En la actual campaña electoral uruguaya de 2019, se perfila un cuadro de descontentos generalizados que desborda claramente los estándares tradicionales de la política del país. Muchos de estos descontentos se articulan con diversos factores que los autores han venido destacando en trabajos anteriores, como señales de una mutación gradual pero efectiva de la política uruguaya. En continuidad con ese abordaje de investigación, en el artículo se indagará acerca de las posibilidades efectivas de que esta mutación política adquiera proporciones realmente (...) significativas en las actuales circunstancias, con la posibilidad de confirmación de "cisnes negros" que parecen atisbarse en la campaña electoral en curso. Para ello, luego de algunos discernimientos teóricos y metodológicos, se trabajará el itinerario de distintos indicadores de opinión pública a nivel nacional durante el período 1995-2017, vinculados con el objeto de estudio planteado. A partir de esos insumos, se realizarán algunas breves consideraciones de proyección analítica. (shrink)

To date, COVID-19 has spread across the world, changing our way of life and forcing us to wear face masks. This report demonstrates that face masks influence the human ability to infer emotions by observing facial configurations. Specifically, a mask obstructing a face limits the ability of people of all ages to infer emotions expressed by facial features, but the difficulties associated with the mask’s use are significantly pronounced in children aged between 3 and 5 years old. These findings are (...) of essential importance, as they suggest that we live in a time that may potentially affect the development of social and emotion reasoning, and young children’s future social abilities should be monitored to assess the true impact of the use of masks. (shrink)

Many arguments have been made against gene editing. This paper addresses the commonly invoked argument that gene editing violates human dignity and is ultimately a subversion of human nature. There are several drawbacks to this argument. Above all, the concept of what human dignity means is unclear. It is not possible to condemn a practice that violates human dignity if we do not know exactly what is being violated. The argument’s entire reasoning is thus undermined. Analyses of the arguments involved (...) in this discussion have often led to the conclusion that gene editing contravenes the principle of genetic identity (genetic immutability) thereby subverting a requisite of human dignity and ultimately threatening human nature. This paper refutes these arguments and shows that any opposition to gene editing cannot rely on the human dignity argument. (shrink)

Since 1992, institutions accredited by The Joint Commission have been required to have a process in place that allows staff members, patients, and families to address ethical issues or issues prone to conflict. While the commission's expectations clearly have made ethics committees more common, simply having a committee in no way demonstrates its effectiveness in terms of the availability of the service to key constituents, the quality of the processes used, or the outcomes achieved. Beyond meeting baseline accreditation standards, effective (...) ethics resources are requisite for quality care for another reason. The provision of care to the sick is a practice with profound moral dimensions. Clinicians need what Margaret Urban Walker has called “moral spaces,” reflective spaces within institutions in which to explore and communicate values and ethical obligations as they undergird goals of care. Walker proposed that ethicists needed to be concerned with the design and maintenance of these moral spaces. Clearly, that concern needs to extend beyond ethicists to institutional leaders. This essay uses Walker's idea of moral space to describe individuals and groups who are actual and potential ethics resources in health care institutions. We focus on four requisite characteristics of effective resources and the challenges to achieving them, and we identify strategies to build them. In our view, such moral spaces are particularly important for nurses and their colleagues on interprofessional teams and need to be expanded and strengthened in most settings. (shrink)

The informed consent is an ethical and legal requirement for potential participants to enroll in a study. There is ample of evidence that understanding consent information and enrollment is challenging for participants in clinical trials. On the other hand, the reasoning process behind decision-making in HIV clinical trials remains mostly unexplored. This study aims to examine the decision-making process of people living with HIV currently participating in antiretroviral clinical trials and their understanding of informed consent. We conducted a qualitative socio-constructivist (...) study using semi-structured interviews. Eleven participants were selected by purposive sampling in Argentina until data saturation was reached. A content analysis was performed. The findings highlight the fact that some participants decided to enroll on the spot, while others made the decision a few days later. In all cases, the decision was based on different aspects of trust (in doctors, in the clinical research site, in the clinical trials system) but also on emotions associated with HIV and/or treatment. Moreover, while people living with HIV felt truly informed after the consent dialogue with a researcher, consent forms were unintelligible and unfriendly. The immediacy of patient decision-making has rarely been described before. Enrollment in an HIV clinical trial is mainly a trust-based decision but this does not contradict the ethical values of autonomy, voluntariness, non-manipulation, and non‐exploitation. Thus, trust is a key issue to be included in reshaping professional practices to ensure the integrity of the informed consent process. (shrink)

