional but none the less objective, in the sense of being shared by all those who are engaged in the mathematical activity. However, the objective existence of mathematical entities is (...) not secured once and for all but only in so far as the mathematical discourse is consistent. This is the core of the criterium of objective existence put forward and that I believe should sustain a mathematical ontology without the presupposition of the independent existence of a domain of mathematical objects, and without the restrictions imposed on it by constructivism and formalism in their various versions.Neste artigo quero apontar para a possibilidade de uma ontologia da matemática que, mesmo mantendo alguns pontos em comum com o platonismo e com o construtivismo, desliga-se destes em outros pontos essenciais. Por objeto matemático entendo o foco referencial do discurso matemático, ou seja, aquilo sobre o qual a matemática fala. Entendo que a existência destes objetos é meramente intencional, presuntiva, mas, simultaneamente, objetiva, no sentido de ser uma existência comunalizada, compartilhada por todos aqueles engajados no fazer matemático. A existência objetiva das entidades matemáticas não está, entretanto, garantida de uma vez por todas, mas apenas enquanto o discurso matemático for consistente. Este é o espírito do critério de existência objetiva enunciado que, acredito, deve sustentar uma ontologia matemática sem o pressuposto da existência independente de um domínio de objetos matemáticos, sem o empobrecimento que lhe impõem as diferentes versões construtivistas e sem a aniquilação que lhe infringe o formalismo sem objetos. (shrink)

Neste artigo, relato os aspectos mais salientes do affair Sokal-Bricmont - uma paródia que evoluiu para uma crítica articulada dos excessos de um certo pensamento pós-modernista - e analiso algumas das reações que suscitou em artigos publicados na Folha de S. Paulo. Termino com algumas reflexões sobre a nefasta negligência para com as ciências exatas na educação em geral e, em particular, na formação dos profissionais das áreas de filosofia e ciências humanas.In this paper I summarize some of the most (...) relevant aspects of the so-called Sokal and Bricmont affair - a parody that evolved to a full-fledged criticism of the excesses of post-modernism - and analyze the reactions it elicited in some articles published in Folha de São Paulo. I close with a reflection on the unfortunate neglect of the exact sciences in education in general and, in particular, the education of philosophers and social scientists. (shrink)

I present and discuss in this paper Husserl’s investigation of the genesis of the modem conception of empirical reality as carried out in his last work The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. The goal of Husserl’s genetic investigation was to uncover the rnany layers of constitution that frorn the life-world (the Lebenswelt) the modem scientific conception of Nature was originated and to point out the need to ground the scientific project of rnodemity in the life-world so as to (...) overcome the “alienation” that, for him, characterized the “crisis” of European science. I, however, approach his analyses from a different perspective. The problem that interests me here is the applicability of mathematics in the empirical science. My airn is to assess Husserl’s treatment of this question in order to see whether it can be sustained from a strictly scientific perspective. My conclusion is that it cannot. What Husserl takes for the “crisis” of science is inherent to the best scientific methodology. Nonetheless, Husserl’s analyses offer irnportant insights that I incorporate in what I believe to be a more satisfactory treatment of the problern concerning the role of mathematics in the ernpirical science. (shrink)

I here present and discuss Husserl’s clarification of the genesis of modern empirical science, particularly its mathematical methods, as presented in his last work, The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. Although Husserl’s analyses have as their goal to redirect science to the lifeworld and to reposition man and his immediate experiences at the foundation of the scientific project so as to overcome the “crisis” of science, I approach them from a different perspective. The problem that interests me here (...) is the applicability of mathematics in empirical science, to assess Husserl’s treatment of this issue in order to see if it can be sustained from a strictly scientific point of view regardless of philosophical adequacy. My conclusion is that it cannot. What Husserl takes as the “crisis” of science is inherent to the best scientific methodology. (shrink)

The clarification of the relation between norm and value was historically one of the main philosophical concerns of the phenomenological current of the movement known as Philosophy of Values. One of its major characters, Nicolai Hartrnann, in his bookEthik, argues in favor of almost identifying one with the other. For him, the “ideal ought-to-be” (the one indifferent to the way reality is) already belongs to the nature of values, since they have an inherent tendency towards reality. In this communication, I’ll (...) criticize this thesis based on the meaning of the concepts involved. (shrink)

