Recent controversies about the level of replicability of behavioral research analyzed using statistical inference have cast interest in developing more efficient techniques for analyzing the results of psychological experiments. Here we claim that complementing the analytical workflow of psychological experiments with Machine Learning-based analysis will both maximize accuracy and minimize replicability issues. As compared to statistical inference, ML analysis of experimental data is model agnostic and primarily focused on prediction rather than inference. We also highlight some potential pitfalls resulting from (...) adoption of Machine Learning based experiment analysis. If not properly used it can lead to over-optimistic accuracy estimates similarly observed using statistical inference. Remedies to such pitfalls are also presented such and building model based on cross validation and the use of ensemble models. ML models are typically regarded as black boxes and we will discuss strategies aimed at rendering more transparent the predictions. (shrink)

The present paper is meant to summarise and enlighten the theoretical implications of the twin theories of text comprehension and of text compression. Compatibility and non-exclusiveness of particle-like analysis of language and wave-like analysis of intentionality are also demonstrated within the newly established quantum linguistics framework. The informative state of language is viewed as being relatively stable; once activated and subject to motion, therefore reaching a communicative state, different phenomena occur, which may be observed, analysed and visualised through CPP-TRS observational (...) devices. Relativity theory may therefore be organised in terms of quanta with continuity and no contradiction. (shrink)

In two papers earlier in his career, Siméon Rajaona—one of Madagascar's most famous intellectuals—argues that Westerners have tended to distort the Malagasy worldview by interpolating Western notions into their understanding of it. As a result, the authentic characteristics of the Malagasy mind have been missed by many in the West. He claims that when compared to Westerners, Malagasy have a distinct notion of truth, a different style of reasoning, a different conceptual connection with the world, and a distinct ethical system. (...) His work on this topic is pioneering and insightful. We think that Rajaona is correct on some points but that others are overestimated. In the essay, we explain his work and raise challenges for most of his claims and express agreement with him in parts. While we express skepticism about his claims involving truth, reasoning, and conceptual connection, we agree with him that there is a distinctive Malagasy ethics, though it has analogues in the West. At the end of the paper, we sketch what we take to be distinct elements in the Malagasy worldview relative to Rajaona’s claims. (shrink)

This paper is a contribution to our understanding of the technical concept of given in Greek mathematical texts. By working through mathematical arguments by Menaechmus, Euclid, Apollonius, Heron and Ptolemy, I elucidate the meaning of given in various mathematical practices. I next show how the concept of given is related to the terms discussed by Marinus in his philosophical discussion of Euclid’s Data. I will argue that what is given does not simply exist, but can be unproblematically assumed or produced (...) through some effective procedure. Arguments by givens are shown to be general claims about constructibility and computability. The claim that an object is given is related to our concept of an assignment—what is given is available in some uniquely determined, or determinable, way for future mathematical work. (shrink)

Reflection on the natural/artificial, real/imaginary, subjective/objective dicotomies is increasingly the subject of debate on systems of communication, which make more and more widespread use of expert and/or intelligent advanced technologies.This paper analyses different forms of communication operating in a socio-technical system. The analysis is concerned with changes in creativity and participation of the human being in the decision and production processes within various contexts of social life. It is thus important to verify the possibility of an interpolation between vital world, (...) social system, and information technologies in order to understand a possible interrelation between therational and therelational components in the presentsocio-technical system. (shrink)

This paper explores the «nature» of street art, highlighting its innovative features, the new socio-political status, and the differences between this emerging art form and dominant trends in contemporary visual art. This examination builds on the premise that artistic phenomena can only be considered from a critical perspective that situates questioning within a historical and specific gaze. Therefore, my aim is not to place this art movement within categorial boundaries, identifying the necessary and eternally true characteristics of street art, but (...) to identify the motives and tendencies that constitute it as a movement that runs against the dominant orientations in contemporary art. Building on this comparative analysis, the construens part of this paper explores the salient features of street art more thoroughly and more extensively, through an examination of the works of certain street artists. (shrink)

