La ‘declaración’ es uno de los momentos constitutivos de la adquisición de una propiedad (AA 6 258). Este momento debe verse satisfecho si es que dicha adquisición ha de volverse real, sin importar las condiciones empíricas bajo las que tal objeto sea adquirido, ni tampoco el objeto del que se trate (AA 6 251-254, 273). No obstante, teniendo en consideración que la presentación de los attendenda —entre los que la declaración se halla— es posterior a la exposición de los objetos (...) que le son apropiables a nuestro arbitrio (cf. AA 6 247-248), podría pensarse que dichos momentos sufren de algún condicionamiento para su posibilidad en referencia al tipo de objeto que vaya a ser adquirido, o bien, que son estos los que resultan condicionados por ellos. Más aún, en la medida en que toda ‘declaración’ demanda una ejecución, su pretendido estatuto trascendental queda puesto en tensión. No obstante, se mostrará que dicha tensión se resuelve atendiendo a (1) que la procedencia de toda ‘declaración’ es la comunidad originaria, y (2) que la ‘declaración’, fundada en la comunidad originaria, es un acto de habla que no modifica la naturaleza de dicha comunidad. (shrink)

En el panorama actual de la filosofía ético-política, la ascesis ha sido una de las nociones más influyentes, tomando un lugar determinante a partir de la empresa de Nietzsche en su tratamiento sobre los ideales ascéticos. Ciertamente, con la herencia foucaultiana de este concepto como prácticas de sí, filosofías como la de Judith Butler, Peter Sloterdijk, Elettra Stimilli, entre otros, han admitido como supuesto ontológico central que el cómo los humanos se relacionan consigo mismos es clave para comprender las maneras (...) en que nuestras realidades son configuradas, y que dicha relación tiene lugar en las prácticas que realizamos día a día. No obstante, en diversas religiones y filosofías de la antigüedad, la ascesis ocupaba un rol aparejado con otras nociones, como la de gnosis (que se instaura como un conocimiento especial de la manera en que la realidad está organizada), con vistas a asegurar que los individuos pudiesen ascender a formas de vida que procurasen su salvación. Frente a esta diferencia tan radical en uno y otro momento de la historia de la filosofía, intentaremos trazar ciertas notas que nos permitirían comparar una y otra interpretación de la ascesis, sacando así a luz los aspectos que caracterizan la concepción contemporánea de la ascesis misma. _Palabras clave: _ascesis, vida, educación, filosofía contemporánea, práctica. (shrink)

En La hermeneútica del sujeto, Foucault sostiene que, en la cultura de sí, existieron pedagogía y psicagogía como dos formas de educación, diferenciadas en virtud de la finalidad ethopoietica de cada una. No obstante, no resulta claro qué quiere decir esto, pues la distinción se realiza sin una aclaración del marco en el que tiene lugar. En este artículo nos proponemos destacar los aspectos constitutivos de la psicagogía, problematizando el modo en que aquí es entendida la ethopoiesis, a través de (...) la cual intentaremos explicitar su remisión a los conceptos de veridicción y cuidado de sí. (shrink)

Me enfoco aquí en los principales contraargumentos que han sido erigidos en contra de una tesis que postulé en mi artículo “Nietzsche, the Overhuman, and the Transhumanims” (2009a), según la cual se pueden encontrar similitudes significativas en un nivel fundamental entre el concepto de posthumano, tal como es sostenido por algunos transhumanistas, y el concepto de Nietzsche de sobrehumano. Los artículos con los contraargumentos fueron publicados en el reciente apartado de la Journal of Evolution and Technology “Nietzsche and European Posthumanisms” (...) (junio-julio 2010). Como varios comentadores se han referido a problemas idénticos, he decidido que no sería apropiado responder a cada artículo individualmente, sino enfocarme en los argumentos centrales y lidiar con los contraargumentos mencionados en las diferentes réplicas. Me ocupo de cada tópico en una sección separada. Las secciones se titulan como sigue: 1. Tecnología y evolución; 2. Superando el nihilismo; 3. Política y liberalismo; 4. ¿Utilitarismo o ética virtuosa?; 5. La vida buena; 6. Creatividad y voluntad de poder; 7. Inmortalidad y longevidad; 8. Logocentrismo; 9. El tercer Reich. Cuando me ocupo con cada tópico, no sólo estoy respondiendo a los contraargumentos; también erijo interrogantes concernientes al transhumanismo y postulo mis propios puntos de vista en relación con algunas de las interrogantes con las que estoy lidiando. (shrink)