First I will explore the importance granted by Wittgenstein, in the middle period, to memory, in the primary/phenomenological world. According to him, memory is the source of time , past , knowledge and identity . The main objective of this article is to present Wittgenstein's reasons for the rejection of the phenomenological project, using as backdrop his analysis about time (and the abandonment of the semantical and epistemological roles granted to memory). For this purpose it will be crucial to understand (...) a false analogy, that according to him was the cause for the quest for an ideal language. This false analogy can be interpreted as the attribution of a mistaken status to memory (in the phenomenological sense), that leads to the illusion of a criteria of exactitude for the phenomenological description. At the end of this article, I will point out briefly the importance of those ideas to the understanding of the so called "private language argument". (shrink)

In this paper I study the variants of the notion of completeness Husserl pre-sented in “Ideen I” and two lectures he gave in Göttingen in 1901. Introduced primarily in connection with the problem of imaginary numbers, this notion found eventually a place in the answer Husserl provided for the philosophically more im-portant problem of the logico-epistemological foundation of formal knowledge in sci-ence. I also try to explain why Husserl said that there was an evident correlation between his and Hilbert’s notion (...) of completeness introduced in connection with the axiomatisation of geometry and the theory of real numbers when, as many commen-tators have already observed, these two notions are independent. I show in this paper that if a system of axioms is complete in Husserl’s sense, then its formal domain, the manifold of formal objects it determines, does not admit any extension. This is precisely the idea behind Hilbert’s notion of completeness in question. Therefore, the correlation Husserl noted indeed exists. But, in order to see it, we must consider the formal domain determined by a formal theory, not its models. (shrink)

In this paper I discuss Husserl's solution of the problem of imaginary elements in mathematics as presented in the drafts for two lectures hegave in Göttingen in 1901 and other related texts of the same period,a problem that had occupied Husserl since the beginning of 1890, whenhe was planning a never published sequel to Philosophie der Arithmetik(1891). In order to solve the problem of imaginary entities Husserl introduced,independently of Hilbert, two notions of completeness (definiteness in Husserl'sterminology) for a formal axiomatic (...) system. I present and discuss these notionshere, establishing also parallels between Husserl's and Hilbert's notions ofcompleteness. (shrink)

In the first year of the twentieth century, in Gottingen, Husserl delivered two talks dealing with a problem that proved central in his philosophical development, that of imaginary elements in mathematics. In order to solve this problem Husserl introduced a logical notion, called “definiteness”, and variants of it, that are somehow related, he claimed, to Hilbert’s notions of completeness. Many different interpretations of what precisely Husserl meant by this notion, and its relations with Hilbert’s ones, have been proposed, but no (...) consensus has been reached. In this paper I approach this question afresh and thoroughly, taking into consideration not only the relevant texts and context, as others have also done before, but, more importantly, Husserl’s philosophy, his intuition-based epistemology in particular. Based on a system of clearly defined concepts that I here present, I reinforce an interpretation—definiteness as a form of syntactic completeness—that has, I believe, some advantages vis-à-vis alternative interpretations. It is in conformity with the available texts; it makes clear that Husserl’s notion of definiteness is indeed close to Hilbert’s notions of completeness; it solves the important problem of imaginaries for which it was created; and last, but not least, it fits naturally into Husserl’s system of concepts and ideas. (shrink)

In the first year of the twentieth century, in Gottingen, Husserl delivered two talks dealing with a problem that proved central in his philosophical development, that of imaginary elements in mathematics. In order to solve this problem Husserl introduced a logical notion, called “definiteness”, and variants of it, that are somehow related, he claimed, to Hilbert’s notions of completeness. Many different interpretations of what precisely Husserl meant by this notion, and its relations with Hilbert’s ones, have been proposed, but no (...) consensus has been reached. In this paper I approach this question afresh and thoroughly, taking into consideration not only the relevant texts and context, as others have also done before, but, more importantly, Husserl’s philosophy, his intuition-based epistemology in particular. Based on a system of clearly defined concepts that I here present, I reinforce an interpretation—definiteness as a form of syntactic completeness—that has, I believe, some advantages vis-à-vis alternative interpretations. It is in conformity with the available texts; it makes clear that Husserl’s notion of definiteness is indeed close to Hilbert’s notions of completeness; it solves the important problem of imaginaries for which it was created; and last, but not least, it fits naturally into Husserl’s system of concepts and ideas. (shrink)