In this paper, I present an interpretation of the use of constructions in both the problems and theorems of Elements I–VI, in light of the concept of given as developed in the Data, that makes a distinction between the way that constructions are used in problems, problem-constructions, and the way that they are used in theorems and in the proofs of problems, proof-constructions. I begin by showing that the general structure of a problem is slightly different from that stated by (...) Proclus in his commentary on the Elements. I then give a reading of all five postulates, Elem. I.post.1–5, in terms of the concept of given. This is followed by a detailed exhibition of the syntax of problem-constructions, which shows that these are not practical instructions for using a straightedge and compass, but rather demonstrations of the existence of an effective procedure for introducing geometric objects, which procedure is reducible to operations of the postulates but not directly stated in terms of the postulates. Finally, I argue that theorems and the proofs of problems employ a wider range of constructive and semi- and non-constructive assumptions that those made possible by problems. (shrink)

Il soggetto empirico indagato dagli psicologi trattiene forti legami con il soggetto puro indagato dai fenomenologi. Ne deriva il paradosso di una differenza che è insieme identità. L’analisi fenomenologica allora potrebbe assumere presupposti naturalistici, esito che Husserl ha decisamente escluso, affermando invece la necessità dell’epoché, della ricerca eidetica e il primato della coscienza intenzionale. Le ricerche che vertono sulla coscienza vedono oggi consumarsi un contrasto tra i sostenitori dell’embodiment, secondo cui le neuroscienze sono in grado di spiegare a sufficienza i (...) fenomeni psichici, e i fenomenologi, i quali, basandosi sul concetto husserliano di hyle, configurano una soggettività sensoriale, ovvero una coscienza legata strettamente all’esperienza sensibile. La ricerca di scientificità nel primo caso giunge attraverso le scienze della complessità alla matematizzazione della psiche, mentre nel secondo caso i fenomenologi si appoggiano ai progressi delle neuroscienze. (shrink)

Summary By using the example of a single proposition and its diagrams, this paper makes explicit a number of the processes in effect in the textual transmission of works in the exact sciences of the ancient and medieval periods. By examining the diagrams of proposition 13 as they appear in the Greek, Arabic, and Latin traditions of Aristarchus's On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon, we can see a number of ways in which medieval, and early modern, (...) scholars interpreted their sources in an effort to understand and transmit canonical ancient texts. This study highlights the need for modern scholars to take into consideration all aspects of the medieval transmission in our efforts to understand ancient practices. (shrink)

This article seeks to examine Ricœur's reflection on metaphor through an intertextual reading. This reading relates The Rule of Metaphor (1975) with lines of thought developed in a series of lectures held at the Centre de recherches phénoménologiques in Paris, from 1973–1974, on the theme From Language to Image, and an essay which appeared in 1978, “The Metaphorical Process as Cognition, Imagination and Feeling”. This work starts with an analysis of Ricœur's interpretation of the Aristotelian theory of metaphor, a theory (...) which the French philosopher principally develops in The Rule of Metaphor. In the other two papers, Ricœur develops his metaphorology through a dialogue with Kant and he reformulates in linguistic terms the doctrine of productive imagination and transcendental schematism, which become the ontological sphere on which metaphorical and narrative activity are founded. Through the long journey of language, Ricœur's hermeneutics builds a bridge between Aristotle and Kant. This article examines this link to understand and explain further, also at the epistemological level, the relationship between metaphor and narrative. (shrink)