Este artículo reflexiona sobre la segregación socio-espacial en contextos urbanos, comprendiéndola como una dimensión particular de los procesos de estructuración social en las ciudades capitalistas. Concretamente, se aborda el caso de la ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina). Se parte del supuesto de que el crecimiento urbano por expansión que se registra durante la década del `80, es el resultado de un doble proceso de larga duración. Por un lado, políticas de desarrollo urbano que buscan incrementar la productividad y atraer inversiones privadas (...) que re-cualifiquen espacios estratégicos de la ciudad. Por otro lado, y subsidiario del proceso anterior, la progresiva ocupación diferencial del área periférica de acuerdo a posiciones y condiciones de clase. Se concluye que la suburbanización que se registra en la ciudad forma parte de una política general de (re)valorización urbana orientada hacia el capital privado, y que ya desde los primeros años de la transición democrática pueden observarse en Córdoba incipientes marcas de una periferia segmentada en términos de clase. La estrategia metodológica articula el análisis de datos provenientes de fuentes secundarias (indicadores urbanos, socio-demográficos y habitacionales) con el abordaje cualitativo de intervenciones urbanas y marcos normativos sancionados a mediados de la década del ’80. (shrink)

The articles in this special edition exemplify three major issues in current debates on Sacred Plants: a) the wisdom of Indigenous understandings of sacred plants, b) beneficial emerging uses of sacred plants by non‐Indigenous people, c) the position of Indigenous wisdom for emerging uses of sacred plants.

This article investigates the gender diversity of the corporate board of European Union banks. Employing a large sample of 612 European banks from 20 European countries, it identifies organizational characteristics that could be predictive of women’s presence on bank boards. We identify three factors that play a particularly important role in defining bank board gender diversity. First, the proportion of women on the board is higher for lower-risk banks. We argue that there may be some statistical discrimination behind this relation, (...) although it could also be explained by a real risk-aversion hypothesis. Second, banks with larger boards have a higher proportion of women on their boards, which could be considered a signal of some kind of preference for homogeneity on small boards. Finally, banks that have a growth orientation are more prone to include women on their board, since they may be seen as providers of diverse external resources that are more valued by firms operating under critical circumstances. (shrink)

In this paper, we review three influential theories of imagination in order to understand how the dynamics of imagination acts could be modeled using formal languages. While reviewing them, we notice that they are not detailed enough to account for all the mechanisms involved in creating and developing imaginary worlds. We claim those theories could be further refined into what we call the Common Frame for Imagination Acts, which defines a framework that can be used to study the dynamics of (...) imagination using formal languages, and we support our claim by showing how the framework allows to model certain imagination acts step by step. Then, we introduce the Rhombus of Imagination, which is a visual tool that can be used in conjunction with our framework to study the procedural structure of different kinds of imagination acts and identify their dynamic properties. (shrink)

In this paper, we review three influential theories of imagination in order to understand how the dynamics of imagination acts could be modeled using formal languages. While reviewing them, we notice that they are not detailed enough to account for all the mechanisms involved in creating and developing imaginary worlds. We claim those theories could be further refined into what we call the Common Frame for Imagination Acts, which defines a framework that can be used to study the dynamics of (...) imagination using formal languages, and we support our claim by showing how the framework allows to model certain imagination acts step by step. Then, we introduce the Rhombus of Imagination, which is a visual tool that can be used in conjunction with our framework to study the procedural structure of different kinds of imagination acts and identify their dynamic properties. (shrink)

