The ethics of autonomous vehicles has received a great amount of attention in recent years, specifically in regard to their decisional policies in accident situations in which human harm is a likely consequence. Starting from the assumption that human harm is unavoidable, many authors have developed differing accounts of what morality requires in these situations. In this article, a strategy for AV decision-making is proposed, the Ethical Valence Theory, which paints AV decision-making as a type of claim mitigation: different road (...) users hold different moral claims on the vehicle’s behavior, and the vehicle must mitigate these claims as it makes decisions about its environment. Using the context of autonomous vehicles, the harm produced by an action and the uncertainties connected to it are quantified and accounted for through deliberation, resulting in an ethical implementation coherent with reality. The goal of this approach is not to define how moral theory requires vehicles to behave, but rather to provide a computational approach that is flexible enough to accommodate a number of ‘moral positions’ concerning what morality demands and what road users may expect, offering an evaluation tool for the social acceptability of an autonomous vehicle’s ethical decision making. (shrink)

Why is there a specific problem with biological individuality? Because the living realm contains a wide range of exotic particular concrete entities that do not easily match our ordinary concept of an individual. Slime moulds, dandelions, siphonophores are among the Odd Entities that excite the ontological zeal of the philosophers of biology. Most of these philosophers, however, seem to believe that these Odd Cases oblige us to refine or revise our common concept of an individual. They think, explicitly or tacitly, (...) that to be a living, evolutionary entity is to be a living individual. In this paper, we explore an alternative proposal: the variety and oddity of the forms of the living realm might be ontologically regimented through an increase in the categorial complexity of the living realm, by admitting, beside living individuals, living non-individuals or by acknowledging, more generally, that the evolutionary development of the living forms is not necessarily a process of building individuals, that life is not necessarily individuals-oriented. We claim that, from an ontological point of view, the spectacle of the living realm obliges us to take aggregativity seriously. (shrink)

Can we trade in the truths we discover? We show that any public work of truth requires the assistance of three collaborators that we call the Inscriber, the Thinker and the Truthmaker. We then show that if the Inscriber can legitimately trade in his inscriptions, the Thinker should not be authorized to trade in those of his thoughts which are true: because he is not the author of their truth.

Is a machine running artificial intelligence algorithms a real artificial intelligence or does it only simulate the operations of an intelligent creature? After specifying the concept of a mechanical simulation of human intelligence, we propose a criterion or a test to determine in which cases a machine embedding AI technology should be considered, not as a mechanical simulator of intelligent operations, but as a real artificial intelligence: we call this test the test of deference.

L’histoire de la métaphysique est portée par la recherche d’un sens unitaire des mots être ou étant (εἶναι / ὄν, esse / ens), que ce sens soit constitué comme un concept universel et intégrateur, recherché comme une « unité focale de signification » ou conçu comme un fondement. Aussi la plupart des histoires de la métaphysique sont-elles écrites du point de vue de cette visée unitaire directrice et leurs inflexions sont-elles le plus sou...

QUEL MODE D'EXISTENCE ONT LES CONCEPTS, entendons : les classes, les types, les généralités? Y a-t-il des propriétés universelles? Ce que les médiévaux ont appelé les universaux sont-ils des choses " capables d'exister en plusieurs " ou ne sont-ils que dans l'intellect? S'agit-il d'aspects du monde lui-même ou de pures représentations de l'esprit qui confère au monde un ordre? On sait la place que la " querelle des universaux " a occupée tacitement dans la philosophie ancienne, puis explicitement dans la (...) philosophie médiévale, mettant aux prises réalistes et nominalistes. Chacun sait aussi que ce problème, longtemps pertinent pour répertorier écoles et doctrines, fut réduit à un simple appendice des grands systèmes idéalistes post-cartésiens. Mais alors, comment comprendre le regain de faveur des discussions sur la réalité des universaux dans la philosophie contemporaine? S'agit-il de la reprise d'un problème dont la philosophie ne peut pas faire l'économie, même si elle a pu l'occulter? Y a-t-il réellement une pensée commune entre le réalisme d'un Duns Scot et celui d'un Armstrong, ou entre le nominalisme d'un Ockham et celui d'un Goodman? Ces questions ont fait l'objet d'un colloque organisé à l'Université de Caen. La confrontation entre solutions anciennes et solutions contemporaines et le débat entre historiens de la philosophie et philosophes contemporains ne sont pas seulement féconds, ils sont philosophiquement nécessaires. (shrink)

Résumé — Cet article examine les raisons pour lesquelles Kant a nié que la concevabilité soit un guide pour la possibilité. Nous montrons que ces raisons tiennent à la relation interne entre possibilité et existence et à la facticité de l’existence. Nous comparons la facticité de l’existence selon Kant à la facticité de certaines nécessités selon Kripke. Nous concluons que, tandis que Kripke conteste seulement la fiabilité de la méthode de concevabilité, Kant soutient qu’elle débouche, au mieux, sur des concepts (...) possibles de choses et non point sur des concepts de choses possibles.— We examine the reasons why Kant has denied that possibility should be a guide to possibility. We show that the main reasons are the internal relation between possibility and existence and the facticity of existence. We compare the facticity of existence, according to Kant, and the facticity of some necessities, according to Kripke. We conclude that, while Kripke’s conception only addresses the reliability of the conceivability method, Kant argues that conceivability gives access to possible concepts of things, and not to concepts of possible things. (shrink)

