En los primeros años del siglo XIV se planteó la polémica entre los franciscanos “espirituales” y el papa Juan XXII. El emperador alemán Luis de Baviera intervino en la confrontación a favor de los franciscanos y en contra del Papa. En la novela El nombre de la Rosa de Umberto Eco, se escenifica el conflicto entre el Franciscano Guillermo, que representa a Guillermo de Ockham y el inquisidor dominico Bernardo de Guí. En sus páginas se cita la filosofía de Aristóteles, (...) Tomás de Aquino Buenaventura de Bagnoregio, Marsilio de Padua y el propio Guillermo de Ockham. La filosofía política y el conocimiento científico de la época: Alberto Magno y Roger Bacon entre otros completan el panorama del citado siglo XIV. Todo ello demuestra una labor educativa incuestionable del libro de Umberto Eco. (shrink)

Review of "David Hume: Obras, edición al cuidado de José Luis Tasset. Madrid, Editorial Gredos: 2012. 796 págs. Biblioteca Gredos de Grandes Pensadores. ISBN: 978-84-249-3665-5".

Aim: The presence of noise in urban environments is rarely considered a factor that causes damage to the environment. The primary generating source is transportation means, with vehicles being the ones that affect cities the most. Traffic noise has a particular influence on the quality of life of those who are exposed to it and can cause health alterations ranging from annoyance to cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to describe the relationship between the traffic noise level and the perceived annoyance (...) in the inhabitants of a city on the Northern Border of Mexico. The work carried out in a city represents the vulnerability characteristics: economic, social, and migratory of its sizable portion of the inhabitants. Due to that, it is impossible to identify precisely the number of residents as the number of vehicles in circulation.Methods: The streets and avenues with an annual average daily traffic of more than 1,000 vehicles were considered for the measurement of traffic noise. The equipment used was a vehicle gauge with non-invasive speed radar; type I integrating sound level meters, with their respective gauges and tripods. A questionnaire was applied to people living within 250 m of the streets and avenues in which the noise was measured.Results: The noise measurement found a parameter of LAeq estimated for 12 h during the day, exceeding 70 dBA. The data received from the questionnaire were statistically tested by using Pearson's correlation tests. A total number of 2,350 people were participated, of whom 1,378 were women and 972 were men. The age of participants is ranged from 18 to 75 years. The overall perception of traffic noise annoyance identified that 1,131 participants responded “Yes” as they considered the noise annoying. Participants who responded “No” as well as those who responded “Do not know” resulted in a total of 1,219 people.Conclusion: The results show that the population is desensitized to traffic noise and does not perceive it as an annoyance. The flow of vehicles and the type of vehicles are the significant factors for the propagation and increase in the traffic noise levels. Women present a considerable appreciation of traffic noise perception instead of younger people who demonstrate a higher tolerance to high-level exposure. This reflects the lack of information of the population around the noise problem and its effects. (shrink)

PRO-Mueve Relaciones Sanas is a gender-based violence and dating violence prevention program targeted at adolescents. The program has been designed to be implemented during three consecutive courses [from the first to third year of Spanish mandatory secondary education ] in 8 annual sessions, imparted by university students who have been previously trained and supervised by university professors. The present study evaluates the effects of the program after the first year of implementation through a quasi-experimental design and assesses whether there are (...) gender differences in the outcomes. The results obtained evidenced a significant reduction in benevolent sexism in the intervention group compared to the quasi-control group. Regarding hostile sexism, it was found to increase significantly in the quasi-control group, while it remained stable in the intervention group. Thus, there were significant differences between both groups after the intervention. Likewise, romantic love myths were found to decrease significantly, and knowledge about gender-based violence increased significantly in the intervention group between the two time points assessed, although there were no significant differences with the quasi-control group. No gender differences in the outcomes of the program were observed. The obtained results supported the efficacy of the program during the first year of intervention in the first course of the ESO and laid the foundation for the following phases of intervention. (shrink)

