Autonomy has been central to moral and political philosophy for millenia, and has been positioned as a critical aspect of both justice and wellbeing. Research in psychology supports this position, providing empirical evidence that autonomy is critical to motivation, personal growth and psychological wellness. Responsible AI will require an understanding of, and ability to effectively design for, human autonomy (rather than just machine autonomy) if it is to genuinely benefit humanity. Yet the effects on human autonomy of digital experiences are (...) neither straightforward nor consistent, and are complicated by commercial interests and tensions around compulsive overuse. This multi-layered reality requires an analysis that is itself multidimensional and that takes into account human experience at various levels of resolution. We borrow from HCI and psychological research to apply a model (“METUX”) that identifies six distinct spheres of technology experience. We demonstrate the value of the model for understanding human autonomy in a technology ethics context at multiple levels by applying it to the real-world case study of an AI-enhanced video recommender system. In the process we argue for the following three claims: 1) There are autonomy-related consequences to algorithms representing the interests of third parties, and they are not impartial and rational extensions of the self, as is often perceived; 2) Designing for autonomy is an ethical imperative critical to the future design of responsible AI; and 3) Autonomy-support must be analysed from at least six spheres of experience in order to approriately capture contradictory and downstream effects. (shrink)

New research on affective computing aiming to develop computer systems that recognize and respond to affective states can also contribute to the issues raised by Coan. Research on how humans interact with computers, and computer models that automatically recognize affective states from features in our physiology, behaviour, and language, may provide insights on how emotions that are experienced and expressed come to be. For example, there is empirical evidence that affect recognition techniques using several modalities are more accurate than those (...) using a single modality, but it is not clear if these improvements are caused by superadditivity (i.e., emergence) or redundancy. (shrink)

Present research proposes the application of unsupervised and supervised machine-learning techniques to characterize Android malware families. More precisely, a novel unsupervised neural-projection method for dimensionality-reduction, namely, Beta Hebbian Learning, is applied to visually analyze such malware. Additionally, well-known supervised Decision Trees are also applied for the first time in order to improve characterization of such families and compare the original features that are identified as the most important ones. The proposed techniques are validated when facing real-life Android malware data by (...) means of the well-known and publicly available Malgenome dataset. Obtained results support the proposed approach, confirming the validity of BHL and DTs to gain deep knowledge on Android malware. (shrink)

In 2019, the IEEE launched the P7000 standards projects intended to address ethical issues in the design of autonomous and intelligent systems. This move came amidst a growing public concern over the unintended consequences of artificial intelligence (AI), compounded by the lack of an anticipatory process for attending to ethical impact within professional practice. However, the difficulty in moving from principles to practice presents a significant challenge to the implementation of ethical guidelines. Herein, we describe two complementary frameworks for integrating (...) ethical analysis into engineering practice to help address this challenge. We then provide the outcomes of an ethical analysis informed by these frameworks, conducted within the specific context of internetdelivered therapy in digital mental health. We hope both the frameworks and analysis can provide tools and insights, not only for the context of digital healthcare, but for data-enabled and intelligent technology development more broadly. (shrink)

Concerns about threats to human autonomy feature prominently in the field of AI ethics. One aspect of this concern relates to the use of AI systems for problematically manipulative influence. In response to this, the European Union’s draft AI Act (AIA) includes a prohibition on AI systems deploying subliminal techniques that alter people’s behavior in ways that are reasonably likely to cause harm (Article 5(1)(a)). Critics have argued that the term ‘subliminal techniques’ is too narrow to capture the target cases (...) of AI-based manipulation. We propose a definition of ‘subliminal techniques’ that (a) is grounded on a plausible interpretation of the legal text; (b) addresses all or most of the underlying ethical concerns motivating the prohibition; (c) is defensible from a scientific and philosophical perspective; and (d) does not over-reach in ways that impose excessive administrative and regulatory burdens. The definition is meant to provide guidance for design teams seeking to pursue responsible and ethically aligned AI innovation. (shrink)

