A partir del análisis crítico que Martha Nussbaum realizara sobre la obra de Judith Butler, proponemos examinar el vínculo entre la reflexión filosófica y la práctica política en el marco del feminismo. Para ello analizaremos el modo en que cada una de estas autoras reflexiona en torno al lenguaje, las identidades, el poder, la dominación y las formas de subvertirla.

El artículo propone centrar la mirada en el “enfoque de las capacidades” desarrollado por la filósofa Martha Nussbaum, presentado como la base filosófica para una teoría de los derechos básicos de los seres humanos, cuyo respeto representa el requisito mínimo de lo que la autora entiende por dignidad humana. Las “capacidades humanas”, definidas como aquello que las personas son efectivamente capaces de hacer y ser en el marco de una vida humana digna, permitirían plantear desde esta perspectiva, la idea de (...) un mínimo social básico de justicia. (shrink)

This article is a translation into Spanish of Wendy Brown's article “Suffering rights as paradoxes,” originally published in Constellations in 2000. In this paper, the author considers the difficult relation between selected feminist ambitions and rights discourse in the United States. This translation is part of the dossier “Feminist Political Theory: Tensions, Dilemmas and Debates,” published in Las Torres de Lucca, International Journal of Political Philosophy in July 2020.

In this paper we study the notion of forcing for Łukasiewicz predicate logic (Ł∀, for short), along the lines of Robinson’s forcing in classical model theory. We deal with both finite and infinite forcing. As regard to the former we prove a Generic Model Theorem for Ł∀, while for the latter, we study the generic and existentially complete standard models of Ł∀.

We show that the complete first order theory of an MV algebra has equation image countable models unless the MV algebra is finitely valued. So, Vaught's Conjecture holds for all MV algebras except, possibly, for finitely valued ones. Additionally, we show that the complete theories of finitely valued MV algebras are equation image and that all ω-categorical complete theories of MV algebras are finitely axiomatizable and decidable. As a final result we prove that the free algebra on countably many generators (...) of any locally finite variety of MV algebras is ω-categorical. (shrink)

In this paper we prove that the category of abelian l-groups is equivalent to the category of perfect MV-algebras. Furthermore, we give a finite equational axiomatization of the variety generated by perfect MV-algebras.

In this work we introduce a class of commutative rings whose defining condition is that its lattice of ideals, augmented with the ideal product, the semi-ring of ideals, is isomorphic to an MV-algebra. This class of rings coincides with the class of commutative rings which are direct sums of local Artinian chain rings with unit.

In [9] Mundici introduced a categorical equivalence Γ between the category of MV-algebras and the category of abelian [MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL L]-groups with strong unit. Using Mundici's functor Γ, in [8] the authors established an equivalence between the category of perfect MV-algebras and the category of abelian [MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL L]-groups. Aim of the present paper is to use the above functors to provide Yosida like representations of a large class of MV-algebras.

In this paper we show that the prime ideal space of an MV-algebra is the disjoint union of prime ideal spaces of suitable local MV-algebras. Some special classes of algebras are defined and their spaces are investigated. The space of minimal prime ideals is studied as well.

Aims and background: The present work assessed the impact of two decrees on ethics committees in Italy, aimed at bringing the national laws on the conduct of clinical trials into line with the rest of the EC, and regulating and facilitating not-for-profit research.Material and methods: Prospectively collected data from an Italian multicentre study were examined with respect to the ethics review process. Administrative and time elements of the review process were audited. Main outcome measures were time between the application submission (...) and the ethics committee definitive opinion, type and number of application submission forms, number of ethics committees that refused fee exemption, and time between the ethics committee approval and the administrative authorisation.Results: A total of 134 local research ethics committees were approached. Application submission procedures and application forms varied greatly; paper submission was mandatory. The median time from submission to approval was 72 days. Only two LRECs refused the fee exemption. The median time from LREC approval to administrative agreement was 50 days and only 9.6% of local authorities came to a verbal agreement with the sponsor.Conclusions: Italian LRECs are still not sufficiently efficient in complying with the Directive 2001/20/EC requirement . Better coordination of LRECs work is needed although the optimal level of coordination between them is still not known. In the meantime, national guidelines are needed concerning the application of Directive 2001/20/EC. The behaviour of Italian LRECs towards not-for-profit research was excellent although only the fee exemption was requested. (shrink)