The philosophy developed by Sartre is the philosophy of freedom. This is confirmed by his work, whether in literary or theatrical texts, in political interventions and even in travel reports; but it is in technical works that this concern is even more evident: Sartre sustains that his philosophy must fulfill three tasks, of which the first – and most important – is the metaphysical liberation of men and women. Being and Nothingness fulfills precisely this task; it is against Kant and (...) distancing itself from Husserl and Heidegger that, first, freedom reveals itself as phenomenological truth: I am freedom; second, against all determinism, whether of externality, such as History (situation, class, etc.), or of interiority, such as Ego (transcendental Self, character, etc.), Sartre shows that freedom is also the foundation of History and the beginning of every individual adventure (life story, Psyche), both expressions of the same genesis: the singularity of freedom, self-sustaining process of being-in-the-world, is the only source of what man is and, consequently, of everything that can come to Being. Phenomenological ontology is the foundational work of the philosophy of freedom. (shrink)

Catulo (século I a.C.), o primeiro grande autor lírico romano, traz a elegia grega com temática variada, inclusive amorosa. Assim a poesia elegíaca latina desenvolve-se e ganha contorno de um gênero autônomo em Roma, com temática própria, a elegia erótica romana. O tema do amor passa a ser fundamental, nos autores do século de Augusto (século I a.C.), Tibulo, Propércio e Ovídio, que escrevem livros inteiros para uma amada. Contudo, unida à temática do amor encontramos também o tema morte, constante (...) em Propércio e encontrado também em Ovídio na esfera mítica. Através de fragmentos de poemas dos autores elegíacos, veremos como os temas amor e morte encontram-se unidos na elegia latina. (shrink)

Husserl left many unpublished drafts explaining (or trying to) his views on spatial representation and geometry, such as, particularly, those collected in the second part of Studien zur Arithmetik und Geometrie (Hua XXI), but no completely articulate work on the subject. In this paper, I put forward an interpretation of what those views might have been. Husserl, I claim, distinguished among different conceptions of space, the space of perception (constituted from sensorial data by intentionally motivated psychic functions), that of physical (...) geometry (or idealized perceptual space), the space of the mathematical science of physical nature (in which science, not only raw perception has a word) and the abstract spaces of mathematics (free creations of the mathematical mind), each of them with its peculiar geometrical structure. Perceptual space is proto-Euclidean and the space of physical geometry Euclidean, but mathematical physics, Husserl allowed, may find it convenient to represent physical space with a non-Euclidean structure. Mathematical spaces, on their turn, can be endowed, he thinks, with any geometry mathematicians may find interesting. Many other related questions are addressed here, in particular those concerning the a priori or a posteriori character of the many geometric features of perceptual space (bearing in mind that there are at least two different notions of a priori in Husserl, which we may call the conceptual and the transcendental a priori). I conclude with an overview of Weyl’s ideas on the matter, since his philosophical conceptions are often traceable back to his former master, Husserl. (shrink)

The blogosphere is full of personalities with masks, or pseudonyms. Although not a desired state of public communication, one could excuse the use of pseudonyms in blogs and social media, which are generally unregulated or weakly regulated. However, in science publishing, there are increasingly strict rules regarding the use of false identities for authors, the lack of institutional or contact details, and the lack of conflicts of interest, and such instances are generally considered to be misconduct. This is because these (...) violations of publishing protocol decrease trust and confidence in science and bring disrepute to those scientists who conform to the rules set out by journals and publishers and abide by them. Thus, when cases are encountered where trust and protocol in publishing are breached, these deserve to be highlighted. In this letter, I focus on Neuroskeptic, a highly prominent science critic, primarily on the blogosphere and in social media, highlighting the dangers associated with the use of pseudonyms in academic publishing. (shrink)