A finalidade do texto seguinte consiste na exposição de uma relação de promiscuidade entre a técnica e a ciência na obra de Jean-François Lyotard. A primeira etapa deste artigo consiste na apresentação de um problema referente à obra A condição pós-moderna, onde a noção de técnica aparece sobre uma perspectiva positivista. Aqui, a intimidade entre técnica e ciência é resultado da crise dos fundamentos das ciências na modernidade, crise oriunda do afastamento entre as ciências e os discursos que se prestavam (...) frequentemente à sua legitimação. Esses discursos, que Lyotard aproxima do modelo narrativo, e dos quais se destacam o discurso político de emancipação e o discurso filosófico especulativo, entram em declínio na condição pós-moderna. As ciências, desprovidas de motivações ou destinos humanistas, não resistem à lógica capitalista, e encontram o intermediário de sua relação com o capital na técnica. O critério da ciência deixa, pouco a pouco, de ser a busca pela verdade e passa a ser a busca pelo melhor desempenho. A segunda e conclusiva etapa do artigo, consiste, por sua vez, na radicalização dessa promiscuidade, e se refere principalmente ao livro O inumano. A assim chamada tecnociência corresponde à completa submissão da ciência à técnica: se a visão positivista de A condição pós-moderna vê na técnica um suplemento, uma prótese que dá assistência à pesquisa científica, no segundo livro, a ciência se mostra a prótese ou o suplemento da técnica, que se revela, não obstante, inumana. Nessa segunda parte do artigo, pretendo mostrar que a visão positivista da técnica não é, portanto, suficiente para compreender a relação promíscua que ela tem com a ciência, mostrando-se necessário o recurso à perspectiva clássica da mesma: é a partir da visão da técnica como produtividade cega da physis que alcançamos também o entendimento do caráter inumano da tecnociência. (shrink)

The prediction of legal judgments is one of the most recognized fields in Natural Language Processing, Artificial Intelligence, and Law combined. By legal prediction, we mean intelligent systems capable of predicting specific judicial characteristics such as the judicial outcome, the judicial class, and the prediction of a particular case. In this study, we used an artificial intelligence classifier to predict the decisions of Brazilian courts. To this end, we developed a text crawler to extract data from official Brazilian electronic legal (...) systems, consisting of two datasets of cases of second-degree murder and active corruption. We applied various classifiers, such as Support Vector Machines, Neural Networks, and others, to predict judicial outcomes by analyzing text features from the dataset. Our research demonstrated that Regression Trees, Gated Recurring Units, and Hierarchical Attention Networks tended to have higher metrics across our datasets. As the final goal, we searched the weights of one of the algorithms, Hierarchical Attention Networks, to find samples of the words that might be used to acquit or convict defendants based on their relevance to the algorithm. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo caracterizar el proceso de evaluación del aprendizaje del contenido estadístico en la carrera de Medicina. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que el nivel de asimilación alcanzado por los estudiantes en muchas ocasiones es el reproductivo, lo que refleja la necesidad de seguir profundizando en los estudios de esta problemática. Issues related to the learning evaluation have been present throughout the teaching learning process history. The following research aims at characterizing the learning process of evaluation of the (...) statistical content in medicine. Results demonstrate that the assimilation level reached by students, on many occasions, is the reproductive one, as a need to deepen on methodology of the design of the system of evaluation of the statistical content learning in medicine. (shrink)

The main general goal of this paper is to consider in a new light what is usually referred in the phenomenological tradition as “material a priori”. Through a consideration of the evidence we have of anything colored being extended, the paper attempts to show that this evidence is of a different kind from the one we have of other propositions also involving necessity. The main peculiarity of this evidence is found in its dependence on linguistic meaning therein involved being rooted (...) in a factual world and on an imaginative process deployed on the background of that rooting. (shrink)

After interpreting some of the passages in which Wittgenstein refers to phenomenology, this paper tries to clarify why Wittgenstein came to conclude that his work had to be ultimately understood in terms of phenomenology. Secondly, the paper discusses the phenomenological relevance of some of Wittgenstein’s views on language.

