In medieval medical anthropology, emotions are closely tied up with humoral pathology, e.g. joy with blood, anger with yellow bile, and sorrow with black bile. The face and body are external signs of a person's constitutional emotionality. Health is based on mental stability: Rage should be channelled into something constructive; love-sickness can even cause death. The use of drugs must respect emotional side effects: While some herbs and gems can brighten the mind, others cause sadness und discomfort. Inadequate emotions not (...) only cause mental illnesses, but can also be mental illnesses in themselves, e.g. raving madness or deep depression. Thus, calming and cheering psychotherapy complements dietary, physical, medicinal, and surgical treatment. (shrink)

Why was Hufeland’s work on Macrobiotics so successful? It can neither keep its promise to prolong people’s lives nor does it contain any new information (the proposals are indeed most traditional). The article suggests a double answer: Looking back to antiquity was fashionable at the time, and Hufeland managed to combine classical elements with the late 18th century discourse. Second, Hufeland’s point was the holeness of human existence. In his eyes, health is not only a question of the body, but (...) also of character and soul. This concept seems to cope with some deplorable defects of modern medicine. (shrink)

Automated theorem proving amounts to solving search problems in usually tremendous search spaces. A lot of research therefore focuses on search space reductions. Our approach reduces the search space which arises when using so-called connection tableau calculi for first-order automated theorem proving. It uses disjunctive constraints over first-order equations to compress certain parts of this search space. We present the basics of our constrained-connection-tableau calculi, a constraint extension of connection tableau calculi, and deal with the efficient handling of constraints during (...) the search process. The new techniques are integrated into the automated connection tableau prover Setheo. (shrink)

Die Notwendigkeit guter Arzt-Patienten-Kommunikation für eine angemessene Behandlung und für die Ausübung der Patientenselbstbestimmung ist bekannt. In interkulturell-mehrsprachigen Situationen, in denen ein kommunikationsintensiver Aushandlungsprozess besonders notwendig ist, erhält die Qualität der Verständigung besondere Bedeutung, so dass der Einsatz qualifizierter Dolmetschender hier ethisch geboten ist. Er stellt Ärzte und Ärztinnen, aber auch die Dolmetschenden vor besondere, ethisch zu reflektierende Herausforderungen. Sind zudem keine qualifizierten Dolmetschenden einsetzbar, müssen Ärzte und Ärztinnen in schwierigen ethischen Abwägungsprozessen eine Entscheidung über das weitere Vorgehen treffen. Diese (...) beiden Themen finden in der medizinethischen Literatur bisher wenig Beachtung. Anhand von Erkenntnissen aus der Forschung u. a. zum Gesprächsdolmetschen werden im Folgenden zentrale ethische Herausforderungen eines Dolmetschereinsatzes herausgearbeitet. Diskutiert werden der Bedarf sprachlicher Unterstützung, der drohende Ausschluss von Patientinnen und Patienten in gedolmetschten Gesprächen, die Beachtung der für das Dolmetschen geltenden berufsethischen Prinzipien, die Gewährleistung der Vertraulichkeit sowie die Konsequenzen interkulturellen Vermittelns. Des Weiteren wird für Ärzte und Ärztinnen, die unter nicht-idealen Bedingungen ohne qualifizierte Dolmetschende agieren müssen, erstmals ein strukturierter argumentativer Rahmen vorgestellt. Es werden neun Bewertungskriterien vorgeschlagen, anhand derer in einem Abwägungsprozess über die Eignung einer Person zum (spontanen) Dolmetschen entschieden werden kann. (shrink)

Schopenhauer uses what he calls empirical metaphysics, to give an explanation of the essence of the world, and of living things. In doing so, he always tries to make interpretations which are grounded in the sciences. But since all sciences use the principle of sufficient reason, and restrict their observations to the phenomenal world, they can never get to what things are in themselves. There would be no way to do so, if Schopenhauer were not, as a philosopher, himself both (...) a knower and a physically embodied person in the world. Introspection shows the will to live as causality seen from inside. From there, he moves by analogy to other living beings, and even to the whole of nature. His precursors in philosophy and science, up to and including his time, are outlined, and also compared to later views, up to the present. (shrink)

