This Handbook offers a broad yet unified treatment of many philosophical issues connected with climate change, ranging from foundational puzzles to detailed applications. It extends to many branches of philosophy that are relevant to the understanding of the premises and implications of the impacts of climate change on human and nonhuman life on Earth. More specifically, the handbook examines the scientific accounts of climate change as well as its causes. It explores the tools offered by social sciences and humanities to (...) study the societal premises and impacts of climate change as well as delving deeper into the ethical and political issues connected with and resulting from climate change. By doing so, it puts it all in an ecological and historical context. In addition, the book offers solutions to some important philosophical puzzles and problems, and indicates paths of interaction between philosophy and other disciplines. The discussion about climate change and the mitigation/adaptation policies spans many areas and levels – from abstract science and philosophy to current on-the-ground politics. However, climate change is also a great a philosophical puzzle. Indeed, its existential and practical relevance can be thought to largely derive from the philosophical complications it engenders. Climate change is applied philosophy par excellence. Preventing dangerous anthropogenic climate change needs very good philosophy applied to concrete and specific practical issues. Climate change is an area where scholars from very different provenances should cooperate on equal terms, having in view a common, and really important, purpose – contribute to preventing great burdens and even the extinction of humankind and the destruction of hospitable and valuable non-human nature. (shrink)

Can a material object refer to the divine without attracting to itself devotion and veneration? And, in particular, can a depiction call to mind a reality that subtracts itself from its materiality? There are thus two problems here: whether the divine (God and what pertains to Him) can be rightly said to be represented by an object and whether, in any case, such an object runs the risk of becoming an idol, a little God, an imitation of God. The paper (...) concentrates on the history of the status of images, depending on religions, and the recurrent idea of taking necessarily away the “others”. People belonging to “other” religions are regarded as guilty, idolater, heretic, far away from the true God and the best practises to adore Him. A central year is the 787 CE, for the Nicea II Council, but also for the reactions about it. With all the Platonic-Augustinian suspicion of fictions, the so-called Libri Carolini apportions to images the sole role of bringing to mind the materiality of what is represented thus denying the power of referring to the supersensible: paradoxically, the more an image is “true” and the greater the similarity between the image and its object, the greater is its freight of falsity, insofar as it increases the deception worked on the spectator. The ideas of the Carolingian court cannot be divorced from an artistic production that tended ever more to disconnect a precise meaning from the images made in stone or with the brush, and in due course increasingly regarded sacred history as a pretext for proposing imagines formosae. (shrink)

A experiência da conversão é habitualmente ligada ao contexto religioso.Contudo, autores como Pierre Hadot e Michel Foucault destacaram a presença de uma conversão filosófica, ao longo dos séculos. Se é possível verificar como nas tradições apocalípticas de caráter religioso se instaura uma conversão que visa alcançar uma manutenção do mundo em épocas de crise, também no contexto filosófico a diagnose nietzscheana do niilismo foi seguida por experiências filosóficas, como as de Simone Weil e de Georges Bataille, que visam a definição (...) de uma vida filosófica capaz de enfrentar o apocalipse. Através da abordagem do antropólogo Ernesto De Martino, tentarei mostrar, por um lado, o caráter apocalíptico-cultural do niilismo, e, por outro, como uma conversão filosófica, enquanto experiência interior, pode encarar este hóspede do nosso tempo. (shrink)

This is a brief historical note on game theory. We cover its historical roots (prior to its formal definition in 1944), and look at its development until the late 1960's.

Journal Name: Semiotica Issue: Ahead of print.

Name der Zeitschrift: Semiotica Heft: Ahead of print.

