Over the last 30 years, the growing role of political Islam has attracted attention from both the media and academia. Although it is given various names, such as "Islamic fundamentalism", "militant Islam", "political Islam", all this is due to the fact that a certain trend in Islamic movement is gaining more influence in politics and security in the global scale. The decisive moment in this was the overthrow in 1979 of the pro-Western Shah monarchy in Iran and the creation of (...) the first theocratic world in the modern world there. (shrink)

У статті розглянуто теоретичний доробок відомого сучасного богослова й дослідника Нового Заповіту Річарда Хейза. Показано, що вчений використовує Писання як підставу для етичного дискурсу і трансформації громади народу Божого в наші дні й пропонує проводити творчі аналогії між оповіддю текстів й оповіддю, яку проживає церква в зовсім інших історичних обставинах. Відзначено новаторський підхід Річарда Хейза до опису новозавітної етики на тлі змін у розумінні новозавітних листів, включаючи перехід від екзегетичних спроб витягти затвердження "істини" на підставі листів Павла до дослідження богослов'я (...) Павла як діалогічного перетину з певними історичними обставинами. Тобто автор представляє послання Павла як герменевтичну модель і закликає своїх читачів ставитися до послань апостола, немовби вони адресовані особисто їм. Виявлено декілька напрямків дослідження Р. Хейзом герменевтики послань Павла: наративна підструктура в Писанні, інтертекстуальний підхід до розуміння використання Старого Заповіту на сторінках Нового, вплив герменевтичних підходів у розумінні питань етики Нового Заповіту. (shrink)

Eucharistic ecclesiology, which underlies Orthodox ecclesiology, has at its core a communion between the Local Churches. In practice, it manifests itself in the mutual recognition between the various autocephalous and autonomous Churches. The head of a separate Church of the Universal Orthodoxy during the Liturgy commemorates all the leaders of other self-governing Orthodox Churches. Communion through the sacraments also happens between the Churches, namely, unity is manifested through communion in the Eucharist. The teachings of the early Christian author, Ignatius Theophoros, (...) Bishop of Antioch, formed the basis of the local structure of the Church. The main principle of his theology is the unity of all the faithful of a certain territory around his bishop, that is, the common communion of all Christians in the Eucharist, which only the bishop of that territory is entitled to fulfill. The bishop, in turn, is a member of the "universal bishopric" and through it the local church is part of the one universal Church. (shrink)

Po tu storonu zerkala -- Lekarstvo ot voĭny (Pʹesa) -- Zapisnye knizhki nekroveda.

After the Christianization of Kievan Rus, folk elements began to penetrate into church painting. The culture that has been formed in the people for centuries, in accordance with the regularities of the mechanism of ethno-confessional syncretism, could not but interact with the new Christian culture for Ukraine. Christianity, though sometimes using various means to counteract it, still failed to eradicate the most persistent Christian motives from the minds of its people throughout the centuries of its existence. Ukrainian tolerance and creative (...) forces of the people contributed to the development of religious cult and art, which over time gained national features and characteristics. (shrink)

The article examines the peculiarities of the attitude to Greek philosophy in Western Europe and Byzantium in the context of the historical development of the polarity of mentalities and cultures of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. On the one hand, the philosophical teachings of Plato/Plotinus and on the other – Aristotle. It is shown that these polarities in their transformed versions manifested themselves in the division of medieval Europe into the Christian East (Greek-speaking and «Greek-minded» Byzantium) as the direct heir (...) of Greek culture, and into the Christian West, as the direct heir of Latin culture. The adoption of Christianity both in the East and the West through «filters» of different mentalities and cultures along with other historical factors, led to the division of Christianity into Orthodoxy (the «Greek» Church) and Catholicism (the «Latin» Church). It is argued that Latin patristics organically grew in the West into the dominance of scholasticism, which was not the case in the Christian East, where the full formation of scholasticism was blocked and it remained in its infancy in a state of protoscholasticism. It is asserted that the Roman Catholic West of the scholastic era (9-14th centuries), based on both Platonism and Aristotelianism, inherits Epistemic-Aristotelian type of philosophizing as a paradigmatic for its theology and philosophy, whereas the Orthodox East, despite all its oscillations, maintains dominant in antiquity, Platonic line of philosophizing as a paradigmatic for its spiritual culture. Through Aristotle, as the "father" and «First-Philosopher» of scolasticism, Christian Aristotelianism has intensively grown and incorporated itself in the culture of Western Europeans and their mentality. The transformation of Aristotelianism into the «inner form of Western civilization" happened (S. Averintsev). (shrink)