This study analyses the performance and market timing of US socially responsible (SR) mutual funds in relation to business cycle regime shifts and different grouping criteria: Ethical strategy focus, SR attributes scores and Morningstar category. Different methodologies are applied and results highlight the importance of considering specific benchmarks related to the investment style in evaluating the SR fund performance. Our results show that, in aggregate, the abnormal performance of SR funds is negative and significant in expansion periods, but no significant (...) differences are found in recession periods. When specific benchmarks are considered, performance improves in recession periods, particularly for environmental funds, those with high SR attributes scores, and funds from the nine Morningstar style box categories. Market timing of SR funds takes positive values and is partially significant. Previous evidence of negative timing after a recent financial crisis vanishes when specific benchmarks are considered. For comparative purposes the performance of conventional US mutual funds is also analysed. There are no significant differences between the performance of SR and conventional mutual funds when a fair comparison is made within the same style categories. When all the SR funds are considered, they underperform conventional funds in expansion sub‐periods, but in recession sub‐periods they perform better, although the differences observed are not significant. (shrink)

In this introductory chapter, I first offer an overview of the two themes addressed in the present collection - namely, disagreement and skepticism - and their connection, then present the purpose and content of the volume.

In this paper, I critically engage with Casey Perin's interpretation of Sextan Pyrrhonism in his book, The Demands of Reason: An Essay on Pyrrhonian Scepticism. From an approach that is both exegetical and systematic, I explore a number of issues concerning the Pyrrhonist's inquiry into truth, his alleged commitment to the canons of rationality, and his response to the apraxia objection.

In recent years, there has been renewed interest in Pyrrhonism among both philosophers and historians of philosophy. This skeptical tradition is complex and multifaceted, since the Pyrrhonian arguments have been put into the service of different enterprises or been approached in relation to interests which are quite distinct. The diversity of conceptions and uses of Pyrrhonism accounts for the diversity of the challenges it is deemed to pose and of the attempts to meet them. The present volume brings together twelve (...) essays by leading specialists which explore the history and philosophical significance of this form of skepticism: they discuss some thorny questions concerning ancient Pyrrhonism, explore its influence on certain modern thinkers, and examine it in relation to contemporary analytic philosophy. The essays combine historical and exegetical analysis with an assessment of the philosophical merits of the Pyrrhonian outlook, with the aim of understanding it both in its historical context and in connection with contemporary concerns. This volume, the first entirely devoted to a detailed study of the Pyrrhonian tradition, is intended to open up new exegetical and philosophical perspectives on Pyrrhonism and to motivate further examination of certain difficult issues. It will be a valuable resource for scholars of ancient philosophy, historians of modern philosophy, and epistemologists, as well as for graduate students interested in skepticism. (shrink)

The question of whether the Pyrrhonist adheres to certain logical principles, criteria of justification, and inference rules is of central importance for the study of Pyrrhonism. Its significance lies in that, whereas the Pyrrhonist describes his philosophical stance and argues against the Dogmatists by means of what may be considered a rational discourse, adherence to any such principles, criteria, and rules does not seem compatible with the radical character of his skepticism. Hence, if the Pyrrhonist does endorse them, one must (...) conclude that he is inconsistent in his outlook. Despite its import, the question under consideration has not received, in the vast literature on Pyrrhonism of the past three decades, all the attention it deserves. In the present paper, I do not propose to provide a full examination of the Pyrrhonist’s attitude towards rationality, but to focus on the question of whether he endorses the law of non-contradiction (LNC). However, I will also briefly tackle the question of the Pyrrhonist’s outlook on both the canons of rational justification at work in the so-called Five Modes of Agrippa and the logical rules of inference. In addition, given that the LNC is deemed a fundamental principle of rationality, determining the Pyrrhonist’s attitude towards it will allow us to understand his general attitude towards rationality. (shrink)

This paper approaches the current epistemological debate on peer disagreement from a neo-Pyrrhonian perspective, thus adopting a form of skepticism which is more radical than those discussed in the literature. It makes use of argumentative strategies found in ancient Pyrrhonism both to show that such a debate rests on problematic assumptions and to block some maneuvers intended to offer an efficacious way of settling a considerable number of peer disputes. The essay takes issue with three views held in the peer (...) disagreement debate: there is an objective fact of the matter about at least most controversial questions; we possess theory-neutral evidence bearing on those questions which grants us access to the truth of the matter; and many peer controversies are resolved by attending to which disputant has correctly evaluated the objective evidence. With respect to the first two views, it is argued that the belief in both objective facts and theory-neutral evidence is subject to fierce dispute, and should not therefore be taken for granted in the discussion of peer disagreement. As for the third view, it is argued that from either a first- or a third-person perspective, there seems to be epistemic symmetry between the disputants which makes it necessary to suspend judgment. (shrink)