The Director-General of the WHO has suggested that China’s approach to the COVID-19 crisis could be the standard of care for global epidemics. However, as remarkable as the Chinese strategy might be, it cannot be replicated in other countries and certainly not in Europe. In Europe, there is a distribution of power between the European Union and its member states. In contrast, China’s political power is concentrated in the central government. This enables it to take immediate measures that affect the (...) entire country, such as massive quarantines or closing borders. Moreover, the Chinese legal framework includes restrictions on privacy and other human rights that are unknown in Europe. In addition, China has the technological power to easily impose such restrictions. In most European countries, that would be science fiction. These conditions have enabled China to combat epidemics like no other country can. However, the WHO might have been overoptimistic. The Chinese standard of care for treating COVID-19 also raises problematic issues for human rights, and the real consequences of these actions remain to be seen. (shrink)

O presente trabalho objetiva discutir as possíveis contribuições da Hermenêutica Filosófica de Gadamer para a pesquisa em Psicologia. Nessa direção, parte da problematização do modo como o conhecimento é produzido na Psicologia, com realce para a insuficiência do horizonte técnico-científico para aproximar-se dos fenômenos humanos. Recorre à Hermenêutica Filosófica de Gadamer na busca do desvelamento de outras possibilidades para tal fazer. Para tanto, parte da compreensão da hermenêutica, não na função de método, mas compreendida como condição humana originária. Aborda inicialmente (...) o reconhecimento da influência de Heidegger para o desenvolvimento da Hermenêutica Filosófica de Gadamer e, em seguida, tece uma possível articulação entre o horizonte aberto por Gadamer e a pesquisa em Psicologia, enfocando as compreensões do filósofo acerca da compreensão, do jogo e do diálogo. Por fim, ressalta as contribuições abertas pela Hermenêutica Filosófica para descortinar “direcionamentos” inspiradores às pesquisas no contexto da Psicologia na busca de compreender os fenômenos existenciais. Tal caminho, na medida em que não busca conclusões teoréticas e explicativas, ao manter-se na direção da pergunta, realça a dimensão compreensiva e hermenêutica originária da existência como radicalmente singular e possibilita a tessitura de diálogos entre Psicologia e Hermenêutica Filosófica. (shrink)

In this paper, we review three influential theories of imagination in order to understand how the dynamics of imagination acts could be modeled using formal languages. While reviewing them, we notice that they are not detailed enough to account for all the mechanisms involved in creating and developing imaginary worlds. We claim those theories could be further refined into what we call the Common Frame for Imagination Acts, which defines a framework that can be used to study the dynamics of (...) imagination using formal languages, and we support our claim by showing how the framework allows to model certain imagination acts step by step. Then, we introduce the Rhombus of Imagination, which is a visual tool that can be used in conjunction with our framework to study the procedural structure of different kinds of imagination acts and identify their dynamic properties. (shrink)

Este artigo tem em vista examinar a questão de como uma “metafísica da Vontade" que não admite nenhum “telos” pode, ao mesmo tempo, aceitar para fins epistemológicos uma “reabilitação das causas finais". Ora, a idéia de um finalismo na natureza para explicação do mundo orgânico esta intimamente ligada à predominância da Vontade sobre o Intelecto e, assim, à tentativa de banir da filosofia qualquer traço de teologia: a saber, ao propósito de negar qualquer inteligência externa ordenadora que possa ser formada (...) como causa transcendente do mundo. (shrink)

In recent decades, psychological research on the effects of mindfulness-based interventions has greatly developed and demonstrated a range of beneficial outcomes in a variety of populations and contexts. Yet, the question of how to foster subjective well-being and happiness remains open. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of an integrated mental training program The Art of Happiness on psychological well-being in a general population. The mental training program was designed to help practitioners develop new ways to nurture their own happiness. This (...) was achieved by seven modules aimed at cultivating positive cognition strategies and behaviors using both formal and informal practices. The program was conducted over a period of 9 months, also comprising two retreats, one in the middle and one at the end of the course. By using a set of established psychometric tools, we assessed the effects of such a mental training program on several psychological well-being dimensions, taking into account both the longitudinal effects of the course and the short-term effects arising from the intensive retreat experiences. The results showed that several psychological well-being measures gradually increased within participants from the beginning to the end of the course. This was especially true for life satisfaction, self-awareness, and emotional regulation, highlighting both short-term and longitudinal effects of the program. In conclusion, these findings suggest the potential of the mental training program, such as The Art of Happiness, for psychological well-being. (shrink)