Es mag überraschen, in einer der Religion und Offenbarung gewidmeten Schrift ein einleitendes Kapitel moralischen Inhalts zu finden: Die »Theorie des Willens«, die bedeutendste Erweiterung in der zweiten Auflage der Offenbarungskritik. Die Einschiebung dieses Kapitels macht die Beziehung zwischen Moral und Religion noch deutlicher, wodurch sich Fichte auf eine charakteristische Tendenz der deutschen Aufklärung bezieht. Ein erster Grund dieser fichteschen Stellungnahme liegt in der geistigen Bildung des jungen Gelehrten, der zur moralischen Thematik und zur Begeisterung für Kants moralisches System aus (...) einem ursprünglichen theologischen und religiösen Interesse heraus kommt: In den unmittelbar der Offenbarungskritik vorangehenden Jahren ist dieses Interesse besonders dem Problem der Gnade und der menschlichen Freiheit gewidmet. Ich beschränke mich auf die drei wichtigsten Schriften der jugendlichen fichteschen Periode, oder besser der sogenannten »vorkantischen« Periode, die Predigten An Mariä Verkündigung und Ueber die Absichten des Todes Jesu und das Fragment Einige Aphorismen über Religion und Deismus ; in all diesen Schriften ist die Annahme der sich auf den Menschen auswirkenden Gnade Gottes, die ihm Versöhnungs- und fortschreitende Annäherungsgelegenheiten zur moralischen Vollkommenheit gibt, der Bedingung unterworfen, daß der Mensch von seiner moralischen Verantwortlichkeit nicht abgehalten wird, daß er sich sozusagen nicht einer untätigen Erwartung des göttlichen Gefallens überläßt. Er soll dagegen, je nach der Wohltat, die er von Gott bekommen hat, das Bessere anstreben, und das ist auch das Kriterium, wonach Gott ihn beurteilen wird. Dieses aktive Bemühen um die eigene Rettung kann aber nur aus der Beachtung und aus dem Gehorsam gegenüber der Stimme des eigenen Gewissens, und nicht aus der Ausübung einer nur formalen Gerechtigkeit oder aus der Befolgung besonderer Kultusformen hervorgehen. Wie Fichte mit ausdrücklichem Bezug auf Paulus behauptet, wird man vor Gott nicht durch Werke gerechtfertigt, sondern durch die Ausübung eines Glaubens, der in seiner vollkommensten Form von der christlichen Religion vertreten wird und vor allem ein und dasselbe mit einer »Verfassung der Seele« ist; das führt zu jener »genauen Beobachtung unsrer eignen Seele«, die uns erlaubt, die von Gott in unsere Seele gebrachten Veranlassungen zur moralischen Besserung mit Klarheit zu erfassen. Die wahre Religion hat die Rolle, die Sinnlichkeit auszurotten und die »sanften Neigungen des Menschen, Güte, Sanftmuth, Gefälligkeit« zu erwecken: Fichte spricht von einer »Religion des Herzens«, aus dessen Güte und Wohlwollen eine »warme, lebendige Überzeugung« kommt, die auf ein inneres »Gefühl des Guten« gegründet ist und die religiöse Wahrheiten zur moralischen Triebfeder macht. In den kurz nach der Lektüre der ersten Kritik Kants geschriebenen Aphorismen ist das Gleichgewicht zwischen intellektuellen und sinnlichen Bestandteilen durch den von Fichte hervorgehobenen Widerspruch zwischen dem Gesichtspunkt des Herzens und den Forderungen der Spekulation in Frage gestellt: In der Spekulation würde man verlangen, eine rein vernünftige Erklärung des Glaubens zu geben, dessen innigste Natur aber, als der Bestrebung zu einem vertrauten und persönlichen zuerst auf die Empfindung gegründeten Verhältnis zu Gott einer solchen Beanspruchung eben nicht gerecht werden kann. Nur der von Kant herausgestellte Unterschied zwischen praktischer und spekulativer Vernunft wird Fichte die Mittel für die Überwindung dieses Widerspruchs geben, und damit auch die Möglichkeit, die Harmonie zwischen Philosophie und Religion wieder zu bestätigen: In einer bemerkenswerten Stelle der Aphorismen sieht Fichte nämlich eine völlige Übereinstimmung zwischen der kantischen Kritik und den Grundsätzen der Apostel über die Grenze der menschlichen Vernunft in den Untersuchungen der Glaubensdinge. (shrink)

