While Western attention might have been shifting towards Kirgistan in recent decades, little is truly known about this central Asian country and its people. In words and pictures, this photoethnographic catalogue exposes the reader to the unique culture and customs of the place. At the heart of the presentation are the people and traditions of the Talas region. Mountainous landscapes, an oriental way of life, hospitable people, national break-up and revolution: these are the things most commonly associated with Kirgistan. The (...) real history and culture of the country, however, proves to be much more multi-facetted, as this book of photographs and ethnographic essays has documented. With the rise of the Soviet Union, the Kyrgyz, once a nomadic people, were forced to settle, though they have retained much from their nomadic days and value living in harmony with the land. The publication illuminates local histories, day-to-day customs, social structure and the way of life. Central to the investigation are the people. Who are they? How do they live? What do they live from? Chapters on livestock and agriculture, homemaking, school, religion, festivities and village structure round off the impression. The lengthy period during which the authors immersed themselves in the region has made for a very insightful and personal account of Talas and the whole of Kirgistan. (shrink)

Machine ethics and robot rights are quickly becoming hot topics in artificial intelligence and robotics communities. We will argue that attempts to attribute moral agency and assign rights to all intelligent machines are misguided, whether applied to infrahuman or superhuman AIs, as are proposals to limit the negative effects of AIs by constraining their behavior. As an alternative, we propose a new science of safety engineering for intelligent artificial agents based on maximizing for what humans value. In particular, we challenge (...) the scientific community to develop intelligent systems that have human-friendly values that they provably retain, even under recursive self-improvement. (shrink)

ABSTRACT: This article attempts to define the status of the political order in Pascal's thought by examining the coherence of the fragments on custom, imagination, force and justice in the Pensées. Situating this order between divine Justice and unjust human justice, Pascal offers a contribution to the Augustinian account of the relationship between moral and political existence by his description of the experience of temporal authority and of the spiritual skill which that experience requires.

Ces contributions tentent de dégager les enjeux littéraires, philosophiques, politiques et psychologiques des "Dialogues", oeuvre méconnue de Rousseau, afin de cerner sa signification dans le parcours de l'écrivain.

Models are of central importance in many scientific contexts. The centrality of models such as inflationary models in cosmology, general-circulation models of the global climate, the double-helix model of DNA, evolutionary models in biology, agent-based models in the social sciences, and general-equilibrium models of markets in their respective domains is a case in point (the Other Internet Resources section at the end of this entry contains links to online resources that discuss these models). Scientists spend significant amounts of time building, (...) testing, comparing, and revising models, and much journal space is dedicated to interpreting and discussing the implications of models. In short, models are one of the principal instruments of modern science. (shrink)

Le caractère complexe de la notion d'« opinion » chez Rousseau, qui est à la fois une soumission à l'estime des autres et un levier indispensable pour toute réforme des moeurs, est la base d'une discussion des enjeux de l'action qu'il prône sur les coeurs des hommes : d'abord par l'évocation de quelques thèmes de la Lettre à d'Alembert qui tente de définir les difficultés de cet « art » ; ensuite au niveau de l'action positive des grands réformateurs : (...) le Législateur, le gouverneur d'Emile et surtout Wolmar dont l'échec dans La Nouvelle Héloïse jette un éclairage décisif sur l'ensemble de la démarche éthique de Rousseau.The complex character of «opinion» in the works of Rousseau, which is both a submission to the judgment of others and an indispensable leverage for the reform of morals, is the basis for a discussion of his action on the hearts of men : first through some of the themes of the Lettre à d'Alembert which attempts to define the difficulties of such an « art » ; then through the action of the great reformers : the Legislator, Emile's governor and especially Wolmar, whose failure in La Nouvelle Heloïse sheds an important light on the whole of Rousseau's ethical endeavour. (shrink)

This long-awaited translation of Das literarische Kunstwerk makes available for the first time in English Roman Ingarden's influential study. Though it is inter-disciplinary in scope, situated as it is on the borderlines of ontology and logic, philosophy of literature and theory of language, Ingarden's work has a deliberately narrow focus: the literary work, its structure and mode of existence. The Literary Work of Art establishes the groundwork for a philosophy of literature, i.e., an ontology in terms of which the (...) basic general structure of all literary works can be determined. This "essential anatomy" makes basic tools and concepts available for rigorous and subtle aesthetic analysis. (shrink)

Scientific discourse is rife with passages that appear to be ordinary descriptions of systems of interest in a particular discipline. Equally, the pages of textbooks and journals are filled with discussions of the properties and the behavior of those systems. Students of mechanics investigate at length the dynamical properties of a system consisting of two or three spinning spheres with homogenous mass distributions gravitationally interacting only with each other. Population biologists study the evolution of one species procreating at a constant (...) rate in an isolated ecosystem. And when studying the exchange of goods, economists consider a situation in which there are only two goods, two perfectly rational agents, no restrictions on available information, no transaction costs, no money, and dealings are done immediately. Their surface structure notwithstanding, no competent scientist would mistake descriptions of such systems as descriptions of an actual system: we know very well that there are no such systems. These descriptions are descriptions of a model-system, and scientists use model-systems to represent parts or aspects of the world they are interested in. Following common practice, I refer to those parts or aspects as target-systems. What are we to make of this? Is discourse about such models merely a picturesque and ultimately dispensable façon de parler? This was the view of some early twentieth century philosophers. Duhem (1906) famously guarded against confusing model building with scientific theorizing and argued that model building has no real place in science, beyond a minor heuristic role. The aim of science was, instead, to construct theories, with theories understood as classificatory or representative structures systematically presented and formulated in precise symbolic.. (shrink)

