We discuss the semantic significance of a puzzle concerning ‘ought’ and conditionals recently discussed by Kolodny and MacFarlane. We argue that the puzzle is problematic for the standard Kratzer-style analysis of modality. In Kratzer’s semantics, modals are evaluated relative to a pair of conversational backgrounds. We show that there is no sensible way of assigning values to these conversational backgrounds so as to derive all of the intuitions in Kolodny and MacFarlane’s case. We show that the appropriate verdicts can be (...) derived by extending Kratzer’s framework to feature a third conversational background and claiming that the relevant reading of ‘ought’ is sensitive to this parameter. (shrink)

This paper refutes the widespread view that disjunctions of imperatives invariably grant free choice between the actions named by their disjuncts. Like other disjunctions they can also express a correlation with some factual distinction, but as with modalized declaratives used for non-assertive speech acts this needs to be indicated explicitly. A compositional analysis of one such indicator, depending on, constitutes the point of departure for a uniform analysis of disjunctions across clause types. Disjunctions are analyzed as sets of propositional alternatives (...) that correlate with a partition that the speaker may or may not be able to indicate explicitly. Free choice arises as the specific case where the partition is induced by the preferences of the addressee. (shrink)

We consider extensions of Peano arithmetic suitable for doing some of nonstandard analysis, in which there is a predicate N(x) for an elementary initial segment, along with axiom schemes approximating ω 1 -saturation. We prove that such systems have the same proof-theoretic strength as their natural analogues in second order arithmetic. We close by presenting an even stronger extension of Peano arithmetic, which is equivalent to ZF for arithmetic statements.

We present a novel, perspicuous framework for building iterated ultrapowers. Furthermore, our framework naturally lends itself to the construction of a certain type of order indiscernibles, here dubbed tight indiscernibles, which are shown to provide smooth proofs of several results in general model theory.

Given a model \ of set theory, and a nontrivial automorphism j of \, let \\) be the submodel of \ whose universe consists of elements m of \ such that \=x\) for every x in the transitive closure of m ). Here we study the class \ of structures of the form \\), where the ambient model \ satisfies a frugal yet robust fragment of \ known as \, and \=m\) whenever m is a finite ordinal in the sense (...) of \ Our main achievement is the calculation of the theory of \ as precisely \-\. The following theorems encapsulate our principal results:Theorem A. Every structure in \ satisfies \-\.Theorem B. Each of the following three conditions is sufficient for a countable structure \ to be in \: \ is a transitive model of \-\. \ is a recursively saturated model of \-\. \ is a model of \.Theorem C. Suppose \ is a countable recursively saturated model of \ and I is a proper initial segment of \ that is closed under exponentiation and contains \. There is a group embedding \ from \\) into \\) such that I is the longest initial segment of \ that is pointwise fixed by \ for every nontrivial \.\)In Theorem C, \\) is the group of automorphisms of the structure X, and \ is the ordered set of rationals. (shrink)

Rechtsphilosophie soll nach phänomenologischer Auffassung das Wesen des Rechts erfassen, nach sprachanalytischer Ansicht die Bedeutung von ›Recht‹ bestimmen und im Gegensatz dazu, für pragmatistische Rechtsphilosophen wie Ronald Dworkin, ermitteln, was Recht ist. Über die Ziele und die Methoden der Rechtsphilosophie gibt es also, wie in der Philosophie üblich, erhebliche Differenzen. Über ihren Gegenstand scheint jedoch insoweit Einigkeit zu bestehen, als es beim Recht um eine spezifische Form der Ordnung menschlicher Verhältnisse geht, die vom Brauchtum, von der Moral und ebenso von (...) der Religion unterschieden werden kann, ohne dass dies eine Vorentscheidung über mögliche Beziehungen zwischen diesen Formen der Regulierung menschlichen Verhaltens beinhaltet. (shrink)

Let U be a well-founded model of ZFC whose class of ordinals has uncountable cofinality, such that U has a Σ n end extension for each n ∈ ω. It is shown in Theorem 1.1 that there is such a model which has no elementary end extension. In the process some interesting facts about topless end extensions (those with no least new ordinal) are uncovered, for example Theorem 2.1: If U is a well-founded model of ZFC, such that U has (...) uncountable cofinality and U has a topless Σ 3 end extension, then U has a topless elementary end extension and also a well-founded elementary end extension, and contains ordinals which are (in U) highly hyperinaccessible. In § 3 related results are proved for κ-like models (κ any regular cardinal) which need not be well founded. As an application a soft proof is given of a theorem of Schmerl on the model-theoretic relation κ → λ. (The author has been informed that Silver had earlier, independently, found a similar unpublished proof of that theorem.) Also, a simpler proof is given of (a generalization of) a characterization by Keisler and Silver of the class of well-founded models which have a Σ n end extension for each n ∈ ω. The case κ = ω 1 is investigated more deeply in § 4, where the problem solved by Theorem 1.1 is considered for non-well-founded models. In Theorems 4.1 and 4.4, ω 1 -like models of ZFC are constructed which have a Σ n end extension for all n ∈ ω but have no elementary end extension. ω 1 -like models of ZFC which have no Σ 3 end extension are produced in Theorem 4.2. The proof uses a notion of satisfaction class, which is also applied in the proof of Theorem 4.6: No model of ZFC has a definable end extension which satisfies ZFC. Finally, Theorem 5.1 generalizes results of Keisler and Morley, and Hutchinson, by asserting that every model of ZFC of countable cofinality has a topless elementary end extension. This contrasts with the rest of the paper, which shows that for well-founded models of uncountable cofinality and for κ-like models with κ regular, topless end extensions are much rarer than blunt end extensions. (shrink)