_Riassunto_: In questo articolo cercheremo di delineare le caratteristiche di una fenomenologia dell’attenzione incentrata sui concetti di interesse e selezione. Partiremo dall’analisi del concetto di attenzione in Husserl per poi concentrarci sulle riflessioni di William James, Alfred Schutz ed Erving Goffman che riconoscono un ruolo fondamentale dell’attenzione nei processi con cui gli attori sociali inquadrano e definiscono la realtà e, infine, analizzeremo la proposta teorica di Bernhard Waldenfels che propone un’etica dell’attenzione che è sia un’etica dell’apertura e del riconoscimento dell’altro (...) sia, soprattutto, una risposta e un antidoto alla xenologia e alla xenopolitica. _Parole chiave_: Edmund Husserl; Alfred Schutz; Bernhard Waldenfels; Fenomenologia; Attenzione _Delineating a phenomenology of attention: From Husserl to Waldenfels_ _Abstract_: In this paper we will attempt to outline a phenomenology of attention centered around the concepts of interest and selection. We will start with an analysis of Husserl’s notion of attention, then turn to the reflections of William James, Alfred Schutz and Erving Goffman, all of whom recognized the fundamental role attention plays in the processes by which social actors frame and define reality. Finally, we will consider Bernhard Waldenfels’ ethics of attention. He offers an ethics based on openness to and recognition of the other that, above all, offers both a response and an antidote to xenology and xenopolitics. _Keywords_: Edmund Husserl; Alfred Schutz; Bernhard Waldenfels; Phenomenology; Attention. (shrink)

Controversies around large-scale development projects offer many cases and insights which may be analyzed through the lenses of corporate social (_ir_)responsibility (CS_I_R) and business ethics studies. In this paper, we confront the CSR narratives and strategies of _WeBuild_ (formerly known as _Salini Impregilo_), an Italian transnational construction company. Starting from the Global Atlas of Environmental Justice (EJAtlas), we collect evidence from NGOs, environmental justice organizations, journalists, scholars, and community leaders on socio-environmental injustices and controversies surrounding 38 large hydropower schemes built (...) by the corporation throughout the last century. As a counter-reporting exercise, we code (un)sustainability discourses from a plurality of sources, looking at their discrepancy under the critical lenses of post-normal science and political ecology, with environmental justice as a normative framework. Our results show how the mismatch of narratives can be interpreted by considering the voluntary, self-reporting, non-binding nature of CSR accounting performed by a corporation wishing to grow in a global competitive market. Contributing to critical perspectives on political CS(I)R, we question the reliability of current CSR mechanisms and instruments, calling for the inclusion of complexity dimensions in and a re-politicization of CS(I)R accounting and ethics. We argue that the fields of post-normal science and political ecology can contribute to these goals. (shrink)

This essay analyzes the reflection of Alfred Schütz on music. The first part will focus on the analysis of those that for Schütz are the constitutive elements of the phenomenology of music. The second part will focus on the idea of music as a social interaction and relationship of mutual harmony. The aim of the work is to demonstrate that Schütz’s reflection on music does not constitute an isolated element within his thought process, but rather it constitutes a fundamental element (...) of his reflection because music represents in an exemplary way the structure of the social relationship. Therefore, it will be demonstrated that music is for Schütz a relationship based on the sharing of space and time, or an intersubjective sharing of reality that allows simultaneous sharing in the experiences of one’s interlocutor. (shrink)

