While examples of bacteria benefiting eukaryotes are increasingly documented, studies examining effects of eukaryote hosts on microbial fitness are rare. Beneficial bacteria are often called “mutualistic” even if mutual reciprocity of benefits has not been demonstrated and despite the plausibility of other explanations for these microbes' beneficial effects on host fitness. Furthermore, beneficial bacteria often occur in diverse communities, making mutualism both empirically and conceptually difficult to demonstrate. We suggest reserving the terms “mutualism” and “parasitism” for pairwise interactions where the (...) relationship is largely independent of other species and can be verified by measuring the fitness effect experienced by both partners. In hosts with diverse microbial communities, we propose re‐formulating some of the essential questions of symbiosis research – e.g. concerning specificity, transmission mode, and common evolutionary fates – as questions of community ecology and ecosystem function, allowing important biological interactions to be investigated without making assumptions about reciprocity. Understanding the fitness of host‐associated bacteria is a crucial component of investigations into the role of microbes in eukaryote evolution. (shrink)

This contribution addresses the relation between (macro) hypotheses about social collectives (ranging from dyads to societies) on the one hand and (micro) hypotheses about individual actors on the other. This relation is the subject of methodological individualism (MI) and micro–macro modeling. Their ideas are first illustrated with an example: it is shown how the hypothesis that inequality is related to societal political violence can be explained by considering theories about individuals (i.e. micro theories) and relations between the macro and micro (...) factors (bridge assumptions). Next the components of micro–macro explanations are analyzed in detail. One question is whether macro and micro propositions and bridge assumptions are lawful statements, causal singular hypotheses or only correlations. It is shown that bridge assumptions can be empirical and analytical (i.e. logically true) statements. An example of the former is the impact of inequality on individual political deprivation, an example of the latter is the aggregation of individual crimes to the crime rate. After outlining the major arguments for micro–macro modeling and methodological individualism I illustrate their wide application in the social sciences. I conclude with a discussion of possible problems of micro–macro modeling and MI and a summary of the program of MI. (shrink)

Die Zeiten, da die Philosophen ganze Epochen in den Blick nahmen, um ihre Tendenzen zu charakterisieren und zu kritisieren, scheinen längst vorbei. Die hypertrophen Ansprüche der Hegelianer und Marxisten bzw. Neomarxisten sind einer kleinteiligen logischen Analyse gewichen, die an Schärfe gewinnt, was sie an umfassendem Überblick verliert.In einer solchen Situation ist es bemerkenswert, wenn der Dortmunder Philosoph Friedrich Rapp den Mut hat, an ältere Formen der Kultur- und Gesellschaftskritik anzuknüpfen, um schonungslos die Pathologien der Moderne aufzudecken. Diese Pathologien rühren seiner (...) Meinung nach daher, daß dem Freiheitsdrang des modernen Menschen keine entsprechenden konstruktiven Leistungen gegenüberstünden, die eine ordnungsstiftende Kraft hätten. Es gilt sogar: „Die Konsequenzen der maßlosen Freiheit sind ein Tabuthema." An dieses Tabu will Rapp rühren, weil die destruktiven Konsequenzen unseres Freiheitsdranges inzwischen Ausmaße erreicht haben, die zur Selbstzerstörung führen könnten. Die „Lebenslüge der Moderne" bestehe darin, dies nicht sehen zu wollen. (shrink)

Background This paper addresses sedation at the end of life. The use of sedation is often seen as a last resort for patients whose death is imminent and whose symptoms cannot be treated in any other way. This paper asks how to assess constellations, where patients want to hasten their death by refusing (further) life-sustaining treatment, or by voluntarily stopping eating and drinking (VSED), and wish this to be accompanied by sedation. Argument We argue that sedation is ethically and legally (...) permissible not only as a last resort, but in principle. Furthermore, we see a clear obligation to sedate in cases of acute suffering of any kind, while in some other constellations individual physicians’ objections to supposedly premature or unnecessary sedation must be respected. Such possible reservations should, however, be reconsidered in light of the fundamental ethical and legal right to a self-determined death. Conclusion In general, sedation practices should be less restrictive, and existing guidelines should be revised accordingly. (shrink)