Promoting the use of contact tracing technology will be an important step in global recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Across two studies, we assessed two messaging strategies as motivators of intended contact tracing uptake. In one sample of 1117 Australian adults and one sample of 888 American adults, we examined autonomy-supportive and controlling message framing and the presence or absence of information safety as predictors of intended contact tracing application uptake, using an online randomized 2 × 2 experimental design. The (...) results suggested that the provision of data safety assurances may be key in affecting people’s intentions to use contact tracing technology, an effect we found in both samples regardless of whether messages were framed as autonomy-supportive or controlling. Those in high information safety conditions consistently reported higher intended uptake and more positive perceptions of the application than those in low information safety conditions. In Study 2, we also found that perceptions of government legitimacy related positively to intended application uptake, as did political affiliation. In sum, individuals appeared more willing to assent to authority regarding contact tracing insofar as their data safety can be assured. Yet, public messaging strategies alone may be insufficient to initiate intentions to change behavior, even in these unprecedented circumstances. (shrink)

Responsible AI (RAI) guidelines aim to ensure that AI systems respect democratic values. While a step in the right direction, they currently fail to impact practice. Our work discusses reasons for this lack of impact and clusters them into five areas: (1) the abstract nature of RAI guidelines, (2) the problem of selecting and reconciling values, (3) the difficulty of operationalising RAI success metrics, (4) the fragmentation of the AI pipeline, and (5) the lack of internal advocacy and accountability. Afterwards, (...) we introduce a number of approaches to RAI from a range of disciplines, exploring their potential as solutions to the identified challenges. We anchor these solutions in practice through concrete examples, bridging the gap between the theoretical considerations of RAI and on-the-ground processes that currently shape how AI systems are built. Our work considers the socio-technical nature of RAI limitations and the resulting necessity of producing socio-technical solutions. (shrink)

This work focuses on the application of machine learning techniques to assist the clinicians in the administration of analgesic drug during general anaesthesia. Specifically, the main objective is to propose the basis of an intelligent system capable of making decisions to guide the opioid dose changes based on a new nociception monitor, the analgesia nociception index. Clinical data were obtained from 15 patients undergoing cholecystectomy surgery. By means of an off-line study, machine learning techniques were applied to analyse the possible (...) relationship between the analgesic dose changes performed by the physician due to the hemodynamic activity of the patients and the evolution of the ANI. After training different classifiers and testing the results under cross validation, a preliminary relationship between the evolution of ANI and the dosage of remifentanil was found. These results evidence the potential of the ANI as a promising index to guide the infusion of analgesia. (shrink)

Automatic control of physiological variables is one of the most active areas in biomedical engineering. This paper is centered in the prediction of the analgesic variables evolution in patients undergoing surgery. The proposal is based on the use of hybrid intelligent modelling methods. The study considers the Analgesia Nociception Index to assess the pain in the patient and remifentanil as intravenous analgesic. The model proposed is able to make a one-step-ahead prediction of the remifentanil dose corresponding to the current state (...) of the patient. The input information is the previous remifentanil dose, the ANI variable and the electromyogram signal. Modelling techniques used are Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector machines for Regression combined with clustering methods. Both training and validation were done with a real dataset from different patients. Results obtained show the potential of this methodology to calculate the drug dose corresponding to a given analgesic state of the patient. (shrink)

In the whole Corpus Platonicum, we find in principle only one "direct argument" (Charles Kahn) for the existence of the ideas (Tim.51d3-51e6). The purpose of the article is to analyse this argument and to answer the question of why Plato in the Timaeus again defended the existence of the ideas despite the objections in the Parmenides. He defended it again because the latent presupposition of the apories in the Parmenides, the substantial view of sensibles, is removed through the introduction of (...) space as "substantialized extension". First (I) it is shown that Plato remained in dialogues, like the Sophist and Politicus, faithful to the "theory of ideas" despite his criticism in the Parmenides. The common theme in the trilogy of the Theaetetus, Sophist and Politicus is to refute relativism by showing that any relativism presupposes something absolute that is something like the "theory of ideas". The second part of the paper (II) examines closely the logical structure of the argument for the existence of ideas in the Timaeus (51d3-52a7). The third part (III) shows how this argument can avoid the criticism of ideas in the Parmenides. In the Parmenides, sensibles are treated as substantial entities. But, as the Timaeus shows, sensibles are not substantial entities but merely qualities, namely qualities of space, which is the only substance in the sensible world. A shortened English version of the paper appeared in Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium Platonicum, Granada, Selected papers, ed. by T. Calvo/L. Brisson, Academia Verlag, St. Augustin, 1997, 179-186. -/- But the only "direct argument" (Tim.51d3-51e6) seems to be interestingly flawed. Cf. Ferber, Rafael; Hiltbrunner, Thomas, (2005). (shrink)

