The paper deals with the issue of some Aristotelian motives and categories in the Didaskalikos of Alcinous, one of the most important works of Middle Platonism. They are particularly evident in the chapters in which Alcinous discusses issues related to Platonic theology and theory of Ideas. A special place here is the motif of God as Intellect who thinks of Ideas (of absolute Forms, in the Platonic sense) and at the same time thinks of Himself (in the Aristotelian sense). In (...) connection with these Aristotelian motives, the question arises: do these motives have a substantive significance here, that is, do they really express Aristotle’s metaphysical views, or are they only a literary framework, in which the Platonic content is clothed? (shrink)

Inhalt: Vorwort von H.-M. Pawlowski / S. Smid / R. Specht - H.-M. Pawlowski: Probleme der Rechtsbegrundung im Staat der Glaubensfreiheit - V. Gerhardt: Selbstandigkeit und Selbstbestimmung. Freiheit bei Kant und Schelling - H. Folkers: Die durch Freiheit gebaute Stadt Gottes - W. E. Ehrhardt: Mythologie und Offenbarung der Freiheit - W. Bartuschat: Uber Spinozismus und menschliche Freiheit beim fruhen Schelling - C. Cesa: Schellings Kritik des Naturrechts - H. J. Sandkuhler: F. W. J. Schelling - Philosophie als Seinsgeschichte und (...) Anti-Politik - D. Losurdo: Von Louis Philippe bis Louis Bonaparte - R. Pettoello: Die Dialektik der menschlichen Freiheit als Emanzipation und als Abfall von Gott - H. Klenner: Schelling und die Rechtsphilosophie - S. Smid: Freiheit als Keim des Rechts - W. Schmied-Kowarzik: Freiheit - Recht - Geschichte - J. Simon: Die Wirklichkeit der Freiheit (Kant, Schelling, Hegel) - W. Schild: Die verstandlichen Schwierigkeiten des Rechtsdenkens mit dem Freiheitsbegriff - Personenregister. (shrink)

This paper is devoted to showing certain connections between normal modal logics and those strictly regular modal logics which have as a theorem. We extend some results of E. J. Lemmon (cf. [66]). In particular we prove that the lattice of the strictly regular modal logics with the axiom is isomorphic to the lattice of the normal modal logics.

In the paper some varieties E s n of BCK-algebras with condition defined by W. H. Cornish [1] are considered. A characterization of simple algebras in E s 2 is given and some properties of simple algebras in E s 3 are indicated.

When asked in 1962 on what he was working Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz replied: Several years ago Polish Scientific Publishers suggested that I pre pare a new edition of The Logical Foundations of Teaching, which I wrote 1 before 1939 as a contribution to The Encyclopaedia of Education. It was a small booklet covering elementary information about logical semantics and scientific methodology, information which in my opinion was necessary as a foundation of teaching and as an element of the education of (...) any teacher. When I recently set to preparing the new edition, I rewrote practically everything, and a booklet of some 100 pages swelled into a bulky volume almost five times bigger. The issues have remained practically the same, but they are now analysed much more thoroughly and the threshold of difficulty is much higher now. The main stress has been laid on the methods used in the empirical sciences, and within that field, on the theory of measurement and the methods of statistical inference. I am now working on the last chapter of the book, concerned with explanation procedures and theory construction in the empirical sciences. When that book, which I intend to entitle Pragmatic Logic, is com pleted I intend to prepare for the press Vol. 2 of my minor writings, 2 Language and Cognition, which will cover some of my post-war pa pers. (shrink)

Artykuł jest próbą wyodrębnienia i ogólnego opisu aspektów filozoficznych, zawartych w teorii duchowości ekologicznej papieża Franciszka oraz porównania ich z myślą tomistyczną, rozwijaną przez jej polskich przedstawicieli w czasach współczesnych. Aspekty te dostrzeżono na gruncie wielu dyscyplin filozoficznych, ponieważ w tego typu duchowości chodzi o stosunek człowieka do najogólniej pojętej rzeczywistości realnej, czyli do samego siebie, przyrody, kultury i religii. W toku analizy obu stanowisk zauważono liczne analogie, a także pewne rozbieżności w sposobie widzenia przyrody, osoby ludzkiej, kultury oraz religii, (...) które przynajmniej częściowo można tłumaczyć niejednoznacznością niektórych sformułowań papieskich. -------------- Zgłoszono: 19/08/2020. Zrecenzowano: 26/09/2020. Zaakceptowano do publikacji: 18/10/2020. (shrink)