This article aims to show that the practice of attention can create an openness to the truth, from where ethics arises. It does so by exploring the role attention plays, according to Ricoeur, in Freud’s thought. Ricoeur shows how in the first stage of Freud’s thinking – that of the Project of a Scientific Psychology – attention is one of the instances in which a purely mechanical quantitative explanation can be questioned. Further on, with the introduction of narcissism, Ricœur shows (...) that attention, insofar as it opens a space for the “wounding truth,” opposes narcissism. Finally, the article explains how in the therapeutic setting an attentional epochē allows the therapist to be “the reality principle in flesh and in act,” so that the ego can gain control. According to Ricœur, this non-judgmental gaze opens a space of truthfulness for the patient’s self-knowledge which, although not being the totality of ethics, constitutes its threshold. (shrink)

Most courts around the world have been refusing wrongful life actions. The main argument invoked is that the supposed compensable injury cannot be classified as such, since life is always a blessing no matter how hard and painful it is.In opposition to mainstream scholars and the dominant case law, this article sustains that life must be distinguished from living conditions, the former being the real injury at stake, since some living conditions are so intolerable that in themselves they justify a (...) compensation within wrongful life actions. (shrink)

I approach a set of processes that involve transformations, transpositions, and intermediations between different expressive forms of Amazonian Indigenous Peoples associated with the use of ayahuasca. I focus on groups of the Pano linguistic stock, particularly the Huni Kuin (Kaxinawa) and the example of the MAHKU (Movimento dos Artistas Huni Kuin), a new artistic collective created by some of these Indigenous People. I point to the complex meanings of the various expressive forms of these peoples, from traditional (oral narratives, graphics, (...) visionary images linked to shamanic practices) to more recently adopted (figurative drawing and graphic recording in book format). I emphasize the importance of ayahuasca for the elaboration of these different expressive forms. By highlighting the meanings that imply the use of ayahuasca in certain Indigenous contexts, I also intend to contribute to the expansion of understanding of and broader debate about psychedelic experiences. (shrink)

FIM ÚLTIMO DA VIDA DO INDIVÍDUO E NÃO DA ESPÉCIE, A MORTE NÃO SIGNIFICA PARA SCHOPENHAUER O FIM DA VONTADE ENQUANTO ESSÊNCIA, ISTO É, DO QUERER-VIVER INDESTRUTÍVEL. A VISÃO DA MORTE COMO “MUSA DA FILOSOFIA” E DA FILOSOFIA COMO “PREPARAÇÃO PARA A MORTE” LIGA-SE À IMPORTÂNCIA DO ORGANISMO E DE SEU CICLO VITAL NO PENSAMENTO DO FILÓSOFO. ESSE SERÁ O PONTO DE PARTIDA PARA MOSTRAR A INTERDEPENDÊNCIA DE SUAS REFLEXÕES SOBRE A ÉTICA E, ACIMA DE TUDO, DA SUA CONDENAÇÃO DO (...) SUICÍDIO, EM RELAÇÃO À SUA METAFÍSICA IMANENTE DA VONTADE COMO QUERER-VIVER, INCONTROLÁVEL PELO ARBÍTRIO INDIVIDUAL. DESSE MODO, UMA TAL “FILOSOFIA DA NATUREZA” MOSTRA O SEU PRESSUPOSTO: A IMPOSSIBILIDADE DE CONTROLE, POR QUALQUER INSTÂNCIA EXTERIOR, DESSE IMPULSO PRIMORDIAL. EM CONTRAPARTIDA, PÕE-SE A DIFERENÇA ABISSAL ENTRE A MORTE DO INDIVÍDUO E A NEGAÇÃO DA ATIVIDADE DA VONTADE. (shrink)