Em Parmênides 132b-c é afirmado que se as Ideias fossem pensamentos, então as coisas que participam nelas também seriam pensamentos. A afirmação soa estranha dentro da dinâmica,apresentada no corpus platonicum, da “participação” dos entes sensíveis nas Ideias; todavia, não parece simples determinar o motivo desta estranheza. A chave do problema pode ser uma identificação dos tipos de qualidades das Ideias ou Formas nteligíveis que estão implicados na “participação”. Vários especialistas trataram da matéria na segunda metade do século XX (OWEN, 1968; (...) KEYT, 1969 e 1971; VLASTOS, 1972), tendo sempre como ponto de partida a distinção de qualidades das Ideias traçada no texto dos Tópicos de Aristóteles (137b3-13). Nesse sentido, o presente artigo: i) apresenta os conceitos utilizados no tratamento desta matéria pelos exegetas: “atributos ideais”, “atributos próprios”, “Distinção-P”, “Predicação Paulina”, “Predicação Ordinária” e “Autopredicação”; ii) explica a incompatibilidade da distinção aristotélica de qualidades das Ideias (“Distinção-P”) com a ontologia apresentada nos próprios diálogos platônicos (VLASTOS, 1972 e 1973; CHERNISS, 1944); iii) sugere uma nova “Distinção-P”, mostrando sua compatibilidade com essa ontologia; iv) aplica-a ao caso daquela afirmação sobre as Ideias de Parmênides 132b-c, demonstrando a utilidade dessa distinção pela elucidação que ela promove da dinâmica da “participação” nessa passagem. (shrink)

Neste artigo pretendo apresentar a crítica de Michael Sandel à concepção de pessoa na filosofia política de John Rawls. Para tanto, é preciso descrever, em linhas gerais, a descrição rawlsiana das partes na posição original. Esta descrição, segundo Sandel, pressupõe uma concepção metafísica de pessoa na medida em que apresenta o “eu anterior a seus fins”, ou seja, um “eu distinto dos fins que possui”, mas que detém a posse de tais fins. Sandel argumenta que o “eu”, pensado desta forma, (...) constitui-se como um “eu radicalmente desprovido de corpo”, pois não está inserido em sua situação. E, como solução, Sandel sugere que o eu seja um entendido enquanto “eu situado” nas práticas sociais existentes e, por isso, constituído de seus fins e não, simplesmente, distinto deles. Sandel argumenta a favor da noção de “autoconhecimento” como elemento de reconhecimento dos vínculos constitutivos do “eu” dentro da comunidade. Com base nestas criticas, Rawls responde que a sua abordagem está restrita á concepção política de pessoa e, não necessariamente, possui implicação metafísica. Ele sugere que a sua justificação para a concepção política de pessoa encontra-se fundamentada na cultura pública democrática que enfatiza o pluralismo razoável como um fato da vida moderna, mas, ainda assim, Rawls terá que responder aos questionamentos de Sandel quanto à explicação que ele dá como justificação pública para as instituições democráticas, dentro das quais, as concepções políticas de pessoa e de justiça se desenvolvem. Summary: This paper deals with Michael Sandel’s criticism to the conception of person in John Rawls’ political philosophy. I will make a presentation of Rawls’ position initial and then to analyse the reply of Sandel by focusing on the question concerning the metaphysical conception of person. Then I will present Rawls’ answer to the question as a political conception of person and the limits of such proposal concerning the public justification of democratic institutions. Keywords : Michael Sandel. John Rawls. Justiça. Person. Community. (shrink)

No _ Ensaio sobre o Entendimento Humano _ ( iv.x.7), John Locke registrou uma breve apreciação da prova _ a priori _ cartesiana, afirmando que ela seria, isoladamente, uma maneira imperfeita de abordar a questão da existência de Deus. Todavia, num manuscrito de duas páginas, datado de 1696, ele considerou essa prova inconclusiva, pois poderia ser utilizada tanto por teístas como por ateus, ficando a questão inacabada. Considerando a escassez de estudos lockeanos tratando desse manuscrito, este artigo propõe uma interpretação (...) da crítica lockeana à prova _ a priori _ cartesiana, de modo a verificar se o filósofo inglês modificou sua opinião. A análise do texto em questão aponta que não houve mudança significativa por parte de Locke, pois suas conclusões registradas no manuscrito têm como fundamento a rejeição das ideias inatas e das essências imutáveis, em conformidade com o livro i do _ Ensaio _. Adicionalmente, suas críticas têm um provável antecedente tomista nas objeções de Johannes Caterus. (shrink)