According to F. Adams [this journal, vol. 68, 2018] cognition cannot be realized in plants or bacteria. In his view, plants and bacteria respond to the here-and-now in a hardwired, inflexible manner, and are therefore incapable of cognitive activity. This article takes issue with the pursuit of plant cognition from the perspective of an empirically informed philosophy of plant neurobiology. As we argue, empirical evidence shows, contra Adams, that plant behavior is in many ways analogous to animal behavior. This renders (...) plants suitable to be described as cognitive agents in a non-metaphorical way. Sections two to four review the arguments offered by Adams in light of scientific evidence on plant adaptive behavior, decision-making, anticipation, as well as learning and memory. Section five introduces the ‘phyto-nervous’ system of plants. To conclude, section six resituates the quest for plant cognition into a broader approach in cognitive science, as represented by enactive and ecological schools of thought. Overall, we aim to motivate the idea that plants may be considered genuine cognitive agents. Our hope is to help propel public awareness and discussion of plant intelligence once appropriately stripped of anthropocentric preconceptions of the sort that Adams' position appears to exemplify. (shrink)

El presente artículo intenta estudiar la concepción del mundo que subyace a la modernidad política peruana. Según nuestro punto de vista, esta concepción del mundo está caracterizada por lo que llamaremos ethos barroco. Aunque no es la única, su manifestación más importante es el fenómeno de la corrupción, desarrollado en el marco de la relación entre una forma de pensar y una forma de actuar: la utopía (derivada de una visión fantasiosa de la sociedad) y la anomia (resultado del incumplimiento (...) de las normas sociales). En este sentido, queremos mostrar la paradójica doble relación entre ambos elementos, consistente, por un lado, en la contradicción discursiva entre el pensamiento utópico y la anomia política, y, por otro lado, en su articulación complementaria en el fenómeno de la corrupción. Debido a esta enigmática y compleja relación, en el Perú se ha instaurado un Estado que promueve la anomia y una Constitución que carece de legitimidad, en lugar de un verdadero Estado de Derecho. (shrink)

Esta investigación, realizada con 62 estudiantes del grado en Educación Infantil de la Universidad de Granada, se centra en un proyecto de contrapublicidad en el que se aúna el análisis y el sentido crítico con la capacidad creativa y expresiva, a través de la reinterpretación de campañas de publicidad infantil. Tanto los registros de observación participante, como el análisis de las imágenes, permiten afirmar que la publicidad es un marco de trabajo idóneo en el espacio interdisciplinar de Educación Artística y (...) Mediática, evidenciando preocupaciones de los futuros docentes, como la salud, la igualdad de género o la educación en valores. (shrink)

En este trabajo se presentan cinco grandes desafíos de la teoría de los derechos: el poder de los derechos, la satisfacción de los derechos evidentes, la regulación de las tecnologías disruptivas, la vulnerabilidad y la discriminación y la formación y concienciación.