Controversies around large-scale development projects offer many cases and insights which may be analyzed through the lenses of corporate social (_ir_)responsibility (CS_I_R) and business ethics studies. In this paper, we confront the CSR narratives and strategies of _WeBuild_ (formerly known as _Salini Impregilo_), an Italian transnational construction company. Starting from the Global Atlas of Environmental Justice (EJAtlas), we collect evidence from NGOs, environmental justice organizations, journalists, scholars, and community leaders on socio-environmental injustices and controversies surrounding 38 large hydropower schemes built (...) by the corporation throughout the last century. As a counter-reporting exercise, we code (un)sustainability discourses from a plurality of sources, looking at their discrepancy under the critical lenses of post-normal science and political ecology, with environmental justice as a normative framework. Our results show how the mismatch of narratives can be interpreted by considering the voluntary, self-reporting, non-binding nature of CSR accounting performed by a corporation wishing to grow in a global competitive market. Contributing to critical perspectives on political CS(I)R, we question the reliability of current CSR mechanisms and instruments, calling for the inclusion of complexity dimensions in and a re-politicization of CS(I)R accounting and ethics. We argue that the fields of post-normal science and political ecology can contribute to these goals. (shrink)

Il processo di riconoscimento delle cure palliative quale diritto umano individuale di base ha recentemente riscontrato una proficua quanto attesa accelerazione. Parimenti allo sviluppo tecnico dei nostri giorni non si esauriscono infatti le forme dell’umano sentire e sperare, l’esigenza e l’impeto dell’aver-cura autentico dell’altro, la risposta multidisciplinare, comunitaria e sociale che ne consegue doverosa. È quanto attesta e promuove la recente Dichiarazione di Astana sull’assistenza sanitaria primaria, nel riconoscere le cure palliative tra le forme di cura primarie oggi possibili e (...) dovute ad ogni individuo, espressione di un diritto alla salute non riconducibile a mere forme di assistenzialismo tecnico-burocratico, lontane dall’uomo e dalla vita, ma segno e presenza concreta e tangibile dell’umanità inalienabile da cui esso proviene. Ciò che accomuna in questo percorso di riscoperta e ridestazione è l’essenza della nostra umanità, il desiderio di non cadere intrappolati in una in-umanizzazione collettivizzata, assurda quanto brutale, l’umanità di un diritto alla vita, alla salute e alla sua tutela che nasce rinnovato nel cuore di ogni generazione, la consapevolezza originaria di una determinazione ontologico-esistenziale comune e condivisibile. Il problema della reciprocità del riconoscimento personale fra gli esseri umani nelle pratiche dell’aver-cura e la necessità di un’instancabile promozione di forme di presa in carico realmente globali ed affidabili permea profondamente lo stesso processo di un autentico, efficace e quanto più conforme possibile sviluppo sociale, in una comunità di uomini e di popoli che stenta a riconoscersi come tale e dove occorre innanzitutto curare la speranza affinché ne venga abitata la cura di ogni persona. (shrink)

La cura della salute è un fenomeno originario e insieme una necessità fondamentale, dinamica e non trascurabile della vita, dell’esistenza e dell’esperienza personale e comunitaria di ogni essere umano. La primarietà ontologica della cura, evidenziata anche negli studi filosofici più recenti dedicati alle pratiche dell’aver cura, richiama infatti, attraverso la dimensione co-esistentiva dell’essere insieme nel mondo l’uno con l’altro e l’uno per l’altro, alla stessa primarietà etica e al contempo politica della cura nel naturale e positivo sviluppo della struttura relazionale (...) personale e dell’esistenza condivisa. Si tratta di un processo di rilevazione e conseguente impegno nel favorire oggi concretamente percorsi di cura e umanizzazione della pratica medica e sanitaria, sia quotidiana che straordinaria, nonostante molteplici limiti e complessità rintracciabili nelle stesse pratiche contemporanee dell’aver cura, esemplificativamente ricercati e identificati in alcuni recenti lavori internazionali dal carattere necessariamente interdisciplinare. È significativo, infatti, che in alcuni rilevanti documenti circa gli sviluppi di una delle principali frontiere contemporanee dell’aver cura, come quella costituita dal processo di realizzazione, sviluppo, diffusione e promozione locale, nazionale e internazionale delle reti di cure palliative, vengano ad essere centralmente ricercati, identificati e positivamente ri-evidenziati i principali limiti, gli ostacoli e le barriere attualmente riscontrabili nello sviluppo delle reti di cure palliative; oltre alla messa in evidenza di una sempre positiva e necessaria opportunità di gettare lo sguardo verso il futuro e gli orizzonti di sviluppo della presa in carico globale della persona sofferente nelle varie fasi della malattia e in condizioni di estrema vulnerabilità percepita e vissuta. (shrink)