In this paper I discuss the version of predicative analysis put forward by Hermann Weyl in Das Kontinuum. I try to establish how much of the underlying motivation for Weyl's position may be due to his acceptance of a phenomenological philosophical perspective. More specifically, I analyze Weyl's philosophical ideas in connexion with the work of Husserl, in particular Logische Untersuchungen} and Ideen.I believe that this interpretation of Weyl can clarify the views on mathematical existence and mathematical intuition which are implicit (...) in Das Kontinuum. (shrink)

No capítulo primeiro de Esaú e Jacó, Machado de Assis faz referência à Pítia e recomenda a leitura de Ésquilo, destacando a peça trágica as Eumênides, a propósito da consulta que Natividade fará à adivinha Bárbara no Morro do Castelo. A expressão machadiana foi dada à estruturação das ansiedades humanas em saber o que será o amanhã. Se na Grécia antiga era a sorte, agora é um número de espera, e completa o Autor que se alcance a verdade nesta nova (...) perspectiva para que ninguém perca a sua vez de audiência (Capítulo I). Todos os oráculos têm o falar dobrado... (Capítulo II). (shrink)

The main objective of this paper is to understand the logic role played by photographs in thoughts about entities known only through photographs. I will contrast two general interpretative lines: photography as knowledge by acquaintance and as knowledge by description. The analyses of those interpretations will take into account possible relations with discussions about metaphysics of time and episodic memory. Throughout the paper I will criticize the treatment of photography as acquaintance, based on John Zeimbekis' interpretation. In its treatment as (...) acquaintance, photography would play the logical role of a demonstrative that points to a particular entity in the past, through the causal route that links the photograph to its referent. The criticism of this concept has as its starting point the distinction between the causal referent of the photograph and its representational content. The thesis here developed is that the photographic content would not be sufficient to determine the numerical identity of the referent. Thus, it will be proposed a shift of the logic role played by photography from a referential role to a predicative. Photograph would exemplify phenomenal properties attributed to an entity known only by description. (shrink)

Many journals and publishers employ online submission systems to process manuscripts. In some cases, one “template” format exists, but it is then molded slightly to suit the specific needs of each journal, a decision made by the editor-in-chief or editors. In the past few years, there has been an increase in the number of cases in which OSSs have been abused, mostly by the authorship, either through the creation of fake identities or the use of false e-mail accounts. Although the (...) abusive or fraudulent authors are at fault in such cases, the fact that such cases remained undetected for so long is of concern. Moreover, the current OSSs are imperfect, have security issues and may not be able to detect false information, except through post-submission verification. Sting operations, which involve the submission of false manuscripts with false identities and false affiliations, are no less unethical, and those who abuse the publishing protocol deserve to be as reprimanded as those who abuse OSSs. Finally, I question the ethics of editors or publishers creating OSS accounts on behalf of reviewers prior to obtaining their explicit permission. doi: 10.5294/pebi.2016.20.2.3. (shrink)

Ovídio, poeta latino do século I a.C, compôs as Heroides, obra em que heróis e heroínas das lendas escrevem a seus amados(as) ausentes. Todas as cartas apresentam profundo teor trágico, tanto na temática quanto nos aspectos trágicos marcantes. Analisamos a tragicidade na carta de Dejanira a Hércules, na qual a mulher do herói narra seu desespero ao receber a notícia da morte de Hércules, após vestir a túnica que ela havia enviado. Como base para a análise, serão usados os conceitos (...) aristotélicos de hamartia e hybris, bem como os sentimentos de terror e compaixão e também a concepção filosófica de trágico estabelecida pelos idealistas alemães do século XVIII. (shrink)

Os tempos contemporâneos evidenciamu ma a s s i n c r o n i a e n t r e a s c u l t u r a spart i cul ares e a nova const i t ui ção deestado global que se instaurou com as oci edade do conheci ment o. Quant omai or a e xpans ão de pos s i bi l i dade stécnico-científicas, menor a influênciaque as concepções morais dos gruposparticulares desempenham no (...) cenáriog l o b a l . To da s a s i nt ui ç õ e s na t ur a i sdo homo f aber são afetadas pel o fazertecnológico que responde muito maisrápida e satisfatoriamente aos anseiose necessi dades dos i ndi ví duos, t ant obi ol ógi c a quant o s oc i al ment e. Des t emodo, a atenção ao fator tecnol ógi coparece suplantar mandamentos moraisque desde outros tempos guiavam a açãoe a convivência social das pessoasContemporary ages showed an asynchronybe t we e n par t i c ul ar c ul t ur e s and t henew constitution of the global state thathas t aken pl ace wi t hi n t he soci et y ofknowledge. The more is the expansion oftechnical and scientific possibilities theless is the influence that moral conceptionsof particular groups play in the globalscene. All natural intuitions of homo faberare affected by technological making thatanswers most rapidly and satisfactorily tothe desires and needs of individuals, bothbiologically and sociologically. Thus, theattention to the technological feature seemsto supplant the moral commandments thatsince ancient times oriented the action andthe social life of persons. (shrink)