In the early 1740s, one book caused turmoil and debate among the English cultural elites of the time. Entitled Christianity Not Founded on Argument, it was attributed to Henry Dodwell the Younger (1706-1784). This book went through four editions between 1741 and 1746, and the controversy that followed its publication involved some of the major figures of English religious thought in the mid-eighteenth century. Dodwell purposely led a skeptical attack on any sort of rational theology, including deistic doctrines of natural (...) religion, which identified ‘true’ religion with the outcomes of unprejudiced, rational inquiry, and Boylean and Newtonian physico-theologies, which aimed at proving God’s existence and the veracity of Christian revelation by combining physico-mathematical rationality with traditional theological concepts. In fact, Dodwell called attention to the limits and inadequacies of human reason and, hence, to the impossibility of achieving religious truth by either reflecting on human nature and morality (as most deists used to do) or investigating the physical world (as several freethinkers, most prominently the deist and pantheist John Toland, and such physico-theologians as Boyle, Newton and their followers did). On the other hand, Dodwell did not openly reject Christianity and, instead, he claimed to be a defender of fideism. However, his observations on the Scriptures, religious education and the de jure divino (divine right) institutions of the Church and the Christian state were extremely ambiguous. For this reason, his book received a variety of reactions in the more than twenty replies that followed its publication. (shrink)

Pyrrhonism can safely be said to be the most prominent and influential form of skepticism in the history of Western philosophy. It was an important philosophical movement in the Hellenistic and Imperial ages, made a tremendous impact on modern philosophy, and some of its arguments continue to be a central topic of discussion in the contemporary philosophical scene. This can be taken to be a strong indication of the intriguing and challenging character of the Pyrrhonian outlook. After presenting the collections (...) entirely or primarily devoted to ancient Pyrrhonism and its presence in, or connection with, both modern and contemporary philosophy, this article deals consecutively with Pyrrhonian skepticism in the three historical periods. The reason for not including a part on Pyrrhonism in medieval philosophy is simply that knowledge of this type of skepticism was so limited in the Middle Ages that it exerted almost no influence whatsoever on medieval thinkers. Given that Pyrrhonian skepticism is essentially an ancient philosophy, the great majority of the citations concern ancient Pyrrhonism. This article focuses primarily on scholarship in English but also included are works in French, German, Italian, and Spanish. (shrink)

This paper argues that Sextus Empiricus’s Pyrrhonism is a form of relativism markedly different from the positions typically referred to by this term. The scholars who have explored the relativistic elements found in Sextus’s texts have claimed that his outlook is not actually a form of relativism, or that those elements are inconsistent with his account of Pyrrhonism, or that he is confusing skepticism with relativism. The reason for these views is twofold: first, when employing the term ‘relativism’ one hardly (...) has in mind the sort of relativist stance adopted by the Pyrrhonist; and second, those scholars have misinterpreted Sextus’s relativistic remarks. The purpose of this paper is to show that he adopts a ‘phenomenological’ kind of relativism that is compatible with his account of Pyrrhonism. (shrink)

In discussions in cognitive science, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, and linguistics, it is often taken for granted that we (as well as some machines) have certain abilities, such as the ability to do multiplications or the ability to identify grammatical sentences. Such abilities are regarded as in some sense infinitary, and they are identified with, or taken to be based upon, knowledge of the relevant rules (the rule of multiplication, or the rules of grammar). In what follows, I (...) argue that whatever such abilities we do possess are not infinitary in any plausible sense. Therefore, the (alleged) infinitary nature of our (or a machine's) knowledge of such rules cannot be accounted for by bringing it back to infinitary abilities. (shrink)

1. The issue - The reflection I am proposing was stimulated by some recent research on the mental processing of proper names. However, the issue I am raising is independent of both the particular nature of such results and the fact that they are accepted as well established. The question I would like to ask is whether (neuro)psychological results on the mental processing of language can falsify (or confirm) semantic theses about natural language. By a semantic thesis I mean something (...) like any of the following. (shrink)

The focus is on the meaning of ὑπόϑεσις in Irenaeus of Lyons’ Adversus haereses. Our case is to argue that two different elements converge in ὑπόϑεσις or its translations in the Latin version of AH. The first stems from the Greek literary field, in which ὑπόϑεσις means the “subject” or “plot” of a dramatic or poetic composition. The second is related to the philosophical meaning of ὑπόϑεσις as “that which is placed under” or “foundation”. On the one hand, Irenaeus uses (...) ὑπόϑεσις theologically to express the plot of the historia salutis, so that the term can be understood as teaching or doctrine. On the other hand, this ὑπόϑεσις is at the same time a regula, the normative foundation of all the elements that take part in God’s economy of salvation. (shrink)