Es mag überraschen, in einer der Religion und Offenbarung gewidmeten Schrift ein einleitendes Kapitel moralischen Inhalts zu finden: Die »Theorie des Willens«, die bedeutendste Erweiterung in der zweiten Auflage der Offenbarungskritik. Die Einschiebung dieses Kapitels macht die Beziehung zwischen Moral und Religion noch deutlicher, wodurch sich Fichte auf eine charakteristische Tendenz der deutschen Aufklärung bezieht. Ein erster Grund dieser fichteschen Stellungnahme liegt in der geistigen Bildung des jungen Gelehrten, der zur moralischen Thematik und zur Begeisterung für Kants moralisches System aus (...) einem ursprünglichen theologischen und religiösen Interesse heraus kommt: In den unmittelbar der Offenbarungskritik vorangehenden Jahren ist dieses Interesse besonders dem Problem der Gnade und der menschlichen Freiheit gewidmet. Ich beschränke mich auf die drei wichtigsten Schriften der jugendlichen fichteschen Periode, oder besser der sogenannten »vorkantischen« Periode, die Predigten An Mariä Verkündigung und Ueber die Absichten des Todes Jesu und das Fragment Einige Aphorismen über Religion und Deismus ; in all diesen Schriften ist die Annahme der sich auf den Menschen auswirkenden Gnade Gottes, die ihm Versöhnungs- und fortschreitende Annäherungsgelegenheiten zur moralischen Vollkommenheit gibt, der Bedingung unterworfen, daß der Mensch von seiner moralischen Verantwortlichkeit nicht abgehalten wird, daß er sich sozusagen nicht einer untätigen Erwartung des göttlichen Gefallens überläßt. Er soll dagegen, je nach der Wohltat, die er von Gott bekommen hat, das Bessere anstreben, und das ist auch das Kriterium, wonach Gott ihn beurteilen wird. Dieses aktive Bemühen um die eigene Rettung kann aber nur aus der Beachtung und aus dem Gehorsam gegenüber der Stimme des eigenen Gewissens, und nicht aus der Ausübung einer nur formalen Gerechtigkeit oder aus der Befolgung besonderer Kultusformen hervorgehen. Wie Fichte mit ausdrücklichem Bezug auf Paulus behauptet, wird man vor Gott nicht durch Werke gerechtfertigt, sondern durch die Ausübung eines Glaubens, der in seiner vollkommensten Form von der christlichen Religion vertreten wird und vor allem ein und dasselbe mit einer »Verfassung der Seele« ist; das führt zu jener »genauen Beobachtung unsrer eignen Seele«, die uns erlaubt, die von Gott in unsere Seele gebrachten Veranlassungen zur moralischen Besserung mit Klarheit zu erfassen. Die wahre Religion hat die Rolle, die Sinnlichkeit auszurotten und die »sanften Neigungen des Menschen, Güte, Sanftmuth, Gefälligkeit« zu erwecken: Fichte spricht von einer »Religion des Herzens«, aus dessen Güte und Wohlwollen eine »warme, lebendige Überzeugung« kommt, die auf ein inneres »Gefühl des Guten« gegründet ist und die religiöse Wahrheiten zur moralischen Triebfeder macht. In den kurz nach der Lektüre der ersten Kritik Kants geschriebenen Aphorismen ist das Gleichgewicht zwischen intellektuellen und sinnlichen Bestandteilen durch den von Fichte hervorgehobenen Widerspruch zwischen dem Gesichtspunkt des Herzens und den Forderungen der Spekulation in Frage gestellt: In der Spekulation würde man verlangen, eine rein vernünftige Erklärung des Glaubens zu geben, dessen innigste Natur aber, als der Bestrebung zu einem vertrauten und persönlichen zuerst auf die Empfindung gegründeten Verhältnis zu Gott einer solchen Beanspruchung eben nicht gerecht werden kann. Nur der von Kant herausgestellte Unterschied zwischen praktischer und spekulativer Vernunft wird Fichte die Mittel für die Überwindung dieses Widerspruchs geben, und damit auch die Möglichkeit, die Harmonie zwischen Philosophie und Religion wieder zu bestätigen: In einer bemerkenswerten Stelle der Aphorismen sieht Fichte nämlich eine völlige Übereinstimmung zwischen der kantischen Kritik und den Grundsätzen der Apostel über die Grenze der menschlichen Vernunft in den Untersuchungen der Glaubensdinge. (shrink)

Theodosius Sphaerica: Arabic and Medieval Latin Translations. Edited by Paul Kunitzsch and Richard Lorch. Boethius, vol. 62. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2010. Pp. vii + 431. €64.