Jerry Fodor and Ernest Lepore [(1992) Holism: a shopper's guide, Oxford: Blackwell; (1996) in R. McCauley (Ed.) The Churchlands and their critics , Cambridge: Blackwell] have launched a powerful attack against Paul Churchland's connectionist theory of semantics--also known as state space semantics. In one part of their attack, Fodor and Lepore argue that the architectural and functional idiosyncrasies of connectionist networks preclude us from articulating a notion of conceptual similarity applicable to state space semantics. Aarre Laakso and Gary Cottrell [(1998) (...) in M. A. Gernsbacher & S. Derry (Eds) Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum; Philosophical Psychology ] 13, 47-76 have recently run a number of simulations on simple feedforward networks and applied a mathematical technique for measuring conceptual similarity in the representational spaces of those networks. Laakso and Cottrell contend that their results decisively refute Fodor and Lepore's criticisms. Paul Churchland [(1998) Journal of Philosophy, 95, 5-32 ] goes further. He uses Laakso and Cottrell's neurosimulations to argue that connectionism does furnish us with all we need to construct a robust theory of semantics and a robust theory of translation. In this paper I shall argue that whereas Laakso and Cottrell's neurocomputational results may provide us with a rebuttal of Fodor and Lepore's argument, Churchland's conclusion is far too optimistic. In particular, I shall try to show that connectionist modelling does not provide any objective criterion for achieving a one-to-one accurate translational mapping across networks. (shrink)

En este trabajo pretendo mostrar las prestaciones reflexivas que hacen posible el juicio de imputación en la teoría kantiana sobre la filosofía práctica. En particular, se busca mostrar cuales son los requerimientos reflexivos en virtud de los cuales una acción es pensada como libre y no meramente como una causa.Este momento del juicio de imputación es decisivo ya que permite distinguir las acciones que son libres de las que no lo son y, por tanto, las que pueden ser objeto de (...) imputación y las que no. (shrink)

O Bem-Estar Psicológico (BEP) de estudantes universitários da gradução tem sido objeto de crescente interesse na pesquisa científica por ser reconhecido como uma dimensão multifacetada e central da saúde mental. Nesse sentido, este trabalho propôs-se a apresentar os fatores de risco e os fatores de proteção que influenciam nos índices do BEP, de modo a evidenciar as estratégias eficazes de cuidado em saúde mental para o referido segmento populacional. Metodologicamente, trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa, a partir de uma (...) revisão integrativa de artigos publicados em português e inglês, disponíveis na íntegra nas bases BVS-Psi e PubMed. Foram utilizados os descritores “bem-estar psicológico”, “universidades” e “saúde mental” ou “bem-estar psicológico”, “fatores de risco” e “fatores de proteção” para BVS-Psi e para PubMed, respectivamente, sendo selecionados e analisados 19 estudos. Os resultados ressaltaram que a sobrecarga de trabalho acadêmico, as expectativas elevadas, a competição intensa e a incerteza em relação ao futuro profissional são fatores de risco. Evidencia-se, ainda, que a criação de relações sociais fortes e de estratégias de gerenciamento do tempo aliadas à orientação profissional eficaz são fatores de proteção que auxiliam na promoção da saúde mental nesta população. (shrink)

La presente traducción fue realizada del original “Emmanuel Levinas” publicado en Französische Philosophen im Gespräch por Boer Verlag. Grafrath en 2015, páginas 89 – 100. Agradezco a la editorial Boer por la autorización para publicar esta traducción. Asimismo agradezco a Sara Bertschik por su constante apoyo y amistad.

This paper consists of two parts. First, I shall consider two defences of Quine´s polemical Thesis of the Inscrutability of Reference put forward by Hookway, and Calvo Garzón, respectively. Then, I shall consider an extension of Quine´s succinct behavioural criteria of Radical Translationsuggested by Hintikka´s Game-Theoretical Semantics. I shall argue that Hintikka´s semantics suggest behavioural criteria which we can use to constrain perverse semantic theories. In particular, I shall try to show that whilst Hintikka´s behavioural data tells against Hookway´s (...) proposal, it reveals, nonetheless, a reason as to why my proposed perverse semantic theory enjoys the same priviledged status that a standard semantic theory is supposed toenjoy. (shrink)