In Heidegger’s thought, it is possible to recognize an accurate reflection about the pain that afflicts modern man, as well as a particular indication for its cure. In pain, man experiences his being destined to metaphysics like something incurable, which requires to think the topology of the gift of being. Pain and convalescence will be exposed in that topology, under the light of The Turn [die Kehre], The Event [Ereignis] and the line between Overcoming [Überwindung] and Twisting [Verwindung] of Metaphysics, (...) in order to recognize that, in Heidegger’s reflection, it is in pain “itself” where the cure of the incurable can be possible: the passion of human finitude, the experience of the giving of being and the care of nothingness. Before overcoming [überwunden] the Metaphysics, with its intention of appropriate the being, Metaphsyisics must be reestablished [verwunden] in its inappropriate truth. (shrink)

The claim that consciousness is propositional has be widely debated in the past. For instance, it has been discussed whether consciousness is always propositional, whether all propositional consciousness is linguistic, whether propositional consciousness is always articulated, or whether there can be non-articulated propositions. In contrast, the question of whether propositions are conscious has not very often been the focus of attention.

In this paper we analyse the conditions for attributing to AI autonomous systems the ontological status of “artificial moral agents”, in the context of the “distributed responsibility” between humans and machines in Machine Ethics (ME). In order to address the fundamental issue in ME of the unavoidable “opacity” of their decisions with ethical/legal relevance, we start from the neuroethical evidence in cognitive science. In humans, the “transparency” and then the “ethical accountability” of their actions as responsible moral agents is not (...) in contradiction with the unavoidable “opacity” (unawareness) of the brain process by which they perform their moral judgements on the right action to execute. In fact, the moral accountability of our actions depends on what is immediately before and after our “moral judgements” on the right action to execute (formally, deontic first order logic (FOL) decisions). I.e., our moral accountability depends on the “ethical constraints” we imposed to our judgement before performing it in an opaque way. Anyway, our moral accountability depends overall on the “ethical assessment” or explicit “moral reasoning” after and over the moral judgement before executing our actions (deontic higher order logic (HOL) assessment). In this way, in the light of the AI “imitation game”, the consistent attribution of the status of ethically accountable artificial moral agents to autonomous AI systems depends on two similar conditions. Firstly, it depends on the presence of “ethical constraints” to be satisfied in their Machine Learning (ML) supervised optimization algorithm during its training phase, to give the system ethical skills (“competences”) in its decisions. Secondly – and definitely—, it depends on the presence in an AI autonomous system of a deontic HOL “ethical reasoner” to perform an automatic, and fully transparent assessment (metalogical deontic valuation) about the decisions taken by the ethically skilled ML algorithm about the right action to execute, before executing it. Finally, we show that the proper deontic FOL and HOL for this class of artificial moral agents is Kripke’s modal relational logic, in its algebraic topological formalization. This is naturally implemented in the dissipative QFT unsupervised deep learning of our brains, based on the “doubling of the degrees of freedom” (DDF), and then in the so-called “deep-belief” artificial neural networks for the statistical data pre-processing. This unsupervised learning procedure is also compliant with the usage of the “maximin fairness principle”, used as a balancing aggregation principle of the statistical variables in Sen’s formal theory of fairness. (shrink)

In this highly readable and compact introduction to Durkheim's thought, Gianfranco Poggi examines all of Durkheim's central works and assesses their significance today, a century after his death. Poggi's analyses includes a study of what Durkheim meant by 'society' and an evaluation of Durkheim's contributions to both political sociology and the sociology of law. Poggi's clear and concise reappraisal of one of the most important modern thinkers will be essential reading for students of sociology and an invaluable guide for (...) anyone studying the ways modern societies function. (shrink)

