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Roughly speaking, intellectualists contend that practical knowledge is always a matter of having the right kind of propositional knowledge. This article argues that intellectualism faces a serious explanatory challenge when practical knowledge crucially relies on ecological information, i.e. when know-how is scaffolded. More precisely, intellectualists struggle to provide a satisfactory explanation of seeming know-how contrasts in structurally similar cases of scaffolded ability manifestation. In contrast, even if anti-intellectualism is similarly challenged, at least some varieties of anti-intellectualism seemingly hold resources to (...) account for the relevant contrasts. (shrink)

Doebler's small oil portrait of Kant from the year 1791 ist the most important contemporary image that we have of him. The original was preserved by the Order of the Skull and Phoenix in Köngsberg. Various copies of it hung in the Kant-Museum and were held privately in Köngisberg: Stobbe , Petzenburg or Pützenburger and Jacobson , as well as two live-size copies, one that has been called “contemporary” and one from an unknown painter commissioned by the Immanuel Order , (...) although the latter two may stem from the same artist. The Kant-Museum also exhibited a Kant portrait by Heydeck based on Doebler's original, on loan from the art collection of Königsberger Castle. All of these works were destroyed in World War II or have gone missing since 1945. This essay discusses the two Kant portraits sold in auction in 1963 and 2000 and held by the Museum of the City of Königsberg in Duisburg, neither of which copies had been made. The author argues that the former painting is not so much a second work made by Doebler around 1791 as it is a contemporary copy made of it by another artist for the Kant pupil Kiesewetter in Berlin. The second is shown to be an original by Heydeck in 1872, made by observation of Doebler's work. Additionally, the author provides further details of the biographies of Doebler and Heydeck. (shrink)