Eine Kritik der Hoffnung ist nicht nur nicht unzeitgemäß, sondern überhaupt zeitlos. Denn die existentielle Erfahrung, zu hoffen und enttäuscht zu werden, ist mit der menschlichen Situation untrennbar verknüpft. Der Grund, warum Schopenhauer als Gewährsmann einer solchen bemüht wird, ist, dass er vielfältige Ansätze dazu vorgelegt hat, die in diesem Buch zusammengefasst sind. Die vorliegende Untersuchung lässt sich in den größeren Rahmen von Schopenhauers «Pessimismus» einordnen, stellt aber den Begriff der Hoffnung in Nahaufnahme dar. Das Nachdenken über die Hoffnung vereinigt (...) Aspekte von Wahrheit und Irrtum, Wille und Intellekt, Wahrscheinlichkeit und Erwartung, und verdeutlicht die im Zusammenhang zwischen Sicherheit und Zweifel sich manifestierenden Seelenzustände von Hoffnung und Verzweiflung. Über Begriffsklärung und Analyse hinaus wird nach dem Wert oder Unwert der Hoffnung für das Leben gefragt. (shrink)

The paper attempts to give an account of two different ways of relating to mathematics: Lacan’s and Badiou’s. Its starting point is Badiou’s and Lacan’s interpretations of Russell’s infamous definition of mathematics, according to which mathematics is a discourse in which no one knows what one is talking about, nor whether what one is saying is true. While for Badiou, the ignorance that is supposed to characterise mathematics according to Russell only concerns the role philosophy assigns to it, namely, it (...) being identified with the science of being qua being, for Lacan the ignorance constitutive of mathematics should rather be seen as a symptom resulting from the reduction of truth to a mere truth value. In discussing the detected divergences in these two readings, the paper shows how the access to psychoanalysis as well as the access to philosophy coincides with a certain access to mathematics, although we are not dealing with the same type of access. (shrink)

What is the peculiar evocative force of the notion of the real? Rather than succumbing to the temptation of forcing appearance in order to accede to the real supposed to be lurking behind it, for Lacanian psychoanalysis the access to the real is that of the semblance. While one of our aims in this paper is to briefly outline the development of Lacan’s rather peculiar “realism”, we would also wish to emphasize the relation between the real and the semblance as (...) being the crux of Lacan’s later teaching. Indeed, for psychoanalysis, the question of the real is inseparable from the interrogation of the semblance, a term forged by Lacan in the last period of his teaching in order to rework the relation between the truth and the real. This is why although the semblance is relevant to numerous contemporary discourses, it is only in psychoanalysis that this problem is raised to the level of one of the central theoretical and practical issues. Omnipresent, unsettling, yet unresolved, this problem comes to the fore at the critical moments in the history of psychoanalysis, thereby marking turning points at which the orientation of psychoanalysis is at stake. (shrink)

Seen from the perspective of the inconsistency of the Other, the post-truth era can be considered to be an era emerging from a crisis in belief in the existence of the Other, which is to be taken in a twofold sense: as a belief in the Other of the Other, that is, the Other of Law, and a belief in the Other considered as the subject supposed to know. Insofar as the contemporary subject does not want to know anything about (...) this “condition of belief” without which no knowledge, and therefore no truth, are possible, the crisis of belief affect both, the Other and the subject. This can be seen in the fact that the failing belief in the Other and knowledge, considered as a distinctive feature of our profoundly unbelieving times, is accompanied by an unprecedented rise in anxiety at the social level, as contemporary subjects who do not believe in the (existence of the) Other are singularly defenceless before the irruption of the real. With truth losing its power to name the real, the subject itself as a singular response to the real is becoming ever more precarious. Which is why, when faced with the erratic irruption of the real, contemporary subjects are condemned to a desperate search for certainties. (shrink)

Analysing the role of Kant’s third and final Critique, the _Critique of Judgement_, in the system of Kant’s three Critiques (_Critique of Pure Reason_, _Critique of Practical Reason_, _Critique of Judgement_), the paper posits that with the conclusion of the system of critiques in the third _Critique_, Kant succeeds in presenting it as a point of a transfinitisation of knowledge within the critiques’ system.

Automated theorem proving amounts to solving search problems in usually tremendous search spaces. A lot of research therefore focuses on search space reductions. Our approach reduces the search space which arises when using so-called connection tableau calculi for first-order automated theorem proving. It uses disjunctive constraints over first-order equations to compress certain parts of this search space. We present the basics of our constrained-connection-tableau calculi, a constraint extension of connection tableau calculi, and deal with the efficient handling of constraints during (...) the search process. The new techniques are integrated into the automated connection tableau prover Setheo. (shrink)