In the article, a little-studied question of the critical interpretation of the philosophical and psychological position of the representative of Scotland tradition James Mill in the university philosophy, especially in the work of Kharkiv Professor Fedor Zelenogorskii is presented. At first, the main periods of scientific and creative career of Fedor Zelenogorskii, including his studying at the Kazan Clerical Academy and the historical-philosophical faculty at the Kazan University are considered. Then his scientific internship from 1871 till 1873 in Germany and (...) Switzerland is emphasized. During that period, he attended lectures of such famous Professors as Moritz Drobisch, Eduard Zeller, Friedrich Albert Lange, who was the author of the work “Geschichte des Materialismus und Kritik seiner Bedeutung in der Gegenwart”. Then the features of the teaching and the publications of Fedor Zelenogroskii in his “Kharkiv period” are pointed out, during which he was, at first, private docent, then extraordinary and ordinary professor of philosophy. Fedor Zelenogorskii’s works at this time comprise three areas: 1) Antique philosophy, 2) works in the history of philosophy, for instance, Kharkiv university philosophy and Ukrainian philosophy, 3) logic, psychology and pedagogic. In the last group, his doctoral monograph “On mathematical, metaphysical, inductive and critical research and proof methods” was of great importance. Fedor Zelenogorskii’s very important work was his monograph “Essay of Development of Psychology from Descartes to our Time”. The positions of well-known philosophers and less-known thinkers were here analyzed. Fedor Zelenogorskii’s critical interpretation of the psychological viewpoint of James Mill in his two volumes work “Analysis of the phenomena of the human mind” occupies an important place in this analysis. According to him, Chapter III. “The Association of Ideas” of James Mill's work played a key role. James Mill appears here as a representative of associative psychology. The Kharkiv philosopher gave credit to James Mill for his contribution to the development of the causal law in Chapter “XXIV. The Will” of this work. In turn, Fedor Zelenogorskii’s important achievement was the popularization of the ideas of the Scotland philosopher and psychologist James Mill, in particular, because of his translation of extracts from the work “Analysis of the phenomena of the human mind”. (shrink)

The author describes the Cartesian way of solving the problem of the universal method in mathematics, in particular, the problem of applying algebra in geometry when it comes to the convergence of a discrete number and a continuous quantity. The article shows that the solution to this problem proposed by F. Viète is imperfect, since it introduces vague pseudo-geometric objects, and the geometric quantity is still far from an algebraic number. The author proves that Descartes' solution to this problem through (...) the use of Eudoxus proportions is based on such Cartesian epistemological principles as: the requirement of clarity and expressiveness of thinking; the idea of the central role of a holistic mathematical science; the idea of the existence of a simple and obvious nature of length as a basis for comparing all extended things; the elevation of the concept of ratio to the rank of a single subject of mathematical disciplines. (shrink)

In the article, a little-studied question of the critical interpretation of the theological position of the representative of German protestant tradition Otto Pfleiderer (1839–1908) in the eastern orthodox theology, especially in the work of Kharkiv Professor Timofej Butkevič (1854–1925), is presented. At first, the main periods of a clerical and creative career of Butkevič, including his studying at the Kharkiv Clerical Seminary (1869–1875) and the Moscow Clerical Academy (1875–1879), are considered. Then the features of the theological publications and the teaching (...) of Butkevič at Kharkiv University are pointed out. His important works were two monographs: The evil, its essence and origin (1897) and Religion, its essence and origin (1902–1904) in two books. The positions of well-known German theologians such as Karl August von Hase (1800–1890), David Friedrich Strauß (1808–1874), Karl Theodor Keim (1825–1878), Karl Philipp Bernhard Weiss (1827–1918), and others were here analyzed. But Butkevič’s critical interpretation of the theological viewpoint of Otto Pfleiderer in his two volumes work Die Religion, ihr Wesen und ihre Geschichte (1869) and in his Geschichte der Religionsphilosophie von Spinoza bis auf die Gegenwart (1883) occupies a central place in this analysis. In turn, Butkevič’s important achievement was the popularization of the ideas of Otto Pfleiderer in Russia and Ukraine, in particular, because of his translation of extracts from Pfleiderer’s works. (shrink)