O texto analisa como o problema da coisa em si em Kant, enquanto fundamento real ou não do fenômeno, foi reelaborado pelos filósofos pós-kantianos e como estes buscaram solucionar o possível dualismo da filosofia crítica. A investigação se concentra sobretudo na resposta de Schopenhauer ao problema, evidenciado pela primeira vez pelo filósofo Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, um dos grandes críticos da filosofia transcendental e do idealismo.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to analyse how stereotypes towards older people moderate the relationship between burnout and quality of life of professionals working in nursing homes.MethodA total of 312 professionals were asked to complete questionnaires of burnout Maslach Burnout Inventory quality of Life and aging stereotypes. The moderation effects were tested using linear regression models.ResultsA negative association was observed between burnout and QoL. It was also found a statistically significant moderator effect of the total score of stereotypes and the health stereotypes, (...) besides a marginally statistically significant moderator effect for motivational stereotypes. The moderator effects were different for people with low and high negative stereotypes. QoL was more affected under conditions of high burnout, in which people with more negative stereotypes tended to present higher QoL than people with lower negative stereotypes.ConclusionHighly burned-out professionals in nursing homes may avoid their negative feelings projecting them to residents through stereotypes, as a way of coping with burnout and increasing their QoL. However, this mechanism is an “aggressive reaction” and may have negative effects for both the older adult and the professional. The comprehension of these variables is essential for developing adequate intervention programs. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThis article looks to Attic comedy to explain Socrates’ first argument in Plato's Hippias Major: his refutation of Hippias’ claim that the Beautiful is a beautiful girl. As part of his argument, Socrates introduces three examples of beautiful things—a mare, a lyre and a pot —all of which are used in comedy as metaphorical obscenities for sexualized women. The author contends that an erotic reading of the text accomplishes what no other interpretation can: a unified account of the passage that (...) allows for Socrates’ successful refutation of a proposal in keeping with Hippias’ character. In addition, it explains Socrates’ choice of examples—in particular, the rarely cited χύτρα—and Hippias’ otherwise inexplicable reaction to the χύτρα, as well as the analogous relationship of monkeys and men to pots and girls. (shrink)

Este trabalho tem como objetivo trazer para o pensar as implicações das novas tecnologias na mutação social e no cotidiano escolar. Para tanto, busca na mitologia, especificamente nos mitos de Prometeu e Apolo - como representação da modernidade em Fausto e Dionísio - como representação da pós-modernidade e no mito de Pandora representando o cotidiano da escola, desvelar a tensão existente no cotidiano escolar, diante da mutação contemporânea oriunda das novas tecnologias. Conclui que a condição atual renova desafios para o (...) pensamento e a sociedade e que é, no cotidiano escolar, que, ao se criar o discurso tecnológico, se renovam os temores e os discursos da sociedade, empenhada em recuperar a estabilidade e a confiabilidade de um cenário anterior. Sinaliza ainda que fruto da tensão modernidade/pós-modernidade está em curso a emergência de um novo sujeito, de um novo lugar, de novas demandas. (shrink)

O texto discute a reiterada e repetida demanda pela qualidade e excelência exigida pela sociedade frente à educação contemporânea. Considerando alguns aspectos da modernidade/pós-modernidade em que vivem tanto os herdeiros de Prometeu, como os de Dionísio, caracterizados pelo hedonismo, e os de Hermes, que valorizam a comunicação, a criação e a mediação, postula-se que a educação vive sua crise de finalidade, não encontrando referências ou modelos para atualizar-se. Seu impulso legitimador foi diluído quando o cânone moderno de padrões objetivos de (...) conhecimento e organização em que se baseava o mundo, foram desacreditados frente a um cenário pós-moderno. Neste contexto, são discutidas as necessidades de escolhas, de suturar os opostos, de práticas de ruptura e de alternativas existenciais para impasses contemporâneos. (shrink)