Durante el siglo XII, un fenómeno nuevo aparece en el corazón de la sociedad feudal poniendo de manifiesto un movimiento secular que preocupará a los hombres de la Iglesia. El amor cortés, como ha sido popularizado posteriormente, representa una afirmación terrenal frente al ascetismo eclesiástico encarnado en la rústica Europa medieval. El nuevo fenómeno tendrá como portavoces a los trovadores y juglares que recorren los caminos y cortes medievales renovando el espíritu clásico ovidiano. En este contexto, Andrés el Capellán escribirá (...) De amore, un tratado en donde se traslucirá el conflicto entre el punto de vista de la sociedad y el de la Iglesia. (shrink)

Although horseback riding is not specifically mentioned in the recommendations for different age groups regarding the level of physical activity necessary for good health, its practice continues to grow in popularity throughout the world. Despite being a minority discipline, it has some characteristics that make it an opportunity for its participants to be active people, so it is important to understand what are the perceived health benefits and barriers to participation. The aim of the study is to describe and analyze (...) the perceived health benefits and barriers in horseback riding among riders categorized by level and age, in order to promote physical activity through these benefits and to overcome the barriers. An online version of the EBBS was used to analyze benefits and barriers. The sample consisted of 2,651 participants in an equestrian event, distributed in four age groups. Perceived benefits and participation barriers to horseback riding were analyzed. The factor analysis identified and confirmed five benefit factors and four barrier factors. Benefit factors were significantly correlated among them but barriers were less interrelated. Higher ages were associated to larger benefits and less barrier effects. Benefit and barrier differences were larger between amateur and professional riders, compared to gender differences. (shrink)

This paper concerns the Aristotelian inquiry on φαντασία’ in De Anima iii 3. I argue for a systematic interpretation of the chapter, according to which iii 3 neatly instantiates what David Charles has called the Three Stage View on scientific inquiry. The first stage establishes the meaning of the term φαντασία so it provides a nominal definition of the object, the second stage dialectically confirms the existence of φαντασία as something different from other already known cognitive powers (perception, thought), the (...) third stage posits a hypothetical essence (real definition), then it tests its power of enabling us to derive from such an essence those manifest and apparent features of φαντασία, that had been previously individuated. On the basis of such reading, some general suggestions on the status and role of φαντασία are also proposed, on the basis of which we can take the definition of iii 3 to be consistent with any other explanatory uses of φαντασία in the corpus. (shrink)

Con remisión a las obras de Michel Foucault y de Jacques Lacan, en el presente artículo se trazan los límites de la teoría de la performatividad de Judith Butler con respecto al sujeto de lo político y a su capacidad de acción tomando como referente fenomenológico la consulta que se llevara a cabo en Cataluña el 9 de noviembre de 2014. Dichos límites se hacen manifiestos mediante la distinción entre acción y acto políticos o entre subversión en tanto que transgresión (...) de la norma que da lugar a la reconfiguración del orden socio-simbólico e interrupción en tanto que transgresión de la norma que constituye un acontecimiento radicalmente otro de dicho orden. (shrink)

Andrés el Capellán: dialéctica y juego en el amor. Resumen de Tesis de doctorado en Filosofía de Nicolás José Martínez Sáez.

El artículo propone revisitar los significados del 2001 en la historia reciente, a partir de la atención sobre una temporalidad propia de la crisis. Esa temporalidad es la de las formas de un poder destituyente articulado en distintas organizaciones e iniciativas, como el movimiento piquetero, las asambleas, las formas de justicia de los escraches, las ollas populares, etc. Las preguntas que recorren el texto son, entre otras, qué pasó con las figuras comunitarias en los años de los gobiernos kirchneristas, cuáles (...) fueron las memorias del 2001, y cómo se activa la política “por abajo” ante el escenario de una nueva crisis y la reaparición del “que se vayan todos”, pero esta vez como marco del ascenso de la derecha. (shrink)

This article introduces the findings of a socioeducative investigation on media discourses of four argentine newspapers, in the 1993-2011 period. The objective was to analyze the characteristics of the discoursive practices of the risk- taking behaviors and juvenile suicide in the school space. The results increase our empirical knowledge to think the representations on school.