Traditionally, emancipatory politics is a question of knowing which parts of society are capable of counting for something, and which ones are not. Formulating the question of emancipatory politics in terms of existence, more specifically, in terms of “political subjects who are not social groups but rather forms of inscriptions of the count of the uncounted” , means acknowledging that the proper place for emancipatory politics is the very terrain in which the system of domination operates, a system that radical (...) political theorists characterize as a system of placement, identification, or counting. At present, however, this question of counting the uncountable, crucial for emancipatory politics, cannot be raised at all to the extent that globalization means that everybody is always already included, the exclusion of the uncounted is necessarily obscured, indeed, it has become invisible. Beginning with a discussion on an enigmatic remark: “the infinitization of the value of the subject”, taken from Lacan’s Seminar The Four Fundamental concepts of Psycho-analysis, this paper examines a conceptual shift in the articulation of the relation between the subject and the figures of the Other in an epoch of the Other which does not exist. Taking as her point of departure Lacan’s theory of the cut, the author shows how, in an era of the “generalized metonymization”, only an act constitutes a way out of a discourse that knows no closure. (shrink)

In this essay I propose to explore the status of the not all in politics and psychoanalysis by analyzing and bringing into question the seemingly self-evident relationship of the mutual exclusion between politics and psychoanalysis. I would argue that in order to expose an affinity in dealing with the ‘not all’ in politics and psychoanalysis, it is necessary to move beyond the traditionally hostile polarities of the singular and the universal and to reverse the usual perspective according to which there (...) is no passage between the domain of the singular and the domain of the universal. I then move on to considering the relationship between psychoanalysis and politics from the point of view of the community ‘for all’ constituted through a complex practice of disidentification and the production of the ‘whatever’ singularities. (shrink)

Avtorica obravnava alternativo med skeptično in racionalno argumentacijo kot izsiljeno izbiro, s katero se konstituira tako subjekt v navadni govorici kakor subjekt v demokraciji. Članek analizira skeptično in racionalno argumentacijo kot dva načina, kako se subjekt lahko izogne izsiljeni izbiri in nemožnosti govorice na eni strani in neutemeljenosti demokracije na drugi. Subjekt skeptične argumentacije se izogne temu, da bi vzel nase brezopornost govorice in demokracije, tako, da ubeži v neskončno ponavljanjerefutacije, subjekt racionalne argumentacije pa v neskončno približevanje pogojem idealne argumentacije.

Članek obravnava Hartovo pojmovanje obveznosti spoštovati zakon kot temeljne razlikovalne poteze glede na tradicionalni pravni pozitivizem in jusnaturalizem. Zahteva spoštovati zakon je po Hartu utemeljena v strukturi prava samega, v sekundarnih pravilih, predvsem v pravilu za prepoznavo kot temelju vseh drugih zakonskih norm.

Suivant les quelques indications de Lacan sur le changement radical du statut du sujet tel que l’implique le nouveau rapport, à la fin de l’analyse, entre volonté et désir, l’auteur interroge deux modalités de la confrontation du sujet avec la volonté de l’Autre : celle du sage stoïcien, d’une part, et, d’autre part, celle de Sade. Jouant sur les convergences et les divergences de ceux deux positions subjectives au regard de la volonté de l’Autre, il s’agit d’aborder, à partir de (...) l’éthique stoïcienne, la question d’une éthique sans l’Autre, une éthique qui permet une transgression non-perverse du principe du plaisir. (shrink)

Psychoanalysis’ primary aim is to reveal the emergence of the subject, beyond its identifications, as a response of the real. More specifically, psychoanalysis considers the realization of the subject as a response to the impossibility of the sexual relation. Claiming that “everyone is a poem”, Lacan signals that psychoanalysis aims not at that which is universal in the subject, but rather at what in the speaking being is most singular: the emergence of a way of enjoyment that would make up (...) for the inexistence of the sexual relation. Taking up the articulation of writing and jouissance as a point of departure, the paper examines the mystical experience as a specific mode of such a making up. In so doing, the paper insists on the relation between jouissance and language in order to show to what extent the mystical experience can teach us about the possible ways of breaking with the lethal relationship with jouissance where one seems to be reduced to “the partner of one’s own loneliness”. (shrink)

Članek obravnava Perelmanovo teorijo racionalne argumentacije z gledišča političnega diskurza in njegove vloge pri konstituciji skupnosti in njene identitete. V prvem delu analizirmo dve »formuli« komunikacije, kot ju ponujata politični diskurz in racionalna argumentacija, v luči pojmov homonimije in homologije, ki ju razumemo kot predpostavki za konsenz. V drugem delu pa obravnavamo etične in juridične implikacije Perelmanove konceptualizacije konsenza, pri čemer razkrijemo skrito platonovsko in aristotelovsko dediščino, ki postavi pod vprašaj Perelmanov poskus utemeljiti svojo »novo retoriko« v retorični in sofistični (...) tradiciji. (shrink)

Sous ce titre, «Philosophie, psychanalyse: alliance ou mésalliance?», qui ne définie aucun privilège, aucun ordre de priorité, nous nous proposons d’interroger le rapport discret mais constant que la psychanalyse, depuis Freud, entre-tient avec la philosophie, rapport dont il convient pour le moins de souligner l’extraordinaire ambivalence.