This paper analyzes the shared elements and the main differences of the conceptions of Hegel and Marx regarding the method. First we establish the theoretical frame of the relation between both thinkers and show the problems that this relation presents. Later we carry out a critique of the interpretation of Hegelian Marxism. Finally we give a general characterization of which we consider that make up the place of confluence of the conceptions of Hegel and Marx.

El presente artículo aborda el análisis que realiza Marx de la categoría de trabajo abstracto, mostrando las contradicciones que contiene y las dificultades que ello implica para la correcta comprensión de la teoría del valor. Especialmente problemáticas a este respecto resultan las interpretaciones que asumen una fundamentación naturalista del trabajo abstracto, pues impiden entender los procesos de mediación que hacen posible la reproducción social en el capitalismo. Frente a esta forma de interpretación, pondremos de manifiesto que solo reconstruyendo la teoría (...) del valor de Marx a partir de una fundamentación social del trabajo abstracto es posible comprender el modo en que tiene lugar la socialización del trabajo en la sociedad capitalista. (shrink)

This research is part of the last study Drugs and School IX developed in the Basque Country (Spain) by the Instituto Deusto de Drogodependencias (Deusto Institute of Drug Addiction) of the University of Deusto and the data gathered by means of cluster sampling in two stages. The sample is made up of N= 6.007 girls and boys ranging from 12 to 22 years of age in Secondary Education and the aim is to answer the following new research questions based on (...) those parameters: (1) describe the reality of drug consumption and some psychosocial variables in this sample, as well as analyse several relations between variables; (2) analysing the role of school well-being, self-esteem and self-concept regarding consumption; (3) taking a close look at the moderating role of age and gender on the relationship of school well-being, self-concept and self-esteem with consumption; and (4) understand the existing interaction between all these variables, studying the moderating role of self-esteem and self-concept in the influence of school well-being on consumption. Using a correlation, hierarchical regression and mediation analysis with SPSS (v. 26) and Amos (v. 26) applications, three main conclusions were reached. Firstly, that educational and academic well-being, academic self-concept and self-esteem seem to play the role of protecting factors in adolescence, while assertiveness is linked to a higher consumption level. Secondly, that academic self-concept has a mediating effect between well-being and consumption. Some of these relations are moderated by the variables of gender and age. Thirdly, that age and gender are very relevant sociodemographic variables that must be taken into account in order to understand this phenomenon. Age has shown its covariant effect, which is especially relevant in the influence of academic well-being measured as being held back years. It has also proved to be important in order to understand its experiential or experimental and transitory character. Moreover, significant differences in consumptions have been found based on gender. (shrink)

Conservation and restoration programs usually involve nostalgic claims about the past, along with calls to return to that past or recapture some aspect of it. Knowledge of history is essential for such programs, but the use of history is fraught with challenges. This essay examines the emergence, development, and use of the “ecological baseline” concept for three levels of biological organization. We argue that the baseline concept is problematic for establishing restoration targets. Yet historical knowledge—more broadly conceived to include both (...) social and ecological processes—will remain essential for conservation and restoration. (shrink)

Entrevista con el profesor John Zeleznikow, Catedrático de Gestión y Sistemas de Informaciónen la Universidad de Victoria (Australia) y profesor de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de La Trobe (Australia).