In modern conditions payment systems have an important role in the economy, as they must provide effective economic means of payments. Accordingly, the development of payment systems in Ukraine appears as a relevant theoretical and practical problem. In the article the theoretical basis and features of payment systems in Ukraine were researched. Preconditions of systemically important payment systems development been analyzed, which are performed by the key principles of their organization and functioning. Realization of principles of systemically important payment systems (...) in Ukraine was investigated. The key principles of operation and functioning and their implementation in retail payment systems were determining, such as providing competitive services, security payments from outside interference, territorial and temporal availability, profitability of participation in the payment system, consumer protection, instant calculation of account balance, instant currency conversion and minimize currency risk. Recommendations for improving the procedures for conversion of currencies in the international card payment systems were provided in order to reduce currency risks for end-users and issuing banks, such as introducing restrictions on the period of submission for payment of international trade, as well prohibit use of trade-service enterprises for currency conversion their own exchange rates. The necessity of legislative regulation of the size of interchange fee in card payment systems to create more favorable conditions for the spread of retail electronic payment was determined as well as removal of legal restrictions on the issuance and use of electronic money and foreign exchange restrictions in order to create the conditions for international payment systems based on electronic money to enter the Ukrainian payment market. (shrink)

B a c k g r o u n d. The purpose of this article is to reveal the concept of philosophical cosmology as a new metaphysics based on ideas proposed by Gilles Deleuze in his work "The Logic of Sense". For this, it is necessary to get rid of the interpretation of philosophical cosmology as an exclusively philosophical-scientific discipline and begin to perceive it as a basic theory of order that can replace ontology. To implement this strategy, Deleuze turns (...) to the ideas of the philosophy of Stoicism. This choice is primarily due to the first concept of sense (lekton theory), as well as the doctrine of space (khora) and the living, renewable cosmos (palingenesia). The relevance of Stoicism is reinforced by the historical and civilizational perspective, where the emergence and renewal of interest in the Stoics' thoughts corresponds to periods of violent crisis. M e t h o d s. The hermeneutic analysis of the works of Gilles Deleuze, the Stoics and researchers of Stoicism makes it possible to include the concept of philosophical cosmology in the foundations of spatial phenomenology which is implemented in the topographic method of researching its main subject, which is the world, and culture in particular. R e s u l t s. In this way, the philosophical cosmology of Gilles Deleuze provides grounds for a better understanding of the cultural and intellectual situation of today, which includes information overload and the essential uncertainty of the prospects of civilizational development, in which culture appears more as a spontaneous performative formation than a logical projected system of valid norms and rules. C o n c l u s i o n s. That is why philosophical cosmology has applied value, as it responds to the spatial and performative turn in modern culture. (shrink)

В цій історіософській за «жанром» статті досліджуються особливості ставлення до платонізму й арістотелізму в «власне візантійській філософії» (В. Лур'є) святоотчого традиціоналізму. Автор виходить з того, що в цій духовно-ідейній течії філософська полярність платонізму й арістотелізму постає як у звичній, так і в незвично-перетвореній формі полярності містичного («платонічного») і раціонально-дискурсивного («арістотеліан-ського») способів пізнання. Показано, що в центрі візантійської культури була Церква, вченням якої було богослів'я, його “служницею” – філософія, а їх найголовнішою проблемою – богопізнання, яка, по-різному досліджувалася і вирішувалася в католицизмі (...) і православ'ї. Західне християнство усвідомлювало себе в схоластиці, а східне – в ісіхазмі; там – в слові (в грандіозних “сумах”), тут – в ісіхії, в мовчанні; там – за допомогою раціональних міркувань, тут – спираючись на “третій вид пізнання” – містичний. Вдаючись до історико-богословсько-філософських екскурсів, автор обгрунтовує бачення ісіхазму як власне східно-християнського способу богопізнання і містичного ядра, “серця” православ'я. Обстоюється теза, за якою наявність містиків у католицизмі – це одне, а містичне східно-християнське богослів'я, містична Православна Церква – істотно інше. Доводиться, що на тодішнє головне філософсько-богословське питання – чи може християнин не лише вірити в свого Бога, а й знати його – ісіхасти, а за ними і Візантійська Церква, давали ствердну відповідь. Обгрунтовується думка про те, що за боротьбою (часом доречною, часом недоречною) візантійської влади з платонізмом ховається врешті-решт щось прямо протилежне, але непомічене тоді – зустріч платонічно-неоплатонічної традиції з ісіхазмом, отже, і з православ'ям, оскільки богослов-філософ у ісіхазмі, з одного боку, філософ-богослов у платонічно-неоплатонічній філософії – з другого, перетнулися, перетворившись на одне й те ж – на містиків, яких об'єднувала спільна мета (єднання з божественним) і спосіб її реалізації (містичний), що увиразнює внутрішню спорідненість “візантінізму” саме з платонізмом, і аж ніяк не з альтернативним містиці арістотелізмом. (shrink)