Si l’usage contemporain du concept de sujet s’est introduit en philosophie à la faveur d’une substantivation des mots « je » et « moi », cet usage peut-il résister à une compréhension moins fantastique du sens du mot « je »? Nous montrons en quoi le penseur d’une pensée en première personne peut être littéralement considéré comme un sujet absolu, la subjectivité étant alors moins synonyme d’intériorité que d’inhésion ou de prédication réelle.Ce que « Je » dit du sujetIs the (...) contemporary use of the old concept of subject a by-product of the Ego’s philosophies? We show in which sense the thinker of an I.Thought can be seen as an absolute subject in regard of the predicates of his I.Thoughts, because of his cognitive inarticulateness. Subjectivity can then be viewed much more as predicates’ inhesion than as interiority. (shrink)

We compare three sub-utopias, representing various degrees of control of the religious on the civil life of a society : Rawls’s Kazanistan, May’s Apolistica and Laborde’s Divinitia. We intend to show that, contrary to what Laborde argues in Liberalism’s Religion, Divinitia cannot count, even at a low degree, as a member of the family of liberal societies.

How could we acquire knowledge of a world that would be the work of an omnipotent creator? We reconstitute, in the light of the famous but controversial Cartesian theory of the "creation of eternal truths", the modal structure of such a world and seek to reconstitute analytically which epistemology should correspond to it. We then wonder if it is indeed such an epistemology that we find in the Meditations and Principles of Descartes.

Most of the readers of Frege's first Logical Investigation, have been convinced that, according to Frege, the sense of was a private one, that an I-thought was a private thought. But it is not the case: the famous Fregean distinction between private representations and public thoughts seems an explanation and a generalization of the I-thought problem as much as an anti-Cartesian repetition of the Cartesian Second Meditation. Frege's position concerning indexical thoughts is that they are public thoughts, for the sense (...) of an indexical expression is not related to private representations but to some semiotical aspects of the public context of its utterance. (shrink)

Abstract : That paper proposes an interpretation of the kantian theory of I-thoughts and self-knowledge. We show that Kant has admitted the humean theory of the elusiveness of the Self, but that he hasn’t endorse a “no-owner theory”. He has argued in favor of the apriority of the « I think ». We scrutinize how that conception can be applied to some varieties of ordinary I-thoughts and stress upon its difficulties.

The unequal wealth of nations doesn’t suffice to license an application of the principles of distributive justice to the world at large, for nations are not situated in the “circumstances of distributive justice”. We propose an intuitive analysis of these circumstances in order to manifest the disanalogy between domestic and global level in the theory of justice.

La fuite des cerveaux est-elle un phénomène individuellement légitime, mais socialement fâcheux ou bien enveloppe-t-elle une forme d’injustice à l’égard des populations qui en subissent les effets ? Nous construisons un modèle simplifié de ce phénomène permettant de faire apparaître ce qu’il y a d’éthiquement problématique dans la fuite des cerveaux et quels types de remèdes pourraient y être apportés.

Par le canal de l’informatique, le concept de « simulation » et la pratique qu’il désigne sont devenus des composantes essentielles des sciences contemporaines, qu’il s’agisse des sciences physiques, des sciences biologiques ou des sciences de la cognition. Toutefois, en raison de ce vaste spectre d’emplois, le mot « simulation » n’échappe pas aux dérives sémantiques qui affectent..

Comment simuler permet-il de connaître ? Nous distinguons la simulation subjective comme jeu de faire-semblant et la simulation objective consistant à faire simuler un comportement ou un processus par un dispositif contrôlable. Nous suggérons que la simulation compréhensive d’autrui relève de la seconde classe : nous faisons de notre propre esprit un simulateur contrôlable de celui d’autrui.How does simulation contribute to knowledge ? We shall distinguish between simulating, as a subjective game of make-believe, and simulating by using an objective device (...) as a controllable simulator of natural process or of human behaviours. We suggest that the comprehensive simulation of others is objective : we make our mind a controllable simulator of other people minds. (shrink)

If world poverty is truly a global problem that engages the responsibility of all property owners worldwide, good governance at the domestic level is also required not only for reasons of efficiency, but also for reasons of justice. Though taxpayers and political leaders of rich countries must feel themselves under a duty of justice with regard to world poverty, no measures against poverty that are to be not merely effective, but also just, can ignore the requirements of good governance. The (...) ‘pact of civilization’ binds all human beings, but the obligations it imposes should not displace those that arise from the domestic social compact. (shrink)