In the nearly 30 years since Premack and Woodruff famously asked, “Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?”, the question of exactly how much non‐human primates understand about the mental lives of others has had an unusually dramatic history. As little as ten years ago it appeared that the answer would be a simple one, with early investigations of non‐human primates’ mentalistic abilities yielding a steady stream of negative findings. Indeed, by the mid‐1990s even very cautious researchers were ready (...) to flatly assert that Theory of Mind was a uniquely human capacity. Recently, however, an exciting new theoretical perspective on primate social cognition has arisen, and with it the distinct possibility that our evolutionary relatives may understand far more of the social world than we previously believed. In this paper we review new theory and evidence suggesting that non‐human primates may indeed represent the mental states of others, at least within the domains for which their distinctive social ecology has prepared them. Having asserted that Premack and Woodruff's original question can be answered with a qualified yes, we then consider the new questions that arise in its place, particularly how and why our own Theory of Mind became more domain‐general than that of other primates. (shrink)

Increasingly, companies implement social and environmental standards as instruments towards corporate social responsibility in supply chains. This is based on the assumption that such standards increase legitimacy among stakeholders. Yet, a wide variety of standards with different requirement levels exist and companies might tend to introduce the ones with low exigencies, using them as a legitimacy front. This strategy jeopardizes the reputation of social and environmental standards among stakeholders and their long-term trust in these instruments of CSR, meaning that all (...) expenses for their implementation are of no avail for the companies. Therefore, this paper highlights which criteria are important for the selection, implementation and improvement in order to achieve a company's aim, but also to strengthen the legitimacy of social and environmental standards. This research is based on conceptual thought and some existing empirical research, comparing four different social and environmental standards, revealing weaknesses and strengths. It exposes the basic conditions for the success of such standards among stakeholders and identifies the need for more empirical data. (shrink)

Epistemic impairment has been the decisive yardstick when excluding infants from political agency. One of the suggestions to bypass the epistemic requirement of political agency and to encourage the inclusion of infants in representative democracies is to resort to proxies or surrogates who share or advocate interests which may be coincidental with their interests. However, this solution is far from desirable, given that it privileges the political agency of parents, guardians and trustees over other adult citizens. This article offers an (...) alternative to this conceptual frame of reference by making a case for the political agency of infants. Firstly, it maintains that political agency can be understood in terms of the several facets involved in political representation. Secondly, it claims that the all-affected principle can be reformulated as an ‘infant-affected-interests principle’ in light of which infants are members of the class of the represented. Thirdly, it explores the ways through which this political agency can occur without having to resort to alternative conceptions of representation. The conclusion ascertains that infant enfranchisement is highly undesirable and that there are more viable forms to promote infant political agency, such as virtual representation, infant-beneficial principles of political action and ombudspersons for infants. (shrink)

Esse artigo investiga a fenomenologia do tempo de Merleau-Ponty e centra seu foco na crítica merleau-pontiana às "Lições sobre a consciência íntima do tempo" de Husserl. A partir dessa crítica e da diferença entre os dois autores, o artigo mostra como Merleau-Ponty se afasta do modelo husserliano de uma fenomenologia da Razão.Merleau-Ponty. Husserl. Tempo. Sujeito. Transcendental. Empírico. Time and Subject The transcendental and the empirical in Merleau-Ponty´s PhenomenologyAbstractThis article investigates Merleau-Ponty´s phenomenology of time and focuses on Merleau-Pontys critique of