W artykule poruszono problem perspektyw rozwoju, a tym samym przyszłości filozofii tomistycznej na podstawie sytuacji w Polsce. Otóż taką szansę widzi się dla tej filozofii w badaniach bardziej partykularnych, znajdujących się poza głównym obiektem zainteresowań metafizyki ogólnej. Każdorazowo przybierają one postać metafizyk szczegółowych i stosowanych. Pierwsza z nazw nawiązuje do zawężonego pola badań, druga natomiast jest uzasadniona korzystaniem z dorobku innych nauk filozoficznych, bardziej podstawowych, włącznie z metafizyką ogólną. Metafizyki tego rodzaju stanowią szeroko pojęte studium tego, co jest najbardziej fundamentalne (...) nie dla bytu jako takiego, ale dla wszelkich podstawowych typów przedmiotów w sferze natury i kultury. Nie stanowią one jednak alternatywy dla metafizyki ogólnej, która bada rzeczywistość w wymiarze transcendentalnym, ponieważ korzystając z jej dorobku, zachowują z nią łączność oraz stanowią jej konieczne dopełnienie. Jako zaś typowe dyscypliny filozoficzne, dające możliwość rozwijania owych metafizyk, podano w artykule filozofię przyrody, antropologię filozoficzną oraz dwie formy filozofii ludzkiego działania, czyli religię i moralność. W ich przypadku wskazywano zarówno na tematy już podjęte przez wielu przedstawicieli myśli tomistycznej w Polsce oraz na te, jakie są możliwe do podjęcia. Realizacja tych form metafizyki odpowiada nie tylko strukturze rzeczywistości pluralistycznej i jednocześnie powiązanej ze sobą szeregiem zależności, ale też problemom aktualnym, nowym, wymagającym ujęcia gruntownego i całościowego, jakie stwarza dopiero perspektywa metafizyczna, rozpatrywana z pozycji filozofii tomistycznej. (shrink)

Présentation Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (1890-1963) était un disciple direct de Kazimierz Twardowski, fondateur de l’Ecole de Lvov-Varsovie. Le texte de 1935 a été publié en allemand dans Studia Philosophica I, pp. 1-27 sous le titre « Die syntaktische Konnexität ». C’est l’un des travaux les plus importants de Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz et la théorie du langage en général, et plus particulièrement pour le développement de la linguistique mathématique. Ce texte est aussi considéré comme fondateur pour...

The story of Abraham and Isaac belongs to the plots frequently recurring in the school drama of sixteenth century Europe. Two related texts are related in the article: Theodore de Bčze’s drama with the title Abraham sacrificanl (staged in Lausanne in 1550) and an anonymous Polish text dating from the end of the sixteenth century Ofiarowanie Izaaka [The Sacrifice of Isaac]. Both the dramas begin with the Prologue, heralding the main events of the story. The works share a three-part, biblical (...) structure (Ofiarowanie Izaaka is composed of three acts), the motif of a father’s love for his son, Abraham’s and Sarah’s care for their son, Abraham’s perplexity and finally the ending, where an angel, a pre-figuration of Christ, appears. The main differences lie in the way in which the protagonists have been grouped - the amusing characters of, among others, Achne, the servant, enrich the play with comical, realistic elements. The similarities between the two texts result not only from their chronology, the common repertoire of school theatres, and the cosmopolitan character of school education. The congruence (despite some apparent differences between the staging possibilities of Lausanne and Cracow) confirms a close relationship between Polish Renaissance drama and the culture of Western Europe and emphasizes its creative character in the presentation of Biblical plots, extending beyond the Bible. (shrink)

What would it look like for researchers to take non-human animal rights seriously? Recent discussions foster the impression that scientific practice needs to be reformed to make animal research ethical: just as there is ethically rigorous human research, so there can be ethically rigorous animal research. We argue that practically little existing animal research would be ethical and that ethical animal research is not scalable. Since animal research is integral to the existing scientific paradigm, taking animal rights seriously requires a (...) radical, wholesale reimagining of science.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05340426. (shrink)