Stojnić (2021) argues that the content of linguistic utterances is determined by the rules of natural language grammar more stringently than what is generally assumed. She proposes specifically that coherence relations are encoded by the linguistic structures and determine what individuals count as most prominent, thereby serving as the referents of free (“demonstrative”) pronouns. In this paper, I take a close look at the empirical evidence from English and Serbian that she offers in support of this position. Considering these data (...) points in connection with additional linguistic data (also from German and Japanese), I argue that there is no compelling evidence for the assumption that coherence relations directly determine the resolution of pronouns. Instead, grammatical restrictions imposed by different types of pronouns and tenses have a larger impact on the meaning conventionally expressed by complex utterances than what is generally assumed in the literature on coherence relations. (shrink)

This chapter presents a survey of the most important features of the formal semantic analysis of modality and mood. It first focuses on modality as exemplified by the modal verbs, presenting the main concepts and introducing the most common basic formal apparatus used in its analysis, and surveying some of the issues that are currently central in the field. The chapter then turns to the treatment of mood, discussing formal semantic treatments of both “sentential mood” and “verbal mood”. The last (...) part of the chapter addresses the issue of modal subordination. The chapter aims to give a sense of the major phenomena and theoretical approaches, as well as introduce the primary literature. (shrink)

Logics L F (M) are considered, in which M ("most") is a new first-order quantifier whose interpretation depends on a given filter F of subsets of ω. It is proved that countable compactness and axiomatizability are each equivalent to the assertion that F is not of the form $\{(\bigcap F) \cup X:|\omega - X| with $|\omega - \bigcap F| = \omega$ . Moreover the set of validities of L F (M) and even of L F ω 1 ω (M) depends (...) only on a few basic properties of F. Similar characterizations are given of the class of filters F for which L F (M) has the interpolation or Robinson properties. An omitting types theorem is also proved. These results sharpen the corresponding known theorems on weak models (U, q), where the collection q is allowed to vary. In addition they provide extensions of first-order logic which possess some nice properties, thus escaping from contradicting Lindstrom's Theorem [1969] only because satisfaction is not isomorphism-invariant (as it is tied to the filter F). However, Lindstrom's argument is applied to characterize the invariant sentences as just those of first-order logic. (shrink)

Der vorliegende Band diskutiert die Geschichts- und Sprachphilosophie Giambattista Vicos, primär in Bezug auf die Rechtslehre. Dabei wird Vico sowohl als Denker seines Zeitalters als auch in der Auseinandersetzung mit Autoren wie Suárez, Bacon, Descartes etc. gelesen und es ergeben sich immer wieder Bezüge zu aktuellen Debatten.

Masculinity ideology is defined as a blend of cultural beliefs, types of behavior, and roles generally associated with men and boys. Previous studies have showed mixed effects of adherence to masculine ideology on men’s subjective well-being, indicating negative but also positive relationships. The present study focuses on agency, that is the core of stereotypic masculinity, and its relationship to subjective well-being by analyzing data from a representative Polish sample of the European Social Survey. Participants were 1751 adults, aged 17 years (...) and older. A structural equation model was applied. The results demonstrated that agentic values were good predictors of male and female subjective well-being. That is, the less men and women valued their own power and achievements, the lower their subjective well-being was. As expected, this association was stronger for men. Additionally, regardless of gender, we demonstrated that age was a negative predictor and that number of years of education a positive predictor of subjective well-being. This association was stronger for men. (shrink)

The relationship between politics and the digital has largely been characterized as one of epochal change. The respective theories understand the digital as external to politics and society, as an autonomous driver for global, unilateral transformation. Rather than supporting such singular accounts of the relationship between politics and the digital, this article argues for its specificity: the digital is best examined in terms of folds within existing socio-technical configurations, and as an artefact with a set of affordances that are shaped (...) and filled with meaning by social practice. In conceptualizing the digital as numeric, countable, computable, material, storable, searchable, transferable, networkable and traceable, fabricated and interpreted, it becomes clear that the digital cannot be divorced from the social. These affordances of the digital are discussed in relation to specific political, digital practices that are further developed in the different contributions in this special issue, such as predictive policing (Aradau and Blanke, this issue), data protection (Bellanova, this issue), extremist recruitment videos (Leander, this issue), political acclamation (Dean, this issue), and pandemic simulations (Opitz, this issue). (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The ACL2 System A Modeling Problem Case Studies.