A critique of algorithmic rationalisation offers at best some initial reasons and preliminary ideas. Critique is understood as a reflection on validity. It is limited to an “epistemological investigation” of the limits of the calculable or of what appears “knowable” in the mode of the algorithmic. The argumentation aims at the mathematical foundations of computer science and goes back to the so-called “foundational crisis of mathematics” at the beginning of the 20th century with the attempt to formalise concepts such as (...) calculability, decidability and provability. The Gödel theorems and Turing’s halting problem prove to be essential for any critical approach to “algorithmic rationalisation”. Both, however, do not provide unambiguous results, at best they run towards what later became known as “Gödel’s disjunction”. The chosen path here, however, suggests the opposite way, insofar as, on the one hand, the topos of creativity appear constitutive for what can be regarded as cognitive “algorithmic rationalisation” and which encounters systematic difficulties in the evaluation of non-trivial results. On the other hand, the investigations lead to a comparison between the “mediality” of formally generated structures, which have to distinguish between object-and metalanguages, and the “volatile” differentiality of human thought, which calls for syntactically non-simulatable sense structures. (shrink)

Schmerzen, körperliche Erschöpfung, Erosionen oder Spuren zeitlichen Verfalls und ähnliches verweisen auf Erfahrungen, die sich diskursiver Einholung nicht ohne weiteres fügen. Mit dem Formlosen, der bloßen Materialität oder dem Chaos assoziiert, widersetzen sie sich den generellen Begriffen des Textes und des Verstehens. Zudem verweigern sie sich ihrer Entschlüsselung als Konstruktion - im Sinne ihrer begrifflichen Bezeichnung und Unterscheidung - wie auch ihrer Inszenierung als einer ästhetischen Praxis, weil sie in allen ihren Hervorbringungen als eine nicht aufgehende Heterogenität immer schon mitschwingen. (...) Denn es gibt keine Arbeit ohne den Rest, keinen Diskurs ohne das Nichteinholbare oder Undarstellbare, keine Technik ohne Versagen, kein Denken ohne die Widerständigkeit der Dinge, worin sie ebenso sehr verwickelt sind, wie sie diese verleugnen. Posthermeneutik ist der Versuch, diese 'andere', 'negative' Seite neu zu denken - und damit das mit einzubeziehen, was nicht Verstehen ist, aber ins Verstehen eingeht, was nicht Zeichen ist, aber notwendige Voraussetzung aller Zeichenprozesse bleibt, was nicht Sinn ist, aber die Bedeutungen stört, was nicht Medium ist, aber alle Medialität mitprägt. (shrink)

Vorwort - I. EINFUHRUNG IN DEN PROBLEMBEREICH EINER SPEKULATIVEN LOGIK. Werner Flach. Die dreifache Stellung des Denkens zur Objektivitat und das Problem der spekulativen Logik - Leo Lugarini. Die Bedeutung des Problems des Ganzen in der Hegelschen Logik - Pavel Apostol. Wie ist die Entwicklung einer logica humana im Rahmen der Darlegung der logica divina in Hegels Wissenschaft der Logik moglich? II. STRUKTURPROBLEME DER WISSENSCHAFT DER LOGIK. Peter Rohs. Der Grund der Bewegung des Begriffs - Josef Simon. Die Bewegung des (...) Begriffs in Hegels Logik. - Werner Becker. Das Problem der Selbstanwendung im Kategorienverstandnis der dialektischen Logik - Reiner Wiehl. Selbstbeziehung und Selbstanwendung dialektischer Kategorien - Michael Kosok. The Dialectical Matrix or Hegel's Absolute Idea as Pure Method - David Lachterman. Response to Prof. M. Kosok's Lecture - Manfred Wetzel. Zum Verhaltnis von Darstellung und Dialektik in Hegels Wissenschaft der Logik III. ANALYSEN ZUR LOGIK DES WESENS. Dominique Dubarle. La logique de la reflexion et la transition de la logique de l'etre a celle de l'essence - Dieter Henrich. Hegels Logik der Reflexion. Neue Fassung - David Lachterman. Response to Prof. D. Henrich: Hegels Logik der Reflexion - Yvon Belaval. L'essence de la force dans la logique de Hegel. Print-on-Demand-Nachdruck der Ausgabe von 1978.". (shrink)

In media philosophy since Benjamin, the concept of medium is conceived in terms of »translation« or »transport«. In a similar vein, Christoph Tholen has brought the literal sense of »metaphor« as »meta-pherein« into focus. In my paper I argue that Tholen’s approach misses the »meta« of »metaphor«, corresponding to the Latin »trans«. This is contrasted with the greek »dia« that allows the development of a performative notion of medium, which orients itself at material practices of transition.

Is causal analysis an appropriate method to discover causal laws? Some prerequisites for any successful application of mathematical causal models are worked out and discussed. It can be shown that these prerequisites cannot be fulfilled by present models and there are strong reasons to assume that they cannot be satisfied by any model. Therefore causal analysis will probably be of no importance for the discovery of causal laws in sociology.

Name der Zeitschrift: Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie Jahrgang: 65 Heft: 2 Seiten: 302-336.

Name der Zeitschrift: Frühmittelalterliche Studien Jahrgang: 49 Heft: 1 Seiten: 363-390.