In this article, a little-studied problem of the critical analysis of the philosophical and logical position of the representative of German philosophical tradition Christoph Sigwart in the university philosophy, especially in the work of a Kharkiv private-docent Isidor Prodan is presented. At first, the main periods of the scientific and creative career of Isidor Prodan, including his studying at the Czernowitz Gymnasium and the philosophical faculty at the University of Vienna are considered. His teacher in Vienna was a very famous (...) German and Austrian professor Franz Brentano, the author of the work “Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint” and the founder of “descriptive psychology” and intentionalism. Then his teaching of logic and philosophy at the Gymnasiums of Kishinev, Izmail, Riga, Tartu, and Moscow from 1876 till 1900 is emphasized. Then the features of the teaching and the publications of Isidor Prodan in his “Kharkiv period” are pointed out, during which he was a private-docent at the department of philosophy. Isidor Prodan’s works at this time comprise three areas: 1) History of logic, 2) philosophy of common sense, 3) critique of Kant and Neo-Kantianism. In the last group, his work “The Truth about Kant ” was of great importance. His very important work was the monograph “The Cognition and its Object ”. The positions of well-known philosophers and less-known authors were here analyzed. Isidor Prodan’s critical interpretation of the logical viewpoint of Christoph Sigwart in his two-volume work “Logic” occupies an important place in this analysis. In turn, Isidor Prodan’s important achievement was the popularization of the ideas of this German logician and philosopher, in particular, because of his translation of extracts from the work “Logic”. (shrink)

We describe the historical process of establishment and development of the first industrial centers of oil production in the Eastern Carpathians. Oil in Europe starts only in the late Middle Ages based on deposits of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians. The first step, which formed a large-scale oil needs was the invention of kerosene and kerosene lamps for lighting fixtures homes and streets changed significantly for the better life of the people. Technology first distillation and chemical treatment of crude oil (...) was developed in1853 inLviv chemists and pharmacists Johann Zeg and Ignatius Lukasevych. Numerous oil fields on the territory of Ukraine, Poland and Romania in central Europe had the shortest route to European consumers, new requirements form the use of oil and were kind of testing ground for the introduction of new technological ideas and scientific developments. (shrink)

Метою статті є з'ясування потенціалу ідей англо-американської філософії кінця XIX – початку XX століття для розвитку змістовної комунікації. Увагу зосереджено на філософських ідеях, які утверджують еволюційну роль продуманої людської дії і багатогранне розуміння особистості. Доречною є та філософська теорія, що підкріплює практику і відповідає запитам досвіду. Людина конструює власну ідентичність і прагне бути активним співтворцем суспільного дискурсу, який повсякчас перебуває у стані перебудови. Сенс взаємодії виникає завдяки орієнтації у складній множині індивідуальних перспектив, що функціонують у вимірі значень, які фіксують факти (...) сприйняття й уможливлюють визначення значущих елементів у комунікативному мереживі людських справ, намірів, бажань. Реальність урізноманітнюється, її практичні і смислові тенденції набувають нового чи альтернативного спрямування. Людей вирізняє спроможність породжувати нетривіальні пристосувальні реакції. Відтак формат суспільної взаємодії повинен сприяти передаванню неповторного досвіду особистості близькому оточенню. Принципово пам’ятати, що життєвий сенс більшості висловлювань резонує у конкретиці обставин часу, місця, справжньої та надуманої повноти досвіду. Усвідомлення абстрактності власних поглядів і відчуття дистанції до складного розмаїття явищ є необхідними формами налаштування притомної свідомості. У статті відзначено, що символічним центром будь-якої значущої суспільної практики є особа людини. Виразний рельєф цього багатогранного явища утворюють особливості мови, самоусвідомлення, здатність змінюватися, напрацьовувати переконання, відчувати налаштованість. Спільний світ є проєктом активних особистостей, до його створення вони долучаються крізь власний розвиток і обмін ідеями. Що світ людини багатший і різноманітніший, то щораз більше в ньому виникає конкретних можливостей для подальшого самовдосконалення. Навчитися помічати конструктивну дію інтелекту, його звички і вміння, ритми його активності – мета, яка вимальовується у світлі прочитання класичних і сучасних творів, присвячених філософсько-комунікативній тематиці. (shrink)