Os poetas e prosadores latinos assimilaram bem a lição grega. No entanto, a literatura latina, mesmo caudatária da grega, nesse procedimento de assimilação, não é subserviente, e muito menos se deve falar em cópia. Só havia plágio, se a imitação fosse da mesma fonte pela segunda vez sem nenhuma criatividade. Roma, como herdeira dos temas gregos, imitou criando. Transplantou para o latim recursos poéticos gregos. Não é uma tradução simplesmente. Mas é uma ação de levar para além: trans-ducere. Quanto ao (...) tema do amor, o lirismo latino não é muito extenso, porque são poucos os poetas e também alguns, como Horácio e Ovídio, se aplicaram a outros assuntos também. Os modelos gregos dos latinos foram Safo, Alceu, Anacreonte, Arquíloco e até Píndaro. Caio Valério Catulo (I a.C.) apresenta uma parte de poesias como expressões intimamente pessoais, longe das agitações sociais de Roma. Para não tornar pública a vida de Clódia, sua amante – mas esposa de político importante, Catulo aplicou-lhe o pseudônimo de Lésbia nos seus poemas. (shrink)

A personagem Medeia, desde os autores gregos, como Eurípides, é apresentada como o exemplo mais clássico do prejuízo causado pela paixão desmedida. Ela justifica todos os seus atos buscando como medida seu amor por Jasão. É o amor que a faz salvar a vida do amado e tirar várias outras vidas, inclusive de seus próprios filhos. Ovídio, poeta latino do século I a.C., retoma a personagem em sua obra Heroides, para também apresentar o mal que a paixão desenfreada pode causar (...) em um ser humano. A cultura romana que ensinava os riscos do amor e da paixão, como tão bem nos legou Lucrécio, em seu De rerum natura, buscava não cometer o erro de amar em demasia. Contudo, Ovídio mostra nessa obra, as dores e os sofrimentos causados por um amor que se torna para a personagem, ao mesmo tempo, sua salvação e sua destruição. (shrink)

In his book Chateaubriand points out some differences between the mathematical and the formal notions of proof. I argue here that the contrast between both cannot be exaggerated, and that the latter fails to represent essential aspects of the former. I also sketch a view of the nature of mathematics that can accommodate one particular feature of mathematical proofs the formal notion, by its very nature, cannot: their freedom.Em seu livro, Chateaubriand aponta algumas diferenças entre a noção formal e a (...) noção matemática de demonstração. Eu argumento que o contraste entre ambas não pode ser maior, e que aquela é incapaz de capturar alguns aspectos essenciais desta. Eu apresento também um esboço de uma teoria sobre a natureza da matemática capaz de acomodar um aspecto particular das demonstrações matemáticas que a noção formal, pela sua própria natureza, não pode: a liberdade que por direto cabe àquelas. (shrink)

The main purpose of this article is to discuss the place of the ethics of virtues and char acter in nursing and health care in general, and in psychiatric nursing in particular. To attain this goal, the relationship between the ethics of duty (i.e. rule based ethics) and the ethics of virtue and character will be clarified in order to defend our main hypothe sis that these two types of ethics should complement each other, since both are necessary but neither (...) by itself is sufficient for nursing. This means that any applied ethics, as in nursing, should consider the importance of the agent's moral character. To support our arguments, we shall use cases from the empirical reality of psychiatric and mental health care. (shrink)

I present here my criticism of Chateaubriand’s account of propositions as having an identifying character with respect to reality. I claim that propositions are better understood as pictures of possible states-of-affairs, and that this account is more natural considering the acts of judgment that are at the origin of propositions. I also present a possible way of understanding the notion of a possible state-of-affairs that takes care of the seemingly absurd case of necessarily false, but meaningful propositions.