Synthetic biology opens up the possibility of producing new entities not found in nature, whose classification as organisms or machines has been debated. In this paper we are focusing on the delimitation of the moral value of synthetic products, in order to establish the ethically right way to behave towards them. In order to do so, we use personalism as our ethical framework. First, we examine how we can distinguish between organisms and machines. Next, we discuss whether the products of (...) synthetic biology can be considered organisms at all and assess what their moral value is and how should we behave towards them. Finally, we discuss the hypothetical case of synthetic humans. (shrink)

Este artículo presenta el informe final de una investigación que ha surgido a partir de la observación situada en aquellos jardines de infantes de San Carlos de Bariloche en los cuales las estudiantes realizaban las prácticas de enseñanza. Al relevar los modelos organizacionales de las instituciones educativas de primera infancia se observa que presentan variadas organizaciones en la conformación de las grupalidades. A partir de ello, nos propusimos profundizar en las salas multiedad, y analizar las formas en que se lleva (...) a cabo la planificación didáctica en las mismas. Hemos fundamentado la propuesta de investigación desde el paradigma de la diversidad cultural de la UNESCO (2002), haciendo énfasis en la educación desde el enfoque pedagógico “que contemple la diversidad como condición inherente al ser humano” (Anijovich, 2019, p. 21). Mientras que, desde lo metodológico, seleccionamos especialmente un enfoque cualitativo, si bien consideramos aspectos cuantitativos necesarios para la tarea. En relación a las planificaciones que acompañaban estos cambios - en términos generales - observamos que revestían diferentes formatos, pero en todos los casos se las consideraba como proceso de construcción dinámico e interactivo. La intencionalidad de esta investigación fue la construcción de nuevos saberes que aporten y enriquezcan la didáctica específica de la educación inicial. (shrink)

Reseña del libro editado bajo responsabilidad de Pau Pitarch Fernández, que reune diez estudios de temática diversa sobre la historia literaria de Japón.

Presentación del volumen «Mitología Oriental. Homenaje al profesor Jacinto Choza Armenta».

This article presents a discussion about using one’s body – in its several occurrences, forms and meanings – for sex, affection and money transactions, within and beyond the scope of prostitution. It results from research carried out with young women involved in prostitution in two Brazilian north-eastern towns. The women’s views, conceptualisations and experiences reveal a prolific construction of discursive differentiation categories, which are linked to a set of moralities within local/regional economies and within notions of family. Through the women’s (...) personal narratives and experiences, our study demystifies the persistent idea of victimisation; it aims at understanding the young women prostitutes in their own contexts – loci that are highly stigmatised and seen as needing to be controlled or ‘developed’. We collected data that allows us to build a counter-discourse to oppose the ever-present attempts at weakening these voices and effacing their meaning-making. Within this context of knowledge production, our research is meaningful and purposeful in addressing the situation of young women in contexts of prostitution. Our main argument is that in certain contexts, such as those studied in this project, sex, affection and kinship are structured as normative – rather than exceptional – ways for women to have access to money. (shrink)

La característica más representativa de la música es su capacidad de generar emoción. Pero ¿por qué la música emociona? En este artículo mostramos los conocimientos actuales de la teoría musical y la neurociencia que intentan explicar las relaciones que existen entre la música y las emociones. En primer lugar, se repasan los conocimientos actuales sobre el procesamiento de los sonidos musicales a nivel cerebral y las posibles explicaciones del origen de la emoción musical, así como la contribución de los distintos (...) parámetros musicales a la generación de emociones, considerando estructuras musicales de nuestro mundo occidental. En segundo lugar, se presenta el canal táctil como un posible canal de transmisión de la emoción musical análogo al canal auditivo, pero con más limitaciones en la discriminación de frecuencias. Este acercamiento se produce desde la profunda fascinación que ejerce la música, con la esperanza de encontrar vías para explicar la transmisión de la emoción musical desde un canal alternativo. (shrink)