In some recent papers (G. ‘t Hooft and others), it has been argued that quantum mechanics can arise from classical cellular automata. Nonetheless, G. Shpenkov has proved that the classical wave equation makes it possible to derive a periodic table of elements, which is very close to Mendeleyev’s one, and describe also other phenomena related to the structure of molecules. Hence the classical wave equation complements Schrödinger’s equation, which implies the appearance of a cellular automaton molecular model starting from classical (...) wave equation. The other studies show that the microworld is constituted as a tessellation of primary topological balls. The tessellattice becomes the origin of a submicrospic mechanics in which a quantum system is subdivided to two subsystems: the particle and its inerton cloud, which appears due to the interaction of the moving particle with oncoming cells of the tessellattice. The particle and its inerton cloud periodically change the momentum and hence move like a wave. The new approach allows us to correlate the Klein-Gordon equation with the deformation coat that is formed in the tessellatice around the particle. The submicroscopic approach shows that the source of any type of wave movements including the Klein-Gordon, Schrödinger, and classical wave equations is hidden in the tessellattice and its basic exciations – inertons, carriers of mass and inert properies of matter. We also discuss possible correspondence with Konrad Zuse’s calculating space. (shrink)

The verbatim text of the first printed responses to the appearance of the Ukrainian translation of Kant's "Prolegomena" edited by Ivan Mirčhuk is given. Biographical data of some members of the team that worked on this translation is also provided.

Belief formation and justification of belief is the subject of epistemology, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of action. In this article we are mostly interested in the application of analytic techniques for the explication of belief justification under uncertainty. We need to explicate this phenomenon in order to answer, at least in part, the question of what are the features of reasoning made in conditions that cause doubts, how people make decisions in such conditions. Arguments used for the justification of (...) such decisions have the status of plausible arguments. The crucial issues related to the analysis and evaluation of plausible arguments are of the acceptability of the premises and the transmission of their acceptability to the conclusion. In this article, we have focused on the transition from the premises to the conclusions of plausible arguments, on the transmission of justification of premises to the conclusions. To establish the peculiarities of such a transmission an outline of the semantics for such arguments is proposed. Its key component is the measures of the plausibility of the premises and rules of inference. A plausible argument itself does not provide the ultimate reason for accepting its conclusion. The justification of the conclusion also depends on other arguments that support or defeat it. So to establish the degree of justification of the conclusion we need to attribute the weights to the premises and rules of inference. We hope that this study provides at least a preliminary answer to the question of how the failure of the transmission of justification in plausible arguments differs from the failure of transmission in deductive arguments. (shrink)

У статті виконано релігієзнавчий аналіз гносеології православної теології доби постмодерну. Аналіз гносеологічних учень представників православної теології початку XXI століття є особливо актуальним оскільки сьогодні саме теологічна гносеологія визначає характер антропології, онтології та систематичної теології. Автором показано, що православні мислителі доби постмодерну намагаються створити феноменологію спілкування з Богом як персональною реальністю. Ця феноменологія суттєво залежить від сучасної філософії і теології, особливо - від робіт французького теологічного мислителя Ж.-Л. Маріона. Гносеологія православної теології доби постмодерну знаходиться на стадії становлення, переживаючи трансформацію від містичного (...) емпіризму до складної герменевтики містичних переживань. (shrink)