In this paper I argue for the view that structuralism offers the best perspective for an acceptable account of the applicability of mathematics in the empirical sciences. Structuralism, as I understand it, is the view that mathematics is not the science of a particular type of objects, but of structural properties of arbitrary domains of entities, regardless of whether they are actually existing, merely presupposed or only intentionally intended.

In this paper I argue for the view that the axioms of ZF are analytic truths of a particular concept of set. By this I mean that these axioms are true by virtue only of the meaning attached to this concept, and, moreover, can be derived from it. Although I assume that the object of ZF is a concept of set, I refrain from asserting either its independent existence, or its dependence on subjectivity. All I presuppose is that this concept (...) is given to us with a certain sense as the objective focus of a phenomenologically reduced intentional experience. The concept of set that ZF describes, I claim, is that of a multiplicity of coexisting elements that can, as a consequence, be a member of another multiplicity. A set is conceived as a quantitatively determined collection of objects that is, by necessity, ontologically dependent on its elements, which, on the other hand, must exist independently of it. A close scrutiny of the essential characters of this conception seems to be sufficient to ground the set-theoretic hierarchy and the axioms of ZF. (shrink)

The main concern of this paper is the justification of the axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, either as true statements about a concept of set or, alternatively, as true statements about abstract objects . I want to argue here that, in either case, set theory can be seen as a body of knowledge largely built on intuitive foundations . I call this inquiry “phenomenological” for it approaches its subject from the perspective of the intentional acts that originate sets as doubly (...) dependent objects . Such an inquiry, I believe, brings to light the essential characters of sets as objects or, alternatively, the concept of set, which the axioms of the theory express. (shrink)

Poetas que se destacaram pela sátira. Ecos satíricos em outros discursos poéticos. Juvenal, que não soube mentir, ocupou o seu tempo tentando a educar os romanos: Quid Romae faciam? Mentiri néscio. Que fazer em Roma? Não sei mentir.(I, 3, 41) A emergência urbana tornou o povo romano civilizado, mas insensato em suas preces suplicantes de desejos aos deuses: Juvenal, Sátiras, X.

The article deals with race relations in Brazil, analyzing how adult and children’s literature in Brazil has worked to maintain and update the "complex prosperous." The article is guided by the hypothesis that the main challenge is to mover narratives, literature and textbooks which go beyond the homogeneity of a single story based on white as representative "natural" discourse of the human species that places the "other" as "deviant", from the hegemony of the white hierarchy for plural discourses. In Brazilian (...) racial hierarchies are profuse and profound. An analysis of "the Negro as an object" indicate the presence of some striking black characters as tending to be subordination and inferiority. The alternatives are linked to the "black literature" that demonstrates richness and strength but at the same time, this literature is maintained as "marginal." In children’s literature the process is very similar, observing continuous forms of hierarchy of whites as superior and blacks as inferior. I discuss the need for teacher training and the production of alternatives and other new literary discourse. (shrink)

Hacia finales del siglo XIX se llevó a cabo una gran revolución conceptual y metodológica en la matemática. En tal revolución se empezaron a emplear conceptos, métodos y técnicas que dejaban de lado la antigua forma de hacer matemática, propia del siglo XVIII y principios del siglo XIX, y a su vez proponían un Hacer abstracto, es decir, una forma abstracta de ocuparse del ente matemático. Pero no sólo se trataba de un cambio metodológico, sino que la pregunta por los (...) fundamentos se vuelve cada vez más importante y trae consigo interrogantes de carácter filosófico, como es el caso de la inquietud por la naturaleza del objeto matemático (la interrogante ontológica), y la posibilidad de conocimiento de dicho objeto (la interrogante epistemológica). Nuestro interés en este artículo es mostrar cómo la filosofía que respalda las investigaciones matemáticas de Cantor trata de dar respuestas a las interrogantes ontológicas y epistemológicas. Para ello hemos tratado de ofrecer un contexto histórico-conceptual que gira en torno a la pregunta por los fundamentos, y dentro de dicho contexto hemos señalado como se presenta el Platonismo absoluto de Cantor An approach to Cantor´s absolute PlatonismA great conceptual and methodological revolution in mathematics was carried out by the end of nineteen century. In that revolution people began to use concepts, methods and techniques which set aside the old way of doing mathematics, typical of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, and in turn they proposed an Abstract Make, i.e., an abstract form of dealing with the mathematical entity. But it was not only a methodological change, but the question of the foundations is becoming increasingly important which arises more philosophical questions, such as the concern about the nature of the mathematical object -the ontological question- and the possibility of knowledge of this object -the epistemological question. Our interest in this article is to show how the philosophy behind Cantor's mathematical research is intended to answer the ontological and epistemological questions. For it, this paper tries to provide a conceptual and historical context, which is revolving around the question of the foundations, and within this context, it is noted as the Absolute Platonism of Cantor. (shrink)