The contemporary development of socialist economy is featured not only by high dynamics, but also by essential structural and qualitative changes. The economic policy and the socialist planning in particular tendtowards optimalization of economic growth, then to engage for its proper directions, structure and rythmicality. The every year growing national product ought to be, as it is possible, most suitable and useful for implementation of threefold objective: 1° the better satisfaction with the necessities of population, 2° the quicker modernization of (...) the national economy, and 3° the effective development of the foreign trade as well as the international cooperation.The superiority of a set of social criteria is becoming the general assumption of economic policy. A vision of the future human being and the mature society is determining prospective objectives and aims of the development as well is indicating ways and means for their realization by economic policy.The economic growth is not objective by itself, but has to serve for a comprehensive social advancement. At the same time the factors of social advancement advantageously impact the labour productivity and otherwisethey perform a role of additional stimulatives of the economic growth.The objectives of social advancement should be realized gradually basing on staging patterns of systematic raise of the living standards of the population. A hierarchy and a sequence of satisfaction with the both individual and collective necessities demand a skillful application of the criteria of the economic and social choice. We are using here the principle of social and economic rationality.Hence the factors of social advancement, involving the scientific and technical progress, belang to the fundumatel elements of the present economic and social policy. At the same time objectives and means of modern economic and social advancement are here strictly interlaced. (shrink)

This essay explores social forces which contributed to regaining independence by the Polish people and sovereignty by the Polish state after 45 years of Soviet domination There were four major factors or forces of historical change: workers' resistance (big-industry working class); intellectual opposition (dissidents); grass-roots movement (families, households and their microeconmuc activity); and the Catholic Church (in the late phase of the Polish People's Republic). The preliminary thesis is that Poland succeeded in transcending communism and Soviet domination as quickly as (...) it did thanks to its civil society traditions. In particular, universities and their intellectual influence on the young generations of Poles helped nurture the political opposition Equally, the grass-roots movement of Polish family households undermined the unrealistic, strange system of national (planned) economy, which otherwise could have lasted much longer in Poland, as it did in all of Eastem Europe. The conclusion follows that the historically formed cultural capital of the Polish people was the decisive factor in the nation's liberation from totalitarian rule. (shrink)

Modern Polish philosophy has an impressive record as a powerful, innovating tradition, in many respects parallel to but independent of the development of analytical philosophy in Britain and America. Owing to an absence of adequate translations however, the work of its leading exponents has generally only been encountered second-hand. To remedy this, Quinton and Skolimowski have translated an introduction to philosophy written by Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, probably the outstanding representative of the generation. Problems and Theories of Philosophy surveys concisely and, (...) so far as possible, systematically the main problems in epistemology and metaphysics and the most historically important of the solutions proposed to them. The book still reads freshly and displays many of the characteristic intellectual virtues of Polish philosophy: clarity and straightforwardness of presentation combined with a bracing rigour and precision. It is in no sense parochial to its Polish origins and can stand beside the classic English introductions to the subject as stimulating and lucid analysis of perennial philosophical problems and strategies. (shrink)

The volume contains almost thirty papers by Kazimierz Twardowski , the founder of the Lvov-Warsaw School. The papers are published in English for the first time. The papers concern fundamental problems of philosophy: the methods of philosophizing, the boundary of psychology and semiotics, the conceptual apparatus of metaphysics, ethical skepticism, the question of free will and ethical obligation, the aesthetics of music and so on. The systematic considerations are complemented by concise but excellent sketches of the philosophical views of (...) Socrates, Aquinas, Leibniz, Spencer, Nietzsche, and Bergson. (shrink)

Este artículo discute el problema del ser y el deber ser a la luz de la relación entre lógica deóntica y lógica de normas. Los autores se centran primeramente en las soluciones no-cognoscitivistas de Weinberger y von Wright. Luego de refutar a ambas concepciones por considerarlas fallidas, defienden una concepción no-lingüística de las normas. Según esta última, normar es una especie de acto, norma es el producto de ese acto, y enunciado normativo es la expresión de una norma. | El (...) articulo se publicó en ingles en Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie, Vol. LXXIII No. 3, 373–385. Sebastián Figueroa Rubio lo tradujo al español para Revus. (shrink)

In the first part of my paper, drawing on the works by David Heyd, I argue that, in the choices related to procreation, an autonomous decision of the woman involved should play the key role. In the relation between a healthcare professional, on the one hand, and a pregnant patient, or a patient who intends to become pregnant, on the other – the former is ethically obliged to provide proper help in the decision-making process that should nevertheless be founded on (...) the ethical ideal of a morally good person. The decision should also be informed by the conception of a morally good person endorsed by the woman . In the second part of my paper, I refer to the conception of the sanctity of human life, developed by Ronald Dworkin, to claim that, in a complex medical model, the tendency to equate the fetus with bodily organs should be curtailed as far as the relation between the pregnant woman and the fetus is concerned. The idea of the sanctity of life also serves as the ground on which what I call a ‘procreation epic’ is based. The suggested epic, viewed as a general philosophical framework for the healthcare and reproductive medicine policy, is considered relevant to democratic societies. (shrink)

Wspomnienie o Profesorze Czesławie Głombiku, badaczu filozofii polskiej.