While e-commerce has witnessed extensive growth in recent years, so has consumers' concerns regarding ethical issues surrounding online shopping. The vast majority of earlier research on this area is conceptual in nature, and limited in scope by focusing on consumers' privacy issues. This study develops a reliable and valid scale to measure consumers' perceptions regarding the ethics of online retailers. Findings indicate that the four factors of the scale - security, privacy, non-deception and fulfillment/reliability - are strongly predictive of online (...) consumers' satisfaction and trust. The results offer important implications for e-retailers and are likely to stimulate further research in the area of e-ethics from the consumers' perspective. (shrink)

It is now part and parcel of the official philosophical wisdom that models are essential to the acquisition and organisation of scientific knowledge. It is also generally accepted that most models represent their target systems in one way or another. But what does it mean for a model to represent its target system? I begin by introducing three conundrums that a theory of scientific representation has to come to terms with and then address the question of whether the semantic view (...) of theories, which is the currently most widely accepted account of theories and models, provides us with adequate answers to these questions. After having argued in some detail that it does not, I conclude by pointing out in what direction a tenable account of scientific representation might be sought. (shrink)

Everything you always wanted to know about structural realism but were afraid to ask Content Type Journal Article Pages 227-276 DOI 10.1007/s13194-011-0025-7 Authors Roman Frigg, Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE UK Ioannis Votsis, Philosophisches Institut, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Geb. 23.21/04.86, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany Journal European Journal for Philosophy of Science Online ISSN 1879-4920 Print ISSN 1879-4912 Journal Volume Volume 1 Journal Issue Volume 1, Number (...) 2. (shrink)

Science provides us with representations of atoms, elementary particles, polymers, populations, genetic trees, economies, rational decisions, aeroplanes, earthquakes, forest fires, irrigation systems, and the world’s climate. It's through these representations that we learn about the world. This entry explores various different accounts of scientific representation, with a particular focus on how scientific models represent their target systems. As philosophers of science are increasingly acknowledging the importance, if not the primacy, of scientific models as representational units of science, it's important to (...) stress that how they represent plays a fundamental role in how we are to answer other questions in the philosophy of science. This entry begins by disentangling ‘the’ problem of scientific representation, before critically evaluating the current options available in the literature. (shrink)

À partir d'une condition humaine définie en termes d'échec et de conscience malheureuse, la « mauvaise foi » chez Sartre et les « stades de l'existence » chez Kierkegaard ouvrent sur une quête d'authenticité qui est une tâche permanente pour l'homme, qui requiert de lui une « conversion » qui est toujours à refaire. Une esthétique du jeu correspond au niveau symbolique aux exigences de cette recherche, mais c'est l'ironie qui semble le plus à même d'assumer les paradoxes de l'éthique (...) recherchée et ceux du discours philosophique qui prétend en rendre compte.Having defined the human condition in terms of failure and unhappy consciousness, Sartre's "bad faith" and Kierkegaard's "stages of life" introduce a quest for authenticity which is a permanent task for man and requires a "conversion" which must be constantly reaffirmed. An aestheticism of play corresponds to the form of this quest on a symbolic level, but it is irony which seems to best express the paradoxes of such an ethic, as well as those of the philosophical discourse attempting to capture it. (shrink)

Ce texte esquisse deux voies possibles pour un dialogue entre Sartre et Foucault : la lecture des ambivalences de la pensée sartrienne sur le sujet, la morale, la politique, à travers la caractérisation de l'épistémè moderne dans Les mots et les choses ; et, inversement, l'approche critique de la conception foucaldienne du savoir et du pouvoir à partir de l'anthropologie de la Critique de la raison dialectique.This paper suggests two possible directions for a dialogue between Sartre and Foucault : a (...) reading of the Sartrean ambivalences on the subject, morality and politics in the light of the characterization of the modern épistémè in The Order of Things ; and, inversely, a critical approach of the Foucaldian conception of power and knowledge through the anthropology of the Critique of Dialectical Reason. (shrink)

Dans la perspective historique que se donne l'oeuvre de Sartre à partir de la guerre et qu'il articule théoriquement dans la Critique de la raison dialectique, il s'agit de se détourner de l'impossible quête de l'être que définissait L'être et le néant. Par l'engagement social et la lutte politique, il vise désormais un monde où l'éthique n'est plus bloquée dans la mauvaise foi, mais sera « la praxis dans son libre développement comme seule relation éthique de l'homme à l'homme en (...) tant qu'ils dominent ensemble la matière ». Toutefois, si l'on interroge le sens et la possibilité de ce « règne humain » qui structure l'ouvrage, ce qui est en jeu c'est l'ambiguïté de toute la démarche morale de Sartre à partir de son ontologies Là, en effet, le « manque » qui définit le pour-soi aboutit à faire de tout projet un échec puisqu'il n'a de sens que par rapport à une totalité manquée: le projet d'être Dieu. Dans le cadre de cette visée d'absolu, le problème moral est finalement celui de la « conscience malheureuse ». Mais tout l'effort de Sartre à partir de la guerre est de montrer que le « manque » n'est pas nécessairement l'échec. La réalité humaine étant une question pour elle-même, ce manque peut aussi être l'occasion d'une action effective avec les autres si l'on ne se paralyse pas sur cet horizon d'absolu. La liberté peut être la quête d'une totalité non plus métaphysique mais humaine et concrète à travers la praxis de chacun. (shrink)