I discuss here the pragmatic problem in the philosophy of mathematics, that is, the applicability of mathematics, particularly in empirical science, in its many variants. My point of depart is that all sciences are formal, descriptions of formal-structural properties instantiated in their domain of interest regardless of their material specificity. It is, then, possible and methodologically justified as far as science is concerned to substitute scientific domains proper by whatever domains —mathematical domains in particular— whose formal structures bear relevant formal (...) similarities with them. I also discuss the consequences to the ontology of mathematics and empirical science of this structuralist approach. (shrink)

I discuss here the pragmatic problem in the philosophy of mathematics, that is, the applicability of mathematics, particularly in empirical science, in its many variants. My point of depart is that all sciences are formal, descriptions of formal-structural properties instantiated in their domain of interest regardless of their material specificity. It is, then, possible and methodologically justified as far as science is concerned to substitute scientific domains proper by whatever domains —mathematical domains in particular— whose formal structures bear relevant formal (...) similarities with them. I also discuss the consequences to the ontology of mathematics and empirical science of this structuralist approach. (shrink)

O texto a seguir é uma análise sobre a concepção de _vida nua_ presente no livro _Homo Sacer, o poder soberano e a vida nua I_ do filósofo italiano Giorgio Agamben. Salientamos que o tema não se reduz a este livro sendo possível um entendimento mais preciso sobre o mesmo em obras posteriores, mas como se trata de um estudo introdutório, nos ateremos na obra supracitada conscientes de que o termo central “poder soberano e vida nua” não se restringe a (...) este momento da construção filosófica de Agamben. O trabalho será desenvolvido em dois momentos, primeiro apresentaremos sinteticamente o conceito de _vida nua_ para o pensador romano, considerando a sua leitura do termo a partir de Walter Benjamim. Destacaremos como o pensador italiano, parte do filósofo alemão, para desenvolver a concepção de _homo sacer, _situação na qual, o _estado de exceção_ é sempre constante na modernidade; perpassaremos os seus estudos sobre o tema proposto, desde a Antiguidade até a sua expressão na política moderna. No segundo passo, vislumbramos mostrar como é possível extrair do estudo sobre a _vida nua_, uma possibilidade de repensar a função da política na vida atual. Embora já sejam de conhecimento geral, delinearemos algumas situações contemporâneas que são reflexo de uma política sustentada na concepção do homem como _sacer, _como corpos_ matáveis e sacrificáveis. _Destacaremos a necessidade de reaproximação entre política e vida, considerando que o direito e política só têm valor se existirem para dignificar e qualificar a existência humana, que por si só, sem as interferências controladoras e ensimesmadas da vida pública institucional, já é bastante complexa de ser vivida. (shrink)

No decorrer do debate sobre o realismo científico, alguns antirrealistas, tal como Leo Tolstói e Larry Laudan, criaram um desafio cético para os realistas, questionando, com base na história da ciência, a crença realista de continuidade entre as teorias do passado, atuais e futuras. Stathis Psillos ofereceu uma réplica que ficou conhecida como realismo seletivo ou divide et impera, alegando que, através de um minucioso exame, podemos encontrar elementos teóricos de continuidade entre teorias passadas e atuais, assegurando, por analogia, que (...) as teorias futuras também possuirão elementos de continuidade com as atuais. A estratégia de Psillos, se bem empregada, pode evidenciar que a leitura realista de história da ciência também possui suas virtudes e deve ser considerada. Todavia, no presente artigo, argumentamos que mesmo que o realismo seletivo de Psillos se mostre aplicável, ele deve ser considerado como uma crítica a concepções descontinuístas em história da ciência e não necessariamente ao antirrealismo científico em geral, posto que o empirismo construtivo de Bas van Fraassen, por exemplo, admite a continuidade teórica na ciência. (shrink)