Durante la última década, en Argentina ha sido posible ubicar al formatoblog como un disparador de pruebas, polémicas y análisis en torno a autores y lectores dentro del campo literario nacional. La repercusión crítica llevó a revisitar algunas prácticas, tanto en lo que respecta a la producción de obras como a las funciones de autor y lector, y sus modos de interacción en un momento histórico determinado. El objetivo que proponemos, a partir de la aparición y usos del blog por (...) parte de escritores argentinos,se orienta a tratar de conocer cómo se ha insertado el formato en el campo literario y, en otro nivel, qué cambios o continuidades han marcado su aparición en relación a los formatos convencionales de la cultura impresa, y a la producción de ficción en las generaciones emergentes de autores. El objeto de análisis es el trabajo de escritores consagrados o en vías de consagración que comenzaron a administrar espacios personales y llevan a cabo un mantenimiento periódico de sus sitios en la web. Nos preguntamos: ¿por qué un escritor consagrado o en vías de consagración, con una obra editada, elige mantener un espacio virtual? La respuesta a este interrogante exige un abordaje de numerosas cuestiones de campo. Aquí nos dedicamos a una de esas aristas, concentrada en las reflexiones sobre las formas que han admitido las llamadas escrituras del yo, íntimas, y las narrativas vivenciales o biográficas. (shrink)

Desde que su mentor, Norberto Bobbio, le encargara la traducción de la segunda edición de la Teoría pura del derecho, la carrera de Mario G. Losano ha sido tan larga como polifacética. En esta entrevista, conversamos sobre su formación y sobre el contexto cultural que envolvió el inicio de su carrera académica en Italia. Posteriormente, nos centramos en dos de los principales temas de su producción académica. Por un lado, profundizamos en sus estudios kelsenianos, destacando el enfoque histórico que caracteriza (...) su aproximación a los problemas iusfilosóficos. Y, por otro lado, abordamos el asunto de los orígenes y el desarrollo de la informática jurídica, de la cual el profesor Losano ha sido un destacado precursor. (shrink)

Desde que su mentor, Norberto Bobbio, le encargara la traducción de la segunda edición de la Teoría pura del derecho, la carrera de Mario G. Losano ha sido tan larga como polifacética. En esta entrevista, conversamos sobre su formación y sobre el contexto cultural que envolvió el inicio de su carrera académica en Italia. Posteriormente, nos centramos en dos de los principales temas de su producción académica. Por un lado, profundizamos en sus estudios kelsenianos, destacando el enfoque histórico que caracteriza (...) su aproximación a los problemas iusfilosóficos. Y, por otro lado, abordamos el asunto de los orígenes y el desarrollo de la informática jurídica, de la cual el profesor Losano ha sido un destacado precursor. (shrink)

Durante el decenio que Hans Kelsen ejerció como docente de Derecho Internacional en Colonia y Ginebra, entre 1930 y 1940, desarrolló un cuerpo teórico del Derecho Internacional con una marcada vocación pacifista. Ante los graves sucesos bélicos de la II Guerra Mundial, Kelsen clamó, desde su obra la necesidad de una profunda reforma de las instituciones internacionales para conseguir la paz mundial. En este artículo se trata de exponer algunos de los rasgos fundamentales de esa teoría del Derecho Internacional que (...) se encuentran en la base de una contundente propuesta pacifista, prestando especial atención a los conceptos de guerra, coacción y autotutela. (shrink)

En el debate científico-ético contemporáneo en torno a la mejora humana biotecnológica, las nociones de identidad y dignidad humanas son utilizadas de forma habitual por parte del sector de pensamiento más conservador, para rechazar la aplicación de las nuevas tecnologías biomédicas sobre el ser humano con el objetivo de llevar a cabo una mejora de carácter no-terapéutico. Sin embargo, ¿sirven éstas como argumento para rechazar una mejora humana de carácter perfeccionador? En este artículo se analizará el significado de ambas nociones (...) en el debate bioético contemporáneo, así como la validez de su uso como argumento para rechazarla. (shrink)

This book examines how Shanghai aims to improve public service provision by accelerating the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the public sector. After clarifying the technical and social factors that shape the use of AI in this area, the book delves into the AI policy environment and AI ecosystem of Shanghai to gauge the city’s capacity to implement public sector AI applications. Then it examines how this capacity translates into real-world policy initiatives through the investigation of case studies. It (...) highlights the analytical, operational and political capabilities that determine the strengths and limitations of such initiatives in deploying AI in the public sector, and it assesses their impacts on public service provision in Shanghai. By using the findings on Shanghai to gain a deeper understanding of key topics in public sector AI research, this book also contributes new knowledge about the use of AI to improve the provision of public services. (shrink)