Resumen El objetivo fundamental de este artículo es el de analizar la representación que realiza la filósofa española María Zambrano del mito de Antígona y proyectarla en los debates contemporáneos en torno a la recuperación de los cuerpos de víctimas humanas en contextos post-violencia. Más allá del entramado lingüístico mítico-religioso en el que La tumba de Antígona parece situarse, desentrañaremos los diferentes estratos semánticos y filosóficos subyacentes a la relectura que Zambrano propone de la heroína tebana. Ello nos permitirá destacar (...) la potencialidad política subversiva del gesto de Antígona al abarcar a sujetos históricos tradicionalmente marginados del espacio público. Abstract This article aims to analyzing and projecting María Zambrano's representation of Antigone’s myth within contemporary debates about the recovery of the bodies of human victims in post-violence contexts. Beyond the mythic-religious framework in which The Tomb of Antigone seems to be located, it will be unraveled the different semantic and philosophical layers underlying Zambrano's re-reading of the Theban heroine. This will pave the way towards highlighting the subversive political potential of Antigone's gesture by embracing historical subjects traditionally marginalized from the public space. (shrink)

La Inteligencia Artificial tiene implicaciones significativas para los derechos humanos, tanto en términos de desafíos como de oportunidades. Por eso los derechos están presentes en las declaraciones y propuestas sobre su regulación. Sin embargo, esta presencia tiene que enfrentarse a algunos problemas. Uno de ellos es el de la determinación de qué significa el enfoque de derechos humanos. Este trabajo pretende dar luz sobre esta cuestión.

The Sermon of St. Anthony, preached in São Luís in 1654 by Father Antônio Vieira in homage to St. Anthony and in critique of human corruption, is one of the most important sermons of the influential Jesuit, because, in the context of Christian philosophy, it redefines central concepts (the value of animal action) and deepens traditional topics (free will and conversion). The chapter of greatest importance in this sermon is its Exordium, in which Vieira presents the predical concept that will (...) guide his discourse ”“ “you are the salt of the earth” ”“, and through which the author will establish the question to be developed: the problem of there being so many preachers and the earth still be so corrupted. Also, in the Exordium, the model of the sermon itself, an allegory, and its main character, St. Anthony, are justified. This review aims to criticize, contextualize and explains this exordium. (shrink)

In this commentary I explore nonclassical connectionism as a coherent framework for evaluation in the spirit of the Newell Test. Focusing on knowledge integration, development, real-time performance, and flexible behavior, I argue that NCC's “within-theory rank ordering” would place subsymbolic modeling in a better position. Failure to adopt a symbolic level of thought cannot be interpreted as a weakness.

It is generally assumed that compatibility with special relativity is guaranteed by the invariance of the fundamental equations of quantum physics under Lorentz transformations and the impossibility of transferring energy or information faster than the speed of light. Despite this, various contradictions persist, which make us suspect the solidity of that compatibility. This paper focuses on collapse theories—although they are not the only way of interpreting quantum theory—in order to examine what seems to be insurmountable difficulties we encounter when trying (...) to construct a space–time picture of such typically quantum processes as state vector reduction or the non-separability of entangled systems. The inescapable nature of such difficulties suggests the need to go further in the search for new formulations that surpass our current conceptions of matter and space–time. (shrink)

El demiurgo es el encargado de organizar un material espacial informe (chóra), para lo que contempla las formas inteligibles, y produce así las imágenes, las cosas sensibles. La causa de la diferencia entre las formas inteligibles (modelo) y las cosas sensibles (imagen) radica en el material caótico e indeterminado (receptáculo). Pretendemos analizar la chóra en el Timeo de Platón, donde convergen dos aspectos: el ¿constitutivo¿, ¿aquello de lo que¿ están constituidas las cosas sensibles, y el ¿espacial¿, ¿aquello en lo que¿ (...) aparecen. Este material espacial sufre una transmutación terminológica en la hyle de Aristóteles de Física, IV, 2. (shrink)

Diferenciamos escuela y procesos escolares de educación y procesos educativos. Esto nos permite entender sus características, fortalezas y limitaciones. Argumentamos que el fracaso escolar en gran parte se debe al desconocimiento de que los procesos educativos tienden a fluir autoorganizándose de manera cada vez más simple y, paradojalmente, más compleja, a diferencia de los procesos escolares que se entrampan en superficialidades y complicaciones perturbando a la enseñanza e inhibiendo el aprendizaje.