Focused on Molina's main works the book offers the first comprehensive synopsis of his partly revolutionary philosophical positions concerning metaphysics of freedom, political philosophy, theory of law and their historical and systematic influence from the 17th century until today.

Après que le stalinisme nous a dépouillés de quelques utopies et que le capitalisme, dégagé de toute entrave, a définitivement montré son caractère inhumain, l'anarchisme s'avère attrayant, en ce qu'il tente de combiner les ...

The emphasis of this short synopsis lies on the way how different authors are struggling with the challenges caused by scientific or frankly physicalistic approaches to the phenomenon of time. It shows how they are trying to maintain something like uncontrollable, immediate human experience of things that are happening in time, something that may get lost if time is completely submitted to precise measurement. Three of the papers discussed are dealing with our way to look at history, while the others (...) have their focus on different ways of describing the gap between individual experience and objective “clock time”. (shrink)

Within the context of his epochal distinction between the sphere of law and of morals, of iustum and honestum, Christian Thomasius introduces a further category of conduct rules, which relate to so-called decorum, to good and proper behavior. They teach the individual how to behave socially, and have a stabilizing effect on society. As Thomasius distinguishes between a natural-law oriented, and thus for all individuals equal, natural decorum and a decorum politicum, which is oriented toward actual practices and feudal order, (...) he seems to waver between stabilizing and challenging then current feudalism. This impression weakens if one realizes that although Thomasius, in contrast to Cicero, undertook to demoralize decorum, still he accepted Cicero's theory of social roles. In the context of the actor's own interests, decorum covers those areas of social regulation that are not included within positive law seen as a means of coercive command. It is here that decorum is interesting systematically.Im Kontext seiner historischen Trennung der Sphären des Rechts und der Moral, des Iustum vom Honestum, führt Christian Thomasius noch eine weitere Kategorie von Verhaltensregeln ein, die zum sog. Decorum gehören, zur Wohlanständigkeit, welche die Menschen lehrt, in der Gesellschaft voranzukommen und für die Gesellschaft stabilisierende Wirkung besitzt. Da Thomasius zwischen einem naturrechtsnahen und daher für alle Menschen gleichen natürlichen Decorum und einem an die faktischen Sitten und die ständische Ordnung angelehnten Decorum politicum unterscheidet, scheint er zwischen einer Stabilisierung und einer Infragestellung der Ständegesellschaft zu schwanken. Dieser Eindruck schwächt sich ab, wenn man bedenkt, daß Thomasius gegenüber Cicero zwar eine Entmoralisierung des Decorum vornimmt, jedoch dessen Lehre der sozialen Rollen aufgreift. Das Decorum erfaßt unter Rückgriff auf des Eigeninteresse der Akteure jenen Bereich sozialer Regulierung, der von dem als Zwangsbefehl gedeuteten positiven Recht nicht berücksichtigt wird. Darin liegt sein systematisches Interesse. (shrink)

ABSTRACTIn this research, we investigated whether appraisals of faces follow distinct rules of information integration under arousing versus non-arousing conditions. Support for this prediction was found in four experiments in which participants observed angry faces that were presented with a direct versus an averted gaze, on a red versus a grey background, and after performing a motor exercise versus no exercise. Under arousing conditions, participants’ appraisals of faces reflected summation whereas, under non-arousing conditions, appraisals did not reflect summation and could (...) instead be accounted for by three alternative rules of information integration based on averaging, mere exposure, or the number of strong stimuli. (shrink)

The article attempts to clarify the relationship between justifying ethical norms and applying them. The first part considers the role of philosophy within applied ethical contexts. The second part discusses the long tradition of comparing mathematics and ethics and recommends a method for the procedure to be followed in an ethical discussion. This recommendation relies on Rawls' reflective equilibrium. The subsequent attempt to justify ethics is primarily based on the idea that human communal life without some form of morality is (...) not a realistic goal to pursue but still that one may choose between various forms of morality. The last part of the paper contains several indications of how to apply different ethical approaches and how to follow the procedure presented here in light of the debate regarding Peter Singer's ethics. Der Artikel bemüht sich, das Verhältnis von Ethikbegründung und Ethikanwendung zu klären. Im ersten Teil werden dazu einige Überlegungen zur Rolle der Philosophie in Kontexten der Ethikanwendung angestellt. Ein zweiter Teil enthält neben Hinweisen auf die lange Tradition der Vergleiche von Mathematik und Ethik einen methodischen Vorschlag für das Vorgehen im Rahmen der ethischen Diskussion, der sich an Rawls' reflective equilibrium anlehnt. Der folgende Versuch einer Ethikbegründung basiert primär auf dem Gedanken, daß ein menschliches Zusammenleben ohne irgendeine Form der Moral aus anthropologischen Gründen kein realistisch erstrebbares Ziel ist, daß man jedoch zwischen unterschiedlichen Formen der Moral die Wahl hat. Im letzten Teil werden dann u.a. anhand der Debatte um Peter Singer einige Hinweise zur Anwendung verschiedener Ethikansätze und zur Anwendung des präsentierten Verfahrens gegeben. (shrink)