Si tratta di una possibilità, di una disponibilità del pensiero. Dell’orizzonte di comprensione in cui tutti noi ci muoviamo incessantemente, qualunque cosa accada. Di uno spazio interiore ininterrottamente aperto al dialogo con sé stessi, con il mondo, l’esistenza, la vita, con quanto ci accade di positivo o negativo. Il vissuto che si dischiude alla mente, spesso a lungo un cammino nel vuoto e nell’assenza di ogni intuizione, un orizzonte di libertà. Un sistema di scelte e di valori incentrato sui compiti (...) di difesa e tutela della persona umana e della sua vita in ogni sua fase è in sé buono, bello, vero; tuttavia, in particolari situazioni-limite, la scelta di adeguarvisi interiormente non è scontata: essa nasce dal pensiero, nasce dall’istante e dalla riflessione, nasce dalla comprensione e dalla qualità delle relazioni, da una libertà che è personale. Richiedere o rifiutarsi di intraprendere un percorso di cure e di accompagnamento di fine vita, non equivale inoltre a comprenderne sempre o pienamente il senso e talvolta neppure a condividerne integralmente il valore: si tratta di un a-priori del pensiero e allo stesso tempo di un percorso di ricerca individuale sempre aperto, di un compimento di libertà e di relazione, di una scelta da formare e da formarsi. Attraverso l’analisi dei vissuti interiori, delle domande, delle aspettative, delle soluzioni proposte e affrontate durante il percorso di cure palliative emerge con grande forza il ruolo determinante della speranza, la consapevolezza di una responsabilità da dover custodire nonostante la prova, il desiderio di una vita compiuta per sé e per gli altri. (shrink)

Come si può essere speranza nel tempo della tecnica? Forse può essere utile interrogare brevemente a tale proposito il pensiero, o meglio approfondire alcune riflessioni presenti nell’elaborazione filosofica di importanti pensatori del Novecento. Attraverso tale procedimento si aprirà forse una prospettiva, un piccolo spiraglio, una via d’uscita tanto per il pensiero, quanto per la comprensione contemporanea della pratica quotidiana dell’aver-cura. Non deve stupire se si rimanda a classici del pensiero filosofico, ciò che muove ogni azione, soprattutto in ambito clinico e (...) sanitario, non è forse una sempre personale visione del mondo, che ha scelto deliberatamente di aver-cura dell’altro opponendosi, per quanto possibile con tutti i mezzi della conoscenza e del cuore, ad un altrettanto diffusa visione dell’uomo che lo vede invece preda degli eventi e della caducità, al di là di ogni possibile e autentico intervento e soccorso dell’altro? Partendo dalle riflessioni circa le nozioni di “situazione-limite” e “aver-cura”, proposte rispettivamente da autori come Karl Jaspers e Martin Heidegger, è infatti possibile indicare una prospettiva teorico-pratica contemporanea circa il discorso sulla pratica di cura nel tempo della tecnica. Vedremo che i classici del pensiero del Novecento hanno ancora qualcosa da dirci, che una qualche comunicazione fra discipline differenti è ancora possibile; almeno ogni volta in cui, come nel caso della dimensione e rete di cure palliative e della presa in carico globale della persona sofferente, si avvicini l’uomo aperti alla sua realtà omnicomprensiva, soprattutto quando si parla di dolore e sofferenza, elementi comuni ad ogni uomo e ogni tempo. (shrink)

We define and study monadic MV-algebras as pairs of MV-algebras one of which is a special case of relatively complete subalgebra named m-relatively complete. An m-relatively complete subalgebra determines a unique monadic operator. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for a subalgebra to be m-relatively complete. A description of the free cyclic monadic MV-algebra is also given.