En este texto se analiza el papel de los derechos humanos en la fase actual de globalización, en cuanto herramientas de la libertad política. Su globalización, hasta ahora pervertida por una selección parcial e interesada de lo globalizable -ante todo, el sistema de libre mercado- es imprescindible para el funcionamiento democrático de la nueva organización mundial. Pero para que los derechos humanos sean útiles a tal menester, será necesario en primer lugar, reflexionar sobre los servicios que han prestado al desarrollo (...) y ahora a la globalización del capitalismo. En segundo lugar, es preciso adecuar el discurso de los derechos a las necesidades de quienes padecen los desequilibrios que origina la globalización y convertirlo realmente en un discurso emancipador. Una imprescindible contextualización de los contenidos y condiciones de ejercicio de los derechos -para lo que son imprescindibles derechos sociales y a lo que aún ayuda los Estados-nación- es el corolario de esta reflexión que finaliza con un ejemplo de contextualización del discurso de los derechos a través de los derechos de los consumidores. (shrink)

The Clock es una videoinstalación en la que el ritmo ficticio del celuloide se humaniza a través de un relato que opera desde la anacronía del apropiacionismo de imágenes de archivo. Marclay utiliza en su montaje diferentes mecanismos de dislocación narrativos, sonoros y visuales que, unidos al uso anacrónico de la imagen fílmica, generan una experiencia heterocrónica en el espectador. El resultado es la generación de una alternativa al concepto de espacio-tiempo normalizado que es resignificado como un concepto multirrítmico y (...) heterogéneo, ofreciendo la posibilidad de pensar otra realidad que nos devuelve la autonomía y el control de su experimentación. (shrink)

En la presente investigación se valoran las prácticas inclusivas de 6 1 docentes de educación básica de Colima, Sonora y San Luis Potosí adscritos a escuelas urbanas y rurales de México nominadas como exitosas. Se aplicaron varios instrumentos, como la GEPIA, la SACIE, el TEIP, el Cuestionario para Favorecer los Aprendizajes de Mitchell y el Protocolo C ODCA.

El objetivo fue determinar la relación entre el uso de las TIC y la neuroeducación en el aprendizaje de los alumnos. La investigación fue de tipo cuantitativo con diseño correlacional descriptivo de corte transversal mediante un cuestionario virtual. La población de estudio fueron 367 estudiantes de la Universidad Central del Ecuador. Para la obtención de los resultados se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS v.25. El coeficiente de correlación de Spearman dio un valor de 0.754, revelando que existe una correlación moderada (...) positiva entre ambas variables TIC y neuroeducación. Conclusión: El 50% de docentes aplican gamificación para estimular la memoria visual. (shrink)

El libro recientemente publicado por Nuria Sánchez Madrid sobre Hannah Arendt destaca tanto por el elevado nivel teórico que presenta como por la original aproximación a su pensamiento. La obra de Arendt es ciertamente una de las de mayor repercusión en el contexto del pensamiento político contemporáneo, lo cual ha dado lugar a una amplísima bibliografía en torno a ella. Por lo que constituye una tarea verdaderamente meritoria presentar un ensayo novedoso sobre su obra, que transcienda los lugares comunes que (...) caracterizan a muchos de los ensayos que se publican sobre ella y abra nuevas perspectivas sobre su pensamiento. Esto lo consigue el libro de Nuria Sánchez Madrid a través de dos expedientes fundamentales. En primer lugar, sacando a luz toda una serie de presencias latentes en el pensamiento arendtiano, autores como Max Weber, Georg Jellinek, Ernst Cassirer o Alexander Kojève, que no aparecen explícitamente tematizados en la obra de Arendt y sobre los que las investigaciones prácticamente no han centrado la atención, pero que como se pone de manifiesto a lo largo del libro dejaron una huella en su pensamiento. En segundo lugar, confrontando a Arendt con algunas de las principales figuras del pensamiento político contemporáneo, como Judith Butler o Judith Shklar, lo que arroja nueva luz sobre determinados aspectos fundamentales de su obra, que normalmente son tratados desde la inmanencia del marco teórico que impone la categorización arendtiana y no se logra captar el carácter problemático de los mismos. (shrink)

From an epidemiological perspective, the practice of universal vaccination of girls and young women in order to prevent human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and potential development of cervical cancer is widely accepted even though it may lead to the neglect of other preventive strategies against cervical cancer.