O artigo atualiza um tema fundamental da Conferência de Puebla, a opção preferencial pelos pobres, através do diálogo com o tema da aversão pelos pobres, ou aporofobia, estudado pela filósofa Adela Cortina. Apresenta os significados da opção preferencial pelos pobres, inaugurada em Medellín e solenemente proclamada em Puebla e mostra como esta opção foi assumida pelo magistério posterior, tanto na América Latina quanto no magistério universal; em seguida, sistematiza os aspectos da aporofobia ressaltados por Adela Cortina e, ao final, propõe (...) cinco desafios teológico-pastorais: redescobrir a opção pelos pobres como graça, perceber a necessidade do envolvimento emocional com os pobres, descobrir a riqueza dos pobres e recusar o discurso do ódio, refletir sobre caminhos para eliminar a pobreza e contribuir para uma nova economia. Em tudo isto, o magistério de Francisco mostra-se profundamente iluminador. Podemos dizer que, com o Papa Francisco, é aprofundado um caminho profético de inclusão, convivência e responsabilidade globais, que visibiliza e inclui os pobres e, assim, enfrenta a aporofobia. (shrink)

A partir del análisis del ambientalismo desde las perspectivas que brindan diferentes discursos sobre desarrollo sostenible, los autores argumentan que, en un nivel de aplicación local, en comunidades y proyectos específicos, se pueden generar nichos de sostenibilidad, pese a que reconocen la extrema dificultad de este desafío; comparan viejas y nuevas propuestas para alcanzar la sostenibilidad, tales como: el desarrollo sostenible, el capitalismo natural, el decrecimiento sostenible o el ecologismo de los pobres. Por último, presentan dos casos con particularidades diferentes, (...) en los que comunidades pobres se resisten a la Raubwirtschaft o economía industrial de rapiña dominante, al buscar la construcción de nichos de sostenibilidad desde una perspectiva local y de comunalidad, mediante el ordenamiento comunitario territorial, la gobernanza democrática y la planeación participativa. (shrink)

No momento em que oposições seculares – tais como real versus imaginário, razão versus mito, inteligível versus sensível, vida mental versus vida material – se encurtam e o poder passa a ser exercido não só pela coerção material, mas também pela dominação simbólica, percebe-se que, cada vez mais, procura-se conciliar razão e imaginário. Entende-se, assim, que a tradição é mantida através dos mitos e das lendas. O que se deseja, realmente, é manter-se o passado dentro do futuro. A sociedade tem, (...) como objetivo, o futuro. Entretanto, ela se mantém sob as regras do passado. O imaginário é sempre, em certa medida, imitação do passado, mas é uma imitação deformada pelo próprio mecanismo de projeção, que mais não pode fazer a não ser transformar os preceitos, as estruturas adquiridas pelas aprendizagens adaptativas, suprimindo-lhes outros preceitos e outras estruturas, condicionando-os a tornarem-se, sem apelo nem agravo, diferentes daquilo que são. A criança não está livre desse processo. Constantemente ela é bombardeada pelas imagens publicitárias, cinematográficas e televisionada, além das várias modalidades de Literatura que permeiam o seu cotidiano. Palavras-chave: Literatura fantástica; Infância; Imaginário e religião. ABSTRACT In a moment when secular oppositions curtail (such as the real versus the imaginary, reason versus myth, the intelligible versus the sensitive, mental life versus material life) and power comes to be exerted not only through material coercion but also through symbolical domination, one notices a growing tendency towards conciliating reason and the imaginary. Thus, tradition is kept through myths and legends, as the aim is really to hold the past inside the future. Society aims at the future. However, it keeps the rules of the past. In a way, the imaginary is always an imitation of the past, but an imitation deformed by its own projection mechanism, which cannot but transform precepts and frameworks acquired through adaptive learning, suppressing other precepts and frameworks and conditioning them to become different from what they are. The child is not free from that process, being constantly exposed to publicity, cinema and television images, besides the various kinds of literature that permeate his daily life. Key words: Fantastic literature; Childhood; The imaginary and religion. (shrink)