Prispevek obravnava nekatere pojme politične filozofije Clauda Leforta. Pokazati želi, da za rekonstrukcijo politične filozofije, ki se je loteva Lefort, ni toliko konstitutiven njen prelom z znanstvenim diskurzom, ampak vse prej pojem simbolnega, ime za družbeno, ki je zavezano razliki in delitvi.

The objective of the present essay is to show that the traditional dilemma of philosophy, namely, does science think or does not think, has today become the problem that science itself has to solve. To assert that science thinks means first that science, when it thinks, constructs its object in an always specific manner; second, in construing its object, it adds to it the real, i.e., a reference, external to the scientific construction itself, which science then discovers as the basis (...) and source of its construction. This article argues that it is for strictly scientific reasons that science is today faced with the task of affirming itself as a domain of thought in both aforementioned meanings. Affirming the view that science thinks is a scientific struggle for the existence of politics of emancipation. (shrink)

Der Beitrag geht, sich auf die Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten und die Kritik der praktischen Vernunft beziehend, der Frage nach, ob es möglich ist, Kants praktische Philosophie, jenseits des Dilemmas abstrakter moralischer Universalismus vs. Rechte des Partikulären als Ansatz einer Theorie des subjektivierten Handelns zu begreifen. Das heisst eines Handelns, in dem das Individuum nicht nur im "Dienste der Güter" bzw. seiner empirisch-pathologischen Interessen und Neigungen steht. In der Beantwortung dieser Frage wird die Aussage des kategorischen Imperativs "ich soll (...) so oder so handeln, ob ich gleich nichts anderes wollte" im ersten Schritt als eine Forderung verstanden, die nicht einfach nichts Empirisches zu wollen verlangt, sondern das Wollen an ein Nichts als Etwas bindet. Im zweiten Schritt wird dann gezeigt, dass am Ort dieses Nichts als Etwas das Vernunftfaktum als abgründiger Grund eines Handelns steht, das mit dem Anspruch auftritt, für niemanden zu gelten, wenn es nicht bedingungslos für alle geltend gemacht werden kann. (shrink)

A partir la thèse avancée par Monique David-Ménard, selon laquelle l’entendement réussi là où la raison échoue, il s’agit d’examiner la révolution kantienne dans la manière de penser. Pour tirer les conséquences du renversement dans la pensée mis en oeuvre par la philosophie kantienne, l’auteur interroge la constitution de la réalité dans la perspective transcendantale comme double opération avec le non-savoir portant respectivement sur le sujet et le noumène. Sur le fond de cette interrogation, il montre que la réalité à (...) laquelle a affaire la philosophie kantienne n’est ni la réalité objective constituée, ni la réalité hallucinée du désir de la raison transgressant les limites de la connaissance, mais à une réalité subjectivée, constituée par la mise en scène de la double destitution : celle de la réalité phénoménale et celle de la raison. C’est sur ce point que peut s’établir une alliance militante entre la philosophie et la psychanalyse, alliance dont l’enjeu principal, pour l’une comme pour l’autre, consiste justement en ceci que chacune, pour son propre compte, pense la réalité comme une telle scène du Deux. (shrink)

Članek utemeljuje trditev, da za transcendentalno teorijo objektivnosti nista značilni le občost in nujnost, ampak tudi refleksivnost. Teorija objektivnosti se vselej tudi že obrača nazaj nase in določa pomen lastne določitve objektivnega spoznanja. Samonanašalnost spoznavne konstitucije objekta pa se izraža v nujnosti zveze med realnim nasprotjem in dialektičnim nasprotjem. Skozi to razmerje spoznanje ni le določeno kot objektivno, ampak je vselej tudi že naddoločeno kot uspeh. Pomen konstitucije spoznavnega objekta je uspeh, analiza Kantove fasciniranosti z nevarno bližino uma in norosti (...) pa pokaže, da misli njegova filozofija uspeh kot dejanje, s katerim se uspe um razmejiti od lastne norosti. (shrink)