In this paper we prove that the category of abelianl-groups is equivalent to the category of perfect MV-algebras. Furthermore, we give a finite equational axiomatization of the variety generated by perfect MV-algebras.

This study aimed to investigate the student-athletes' capability to face the academic, sport, and social challenges during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown and to disclose novel aspects of dual careers. A 32-item online survey encompassing demographic characteristics, sport and university engagement, support and dual-career benefits, physical activity, sitting time, and the time deemed necessary to recover the previous level of performance was developed. Four hundred sixty-seven student-athletes (males: 57%, females: 43%) from 11 countries, competing in 49 different sports (individual: (...) 63.4%, team: 36.6%) at regional (17.5%), national (43.3%), and international (39.2%) levels, and enrolled at high school (21.9%) and university (78.1%) levels completed the survey. During the lockdown, the respondents decreased the time dedicated to sport and academics, although they maintained an active lifestyle. Student-athletes from countries under severe contagion were more likely to train at home, dedicate to academics, and receive support from the coach but less likely receive support from their teachers. With respect to their team sport counterparts, athletes competing in individual sports trained more and were more likely to receive support from their coaches. International athletes showed the highest training time and support from their coaches and as student-athletes. High school students received more support from their coaches and teachers, whereas university students were more likely considering dual careers useful to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study substantiates the relevant role of competitive sports participation in the maintenance of active lifestyles, with student-athletes considering home training and e-learning valuable resources during the lockdown. Furthermore, their sport and academic commitments helped student-athletes cope with the emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic. (shrink)

The path articulated in this paper has as its background and horizon the question of hospitality. In order to propose a re-thinking of this concept and the practices related to it, in this paper an attempt will be made to analyze the phenomenology of hostility starting from the analysis of the concepts of the stranger and the foreigner, and then focusing on the concept of community in order to outline the assumptions of a philosophy of hospitality. The thesis of this (...) work is that identity can only be defined in relation to otherness and that the latter does not come from an external dimension but from an internal dimension. In this sense, the stranger who must be welcomed is the one who is always on the verge of arriving and who in his coming always crosses the threshold, the limit that establishes the division between the inside and the outside, between the proper and the foreign. (shrink)

In this essay we will try to analyze the thought of the philosopher Giorgio Agamben on the pandemic. The aim of the work is twofold. On the one hand, we will try to demonstrate that Agamben’s positions on the pandemic are not to be understood as mere extemporaneous statements, but as integral parts of his philosophy. On the other hand, we will try to show how these positions are based on a deeply paranoid and anti-scientific vision, since Agamben believes that (...) the effects of the epidemic have been exaggerated by the centers of power in order to create a “state of exception” that allows to crumble social life and to use the fear of poverty as a tool to dominate society. We will try to demonstrate that it is precisely starting from the critique of Agamben’s positions that it is possible to rethink a philosophy and a politic to come and a new reorganization of social and intimate relations between human beings. (shrink)

In this paper we will try to reconstruct, starting from Husserl’s path, the genesis of Edith Stein’s philosophical itinerary and to show that, just in her detachment from Husserl’s orthodoxy, Stein will end up opening new paths to phenomenology and to reckon with questions left open by the father of phenomenology. Therefore, we will try to show that one of the most interesting aspects of the husserlian legacy revolves around the concepts of empathy and intersubjectivity developed in Edith Stein’s reflection. (...) Moreover, we will try to refute Paul Ricoeur’s remark that speaks of an illusion arising from all attempts of phenomenology to account for the existence of the other and, in doing so, we will see that the solution proposed by Stein is not only not disappointing at all but contributes to open the way to a phenomenology of otherness that does not merely flatten and confine the other to one’s self. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to propose a theory of pluralistic realism, i.e. a theory that presents an idea of reality that embraces multiplicity both at an ontological and epistemological level. The basic ideal of this theory is that reality is inexhaustibly multifaceted and that, therefore, the ways in which human beings can account for it are diverse and multiple. This idea of reality also implies an idea of plural truth, i.e. as an openness and acceptance of diversity and (...) difference which can act as an antidote to the resurgence of fundamentalisms and totalitarian visions of reality based on the refusal of diversity, on the lack of ethical recognition-political-social difference and on the tendency to believe that one’s own reality and therefore one’s culture, one’s nation, one’s country are objectively superior to other realities, nations, countries, cultures. In proposing the reasons for this theory we will try to integrate Mario De Caro’s philosophical proposal of a «liberalized naturalism» or «pluralistic realism» with the phenomenological perspective of Vincenzo Costa based on the idea that reality is determined on the basis of the experience of the human subject. (shrink)