This contribution is an essay of formal philosophy—and more specifically of formal ontology and formal epistemology—applied, respectively, to the philosophy of nature and to the philosophy of sciences, interpreted the former as the ontology and the latter as the epistemology of the modern mathematical, natural, and artificial sciences, the theoretical computer science included. I present the formal philosophy in the framework of the category theory (CT) as an axiomatic metalanguage—in many senses “wider” than set theory (ST)—of mathematics and logic, both (...) of the “extensional” logics of the pure and applied mathematical sciences (=mathematical logic), and the “intensional” modal logics of the philosophical disciplines (=philosophical logic). It is particularly significant in this categorical framework the possibility of extending the operator algebra formalism from (quantum and classical) physics to logic, via the so-called “Boolean algebras with operators” (BAOs), with this extension being the core of our formal ontology. In this context, I discuss the relevance of the algebraic Hopf coproduct and colimit operations, and then of the category of coalgebras in the computations over lattices of quantum numbers in the quantum field theory (QFT), interpreted as the fundamental physics. This coalgebraic formalism is particularly relevant for modeling the notion of the “quantum vacuum foliation” in QFT of dissipative systems, as a foundation of the notion of “complexity” in physics, and “memory” in biological and neural systems, using the powerful “colimit” operators. Finally, I suggest that in the CT logic, the relational semantics of BAOs, applied to the modal coalgebraic relational logic of the “possible worlds” in Kripke’s model theory, is the proper logic of the formal ontology and epistemology of the natural realism, as a formalized philosophy of nature and sciences. (shrink)

O positivismo jurídico é predominantemente ensinado e aplicado há décadas por profissionais da área jurídica brasileira, geralmente com referência à construção teórica de Hans Kelsen (1881-1973), deixando à margem muitos outros estudos que oferecem importantes formulações e conceitos para a compreensão do Direito contemporâneo. Este artigo se junta a algumas poucas pesquisas sobre outros referenciais teóricos acerca do positivismo jurídico, analisando a regra de reconhecimento no pensamento teórico de Herbert Hart (1907-1992), apresentando-a como incremento e superação da teoria imperativista de (...) John Austin (1790-1859). A partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, mostramos que, em Hart, a regra de reconhecimento (modalidade de regra secundária) apresenta-se indispensável para a certeza necessária ao Direito, bem como para aferir a validade do sistema jurídico. (shrink)

In this paper we explore the possibility of giving a justification of the “semantic information” content and measure, in the framework of the recent coalgebraic approach to quantum systems and quantum computation, extended to QFT systems. In QFT, indeed, any quantum system has to be considered as an “open” system, because it is always interacting with the background fluctuations of the quantum vacuum. Namely, the Hamiltonian in QFT always includes the quantum system and its inseparable thermal bath, formally “entangled” like (...) an algebra with its coalgebra, according to the principle of the “doubling” of the degrees of freedom between them. This is the core of the representation theory of cognitive neuroscience based on QFT. Moreover, in QFT, the probabilities of the quantum states follow a Wigner distribution, based on the notion and measure of quasiprobability, where regions integrated under given expectation values do not represent mutually exclusive states. This means that a computing agent, either natural or artificial, in QFT, against the quantum Turing machine paradigm, is able to change dynamically the representation space of its computations. This depends on the possibility of interpreting QFT system computations within the framework of category theory logic and its principle of duality between opposed categories, such as the algebra and coalgebra categories of QFT. This allows us to justify and not only to suppose, like in the “theory of strong semantic information” of L. Floridi, the definition of modal “local truth” and the notion of semantic information as a measure of it, despite both measures being defined on quasiprobability distributions. (shrink)

This presentation aims to set up a comparison between the philosophy of the unconscious and the relative views of Freud's psychoanalysis and Jung's analytical psychology. Both have an important and unfortunately almost forgotten philosophical inspirer today Eduard von Hartmann, author of a monumental Philosophy of the Unconscious. The fundamental conclusion of the examination is that the "unconscious" absolutely cannot explain the higher formations of the world of the spirit, such as religious ideas, the great speculations of philosophical thought and the (...) highest productions of art. For these higher formations it is necessary to resort to a "Transconcious" which on the one hand imposes itself on the reflective and representative conscience with a very special force, but on the other it is devoid of the deceptive instinctual and passionate seductions of the turbid character of the unconscious. Keywords: Unconscious. Mind. Man. Psychology. Philosophy. (shrink)