The phenomenon of Eastern Christian rite has become an object of religious studies in recent years. This phenomenon is of interest to the scientific community because it is the result of the development of theological concepts, which, being theoretically expressed in collections of Christian dogmas and canons, have found their practical reflection in cultic church and extracurricular activities. Some historical events have been found in it. Investigating the rite, we can trace the peculiarities of the development of society, the reflection (...) of a certain era. (shrink)

The article is devoted to the review of history of homiletics as a science in the Kyiv theological tradition. On the basis of the analysis of the first domestic work on the theory of the sermon, made by Yoanykyi Haliatovskyi, process of influence of the Catholic baroque sermon on original homiletics in Kyiv in 17th century is shown. The article also analyzes homiletic views of an archbishop Theofan Prokopovych, who sought to reform the domestic church sermon, depriving it of the (...) extremes of Baroque literature. The author discusses contribution of professors Yakiv Amfiteatrov and archpriest Nazariі Favorov to homiletics as a science in Kyiv Theological Academy in 19th century. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the Professor Vasyl Pevnytskyi’s views who criticized the traditional approaches in Orthodox homiletics. In particular, Professor Pevnytskyi rejected the view on homiletics as a purely practical discipline, designed to provide students with knowledge about the preparation and delivery of the sermon. He believed that homiletics should not teach the method of preparing a sermon, but morally educate preachers. Pevnytskyi offered to rename homiletics to “spiritual literature” and introduced a historical method in its teaching. The course of “spiritual literature” had to show students how the living word influenced people and changed the world. Consequently, homiletics should turn into an analytical history of spiritual literature. The poetics shares the opinion of a number of Protestant theologists that success of the sermon does not depend on the perfection of its external form, but on how deeply a preacher captures the truth. He attributed the decisive feature of the preaching word not to abstract rules of drafting and preaching, but to a special inner inspiration of the preacher. Similar opinions were observed, in particular, in Protestant thinkers such as Philip Jacob Schpener, Franz Theremin, and Friedrich Schleiermacher. Prof. Pevnytskyi tried to creatively rethink their ideas. An alternative to scholasticism he saw in the holy tradition. It was on the foundation of patrician homiletic heritage that Pevnytskyi aimed to build a new course in homiletics. (shrink)

The article considers the history of implementation and evolution of Accusatory theology in the Kyiv Theological Academy. The author shows the place where the controversy with other religions and other Christian denominations took place in the curriculum of the Kyiv Theological Academy after the introduction of the Statute of the religious schools of 1808–1814 in Kyiv. The article deals with the content of the lecture courses of Archbishop Smaragd, Archimandrite Antonin, Bishop Sylvester, Philip Ternovsky, and Bishop Augustine. The author shows (...) that the Accusatory theology was not an independent academic discipline at first, but it was part of the general course of theology. For the first time, lectures on accusatory theology were given in Kyiv in 1823. On the recommendation of the Commission of theological schools, teachers of this discipline were to use the book of the German Lutheran theologian Johann Ernst Schubert «Institutionum Theologiae polemicae» during the preparation of lectures. Comparison of this book with the lectures of hieromonk Smaragd shows that the work of the German theologian was used by the Kyiv teacher quite selectively. Next, the article shows how in the following decades the content of the course of accusatory theology varied, depending on the general situation in theological education in the Russian Empire. In particular, the changes that took place in the curriculum of the Kyiv Theological Academy in the 1840’s were characterized on the initiative of the Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod, Mykola Protasov. The author drew attention to the personal preferences of professors who found a reflection in their curriculum in Accusatory theology. In particular, Bishop Sylvester in his course substantially expanded the controversy with the latest philosophical currents that opposed Christianity. Instead, Philip Ternovsky and Bishop Augustine actively used the historical method, resulting in their courses representing the history of the controversy of the Orthodox Church with its various opponents. In the 1860’s, when a large-scale reform of theological education was being prepared in the Russian Empire, the idea of a radical revision of the accusatory theology teaching concept was heard at the Kyiv Theological Academy. At the same time, some professors even advocated the abolition of accusatory theology as an independent discipline and for joining it to the course of church history. Special attention is paid to the fact that the courses of accusatory theology in the Kyiv Theological Academy in the nineteenth century were based on typical contemporary ecclesiology and soteriology of that time. The purpose of the course was seen not in the equal dialogue with opponents, but in revealing their mistakes and attempts to convert them to the Orthodox Church. Article received 03.07.2019. (shrink)