The purpose of this work is to demonstrate that, since his stay in the United States in 1939, Alfred Schutz’s reflection undergoes a change of direction thanks to the study and comparison with the American pragmatist tradition and with Mead’s thought and that this influence was the starting point for the spread of phenomenology in North America.

We start from Marra–Spada duality between semisimple MV-algebras and Tychonoff spaces, and we consider the particular cases when the \-skeleta of the MV-algebras are restricted in some way. In particular we consider antiskeletal MV-algebras, that is, the ones whose \-skeleton is trivial.

We present a stronger variation of state MV-algebras, recently presented by T. Flaminio and F. Montagna, which we call state-morphism MV-algebras. Such structures are MV-algebras with an internal notion, a state-morphism operator. We describe the categorical equivalences of such state MV-algebras with the category of unital Abelian ℓ-groups with a fixed state operator and present their basic properties. In addition, in contrast to state MV-algebras, we are able to describe all subdirectly irreducible state-morphism MV-algebras.

The MV-algebra S m w is obtained from the (m+1)-valued ukasiewicz chain by adding infinitesimals, in the same way as Chang's algebra is obtained from the two-valued chain. These algebras were introduced by Komori in his study of varieties of MV-algebras. In this paper we describe the finitely generated totally ordered algebras in the variety MV m w generated by S m w . This yields an easy description of the free MV m w -algebras over one generator. We characterize (...) the automorphism groups of the free MV-algebras over finitely many generators. (shrink)

In this paper we define sheaf spaces of BL-algebras (or BL-sheaf spaces), we study completely regular and compact BL-sheaf spaces and compact representations of BL-algebras and, finally, we prove that the category of non-trivial BL-algebras is equivalent with the category of compact local BL-sheaf spaces.

Con-essere, questa forma verbale infinita dalla profonda risonanza filosofica apre ancora oggi la ricerca al cuore e all’agire relazionale dell’essere umano curante. Non solo, essa richiama la riflessione alle stesse radici della questione sociale della cura. La cura è infatti, nella sua radicalità ontologica ed esistenziale, essenzialmente sociale, cioè manifestazione storico-temporale strutturata del con-essere insieme con gli altri e per gli altri proprio dell’esserci. Sociale è la cura nella sua struttura, aperta come è costantemente alla relazione con l’altro esserci, e (...) sociale nella sua dimensione, caratterizzata da un silenzioso rimando all’essere che abita l’esistente nelle forme fattive del suo incontro, soprattutto in ambito medico e sanitario, laddove la frequentazione del limite diviene esperienza concreta e quotidiana. Carattere effettivo, fondamentale e dicibile della cura, nonché espressione della sua struttura dimensionale profondamente sociale, è così quello della responsabilità con, per e verso l’altro. Alle radici della questione sociale della cura sta infatti la percezione vivente di un con-essere originario e fondamentale che si concretizza come agire curante caratterizzato dalla presenza della responsabilità personale e comunitaria con l’altro, per l’altro e verso l’altro, una responsabilità co-originaria allo stesso sorgere della dimensione della cura. (shrink)

BL-algebras are the Lindenbaum algebras for Hájek's Basic Logic, just as Boolean algebras correspond to the classical propositional calculus. The finite totally ordered BL-algebras are ordinal sums of MV-chains. We develop a natural duality, in the sense of Davey and Werner, for each subvariety generated by a finite BL-chain, and we use it to describe the injective and the weak injective members of these classes.