RIASSUNTO: Il presente studio sui presupposti imprescindibili di ogni etica personalistica si propone di confutare e di superare una volta per sempre il relativismo, l’utilitarismo e il fondamentale scetticismo delle etiche contemporanee, fondate sull’assolutizzazione dei fatti, del costume, delle tendenze culturali storicamente e socialmente prevalenti nella nostra epoca presente. Tale atteggiamento è tollerante e pluralista soltanto in apparenza, perché nella realtà è ipocritamente intollerante verso ogni altra etica che non sia quella dell’edonismo ordinario, del consumismo e dell’acquiescenza alle richieste della (...) tecnica ed agli imperativi della ricerca scientifica rivolta unicamente a fini di utilità e di conquista di comodità e di agevolazioni per il genere umano. L’etica che intendiamo proporre è incentrata sull’idea di “persona”; secondo il nostro modo di vedere la persona è apertura assoluta verso il tutto dell’essere ed è eminentemente attualità spirituale. Non lo è perciò unicamente un’attività razionale universale, ma coinvolge fondamentalmente anche l’emotività, la volontà e il desiderio. Secondo noi l’esigenza fondamentale della persona spirituale è la ricerca della felicità, e tale ricerca si impone con la cogenza di un vero e proprio “imperativo etico”, e la sua funzione è quella di liberarci dalle costrizioni del costume, della falsa e artificiale morale corrente ordinaria che si assoggetta soltanto ai fatti e alla ricerca dell’utile e del conveniente. Liberazione e imperatività sono gli elementi essenziali per la ricerca della felicità, e questa a sua volta consiste nella promozione di un crescente accordo e di una sicura armonia di ogni persona con se stessa. L’imperatività dell’obbligazione con la quale ci leghiamo fedelmente all’impegno squisitamente spirituale di affermare la nostra libertà dalla servitù dei fatti e dall’attaccamento a ciò che è soltanto provvisorio e povero di autentica soddisfazione interiore conferma e promuove la liberazione spirituale in ogni persona. PAROLE CHIAVI: Persona. Etica personalista. Utilitarismo. Imperativo etico. RESUMO: O presente estudo pretende refutar e superar definitivamente o relativismo, o utilitarismo e o ceticismo fundamental das éticas contemporâneas, fudamentadas na absolutização dos fatos, do costume, das tendências culturais historicamente e socialmente dominantes na época presente. Tal atitude é tolerante e pluralista somente na aparência, porque na realidade é hipocritamente intolerante a qualquer outra ética que não seja a do hedonismo ordinário, do consumismo e da aquiescência às demandas da técnica e aos imperativos da pesquisa científica dirigida unicamente aos fins da utilidade e da conquista do bem-estar e de facilitações para o gênero humano. A ética que pretendemos propor está centrada na ideia de pessoa. Na nossa opinião, a pessoa é abertura absoluta para o todo do ser e é eminentemente atualidade espiritual. Não é, portanto, unicamente uma atividade racional universal, mas envolve fundamentalmente também a emotividade, a vontade e o desejo. A exigência fundamental da pessoa espiritual é a busca da felicidade. E tal busca se impõe com a força de um verdadeiro e próprio “imperativo ético”. E a sua função é a de nos libertar das constrições do hábito, da falsa e artificial moral ordinária que se submete somente aos fatos e à busca do útil e do conveniente. Libertação e imperatividade são os elementos essenciais para a busca da felicidade e esta, por sua vez, consiste na promoção de um crescente acordo e de uma harmonia sólida de cada pessoa consigo mesma. A imperatividade da obrigação com a qual nos ligamos fielmente ao compromisso espiritual de afirmar a nossa libertade da escravidão dos fatos e do apego àquilo que é somente provisório e pobre de autêntica satisfação interior confirma e promove a libertação espiritual de cada pessoa. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Pessoa. Ética personalista. Utilitarismo. Imperativo ético. (shrink)