The question of the mimesis metaphorike in Aristotle is developed, in the interpretative perspective of this work, through an itinerary that defines it in relation to poetical thought, ontology and in its gnoseological and epistemological aspects. The pages that the philosopher has explicitly dedicated to the metaphor might be considered as examples in a sort of reflection-guide to understand the link existing, according to Aristotle, between language, thought and being. At the same time they offer a fundamental theoretical element to (...) proceed in the search for that unity by analogy that has occupied a great part of the Aristotelian interpretative tradition. The hermeneutical perspective of this work represents a critical position in relation to the most common interpretations of the theory of the metaphor in Aristotle (that explain it in linguistic-semiotic terms) and tries to retrieve and bring to light the metaphysical horizon and the “referentialist” vocation that mark the reflection of the Greek philosopher. Yet, notwithstanding this background, Aristotle’s reflection manages to generate a realism that is not quashed in the opposition object-subject, inner world-outside world, but that is able, even today, to offer fundamental parameters to think of the relationship between language, world and thought in terms that are not any longer those of a world defined through a totalising linguistic dimension. In this sense, the Aristotelian doctrine of the metaphor constitutes today a fundamental theoretical paradigm to think deep and critically the kind of relation that might exist between arts and truth and, also, between language and world. (shrink)

This paper is a contribution to our understanding of the constructive nature of Greek geometry. By studying the role of constructive processes in Theodoius’s Spherics, we uncover a difference in the function of constructions and problems in the deductive framework of Greek mathematics. In particular, we show that geometric problems originated in the practical issues involved in actually making diagrams, whereas constructions are abstractions of these processes that are used to introduce objects not given at the outset, so that their (...) properties can be used in the argument. We conclude by discussing, more generally, ancient Greek interests in the practical methods of producing diagrams. (shrink)

Este artigo reconstrói as objeções dirigidas por Amy Allen ao modelo de sujeição contido nopensamento de Judith Butler. Em suas obras The Power of the Feminist Theory (1999) e The Politics ofOur Selves (2008), Allen atribui fragilidades políticas ao modelo de Butler em função do destinoinevitavelmente subordinante vinculado aos processos de sujeição. Apesar de suas críticas, entretanto,questionamos a capacidade de Allen superar por completo as consequências negativas vinculadas àtese da “subordinação necessária”, o que poderia comprometer seu próprio modelo de resistênciadesenvolvido (...) em The Politics of Our Selves. Ao final, defendemos a reinserção de componenteselementares de um conceito comunicativo de ação política que perde centralidade na obra da autoraentre os anos de 1999 e 2008, o que ajuda a conceber margens mais amplas para a transformaçãopolítica dos laços sociais marcados pela subordinação de gênero e o seu lugar nos processos deformação subjetiva. (shrink)

In an era characterized by fast technological progress that introduces new unpredictable scenarios every day, working in the law field may appear very difficult, if not supported by the right tools. In this respect, some systems based on Artificial Intelligence methods have been proposed in the literature, to support several tasks in the legal sector. Following this line of research, in this paper we propose a novel method, called PRILJ, that identifies paragraph regularities in legal case judgments, to support legal (...) experts during the redaction of legal documents. Methodologically, PRILJ adopts a two-step approach that first groups documents into clusters, according to their semantic content, and then identifies regularities in the paragraphs for each cluster. Embedding-based methods are adopted to properly represent documents and paragraphs into a semantic numerical feature space, and an Approximated Nearest Neighbor Search method is adopted to efficiently retrieve the most similar paragraphs with respect to the paragraphs of a document under preparation. Our extensive experimental evaluation, performed on a real-world dataset provided by EUR-Lex, proves the effectiveness and the efficiency of the proposed method. In particular, its ability of modeling different topics of legal documents, as well as of capturing the semantics of the textual content, appear very beneficial for the considered task, and make PRILJ very robust to the possible presence of noise in the data. (shrink)

Throughout his different attempts Deligny never ceased outwitting the function of education. He preferred the verb « to permit », an infinitive allowing him to sidestep the majority posture expected from one who knows the model and its failures. By his tracing of maps among other things, he replaces the gaze that sees nothing but sad deficiencies in these others with a gaze that could encounter the force and singularity of different relations to the world. How does this position upset (...) the way that anthropologists address themselves to others and establish the relations between heterogeneous worlds ? To what extent could these experiments among the singular inhabitants of the Cevennes constitute an antidote to the standardization that too often speaks, sees and feels in the anthropologists ? Practical and political questions brought up to date by the phrase « nearby stranger ».. (shrink)