Impressions, energy radiated by phenomena in the momentary environmental scene, enter sensory neurons, creating in afferent nerves a data stream. Following Kant, by our inner sense the mind perceives its own thoughts as it ties together sense data into an internalized scene. The mind, residing in the brain, logically a Language Machine, processes and stores items as coded grammatical entities. Kantian synthetic unity in the linguistic brain is able to deliver our experience of the scene as we appear to see (...) it. Uniquely, the brain records its own history, synthesizing a Movie-in-the-Brain, called the Noumenal Cosmos. Attempting thereby to represent the actual Universe, this makes for a sovereign brain that governs itself. The brain is domicile of an Ego, with its selfhood at stake at all times. Yet, it can know itself only by its actions, in which it appears as an actor in its own movie. Phenomena enter garbled, as confused apparitions, and must be put in good form using top–down feedback control by Ego, so that each movie frame makes rational sense within the overall context of the Noumenal Cosmos. A stack of frames is processed typically in 40 Hz rhythm with 300 ms process time each, for about 12 in the stack at any time. Successive neural centers are processing the stack in the brain assembly line, based on data from increasingly global receptive fields. Ego stitches together the movie frames, but only the top frame is in consciousness for 25 ms. The top frame contains the whole scene where the Ego makes an appearance as the actor that imposes Kantian synthetic unity on the scene, merely an assembly of grammatical texts, in a system-internal coded process language, fitting the scene into the Noumenal Cosmos. But Ego observes Ego only to the extent permitted by the objectivity rule, only what it does and thinks, not its true face. From the Noumenal Cosmos, the Ego receives grammatical messages in the internal sense code. They are integrated into a whole in the reaction of the Ego to the momentary scene. The voluntary nature of Ego’s decisions is explained, based on its ability to code in advance its own actions sequentially in time, as it sees fit with a view to an orderly Noumenal Cosmos, records of code being arranged spatially in neural structures. (shrink)

The present article is devoted to the second part of chapter 10 of Aristotle’s De interpretatione (20 a 16-40), which mainly deals with the logical relations between statements whose predicate is finite (i. e., of the affirmative form “is P”) and statements whose predicate is infinite (i. e., of the negative form “is not-P”). I attempt to show that this part of the chapter contains both a section the text of which is corrupt (20 a 20-23) and a section which (...) is misplaced (20 a 37-40). In the former section the likely false reading of the manuscripts τῇ δὲ … ἡ ἀντι- κειμένη ὅτι … (“while from ‘…’ the opposite [statement follows] that …”) should be corrected into ἡ δὲ … τῇ ἀντικειμένῃ ὅτι … (“while ‘…’ [follows] from the opposite [statement] that …”), and the latter section should be placed immediately after the former, with which it is intimately connected. (shrink)

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Die Forschung bemüht sich zurzeit intensiv um die Rezeption Augustins im Geistesleben der vergangenen Jahrhunderte. Man denke nur an das große von Karla Pollmann geleitete Projekt des ŽOxford Guide to the Historical Reception of AugustineŽ. In der vorliegenden Abhandlung wird der erste Versuch unternommen, Augustins Wirkgeschichte auf den Konzilien in den Blick zu bekommen. Was die sogenannten ökumenischen Konzilien angeht, so bemühen wir uns um Vollständigkeit, hinsichtlich der partikularen konzentrieren wir uns auf die altkirchlichen, die mittelalterlichen vor der morgenländischen Kirchenspaltung (...) und die neuzeitlichen aus der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. (shrink)

Konzilssynopsen sind Texte, in denen die Serie der von der Kirche rezipierten ökumenischen Konzilien vorgestellt wird. Weil es solche Texte praktisch nur in der Ostkirche gibt, ist die Frage interessant, wie westliche Theologen auf diese Synopsen reagierten. Der Aufsatz untersucht zwei Beispiele solcher Reaktion aus dem 12. und 13. Jahrhundert, bei Balduin von Canterbury, dem jüngst der bisher als anonym geltende Liber de sectis haereticorum zugeschrieben werden konnte, und bei einem Anonymus aus dem Dominikanerorden, dem Verfasser eines einflussreichen Contra Graecos.

Die jüngst erschienenen „Carnets du concile" von Henri de Lubac, dem großen Wegbereiter des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils, gehören zu den interessantesten Tagebüchern, die über dieses Konzil verfasst wurden. Zum 3. Oktober 1965 notiert dort der Jesuit, dass der Weg, auf dem der Geist Gottes sich zwischen dem kurialistischen und säkularistischen Integrismus Bahn bricht, doch außerordentlich schmal ist. Der Artikel zeigt auf, wie es im Laufe des Konzils schließlich zu dieser Einschätzung des Tagebuchschreibers gekommen ist.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

T. 1. Zusammenhänge, Ideen, Erkenntnisse.

In dem von Aristoteles zur Bezeichnung dessen, was wir einen Aussage- oder Behauptungssatz nennen, gewählten Ausdruck logos apophantikos hat das Wort logos eine Bedeutung, die weiter ist als die Bedeutung des deutschen Wortes ›Satz‹. Der Definition zufolge, die Aristoteles in De interpretatione 4 aufstellt, ist ein logos nämlich »eine etwas bedeutende stimmliche Äußerung, von deren Teilen einer eigenständig etwas bedeutet, und zwar als ein Ausdruck, der etwas sagt, nicht als einer, der etwas aussagt «. Unter den in dieser Weise definierten (...) Begriff des logos fallen außer Sätzen einerseits auch Wortgruppen von der Art des Ausdrucks »schönes Pferd« oder des den Begriff des Menschen definierenden Ausdrucks »zweifüßiges Land-Lebewesen« und andererseits auch ganze Texte, wie z. B. die Ilias. (shrink)

The paper deals with the question of how the claim that nothing impossible follows from what is possible, which serves as the second premise of Diodorus' Master Argument, should be properly understood. In the first part I attempt to show that the interpretation of the thesis in the form of the following implication as suggested by R. Gaskin is not tenable: "If A and non-A follows from {A} plus the set Sigma, then not possible A follows from Sigma alone" In (...) the second part I discuss a reconstruction of the Master Argument which adopts A. N. Prior's interpretation of the said thesis in form of the modal-logical theorem "If it is necessary that , then " but modifies Prior's suggested reconstruction in a way which should make it more plausible. (shrink)

In this paper I shall attempt to show that the difference which Boethius has in mind when distinguishing between conditional and simple necessity in the fifth book of Philosophiae Consolatio is not, as already Thomas Aquinas presumed, the difference between a necessitas consequentiae and the corresponding necessitas consequentis, but rather the difference between the necessity of a given state of affairs which is necessary in the sense that at the moment of its existence its present existence is unchangeable, and the (...) necessity of a given state of affairs which is necessary in the sense that even prior to the moment of its existence its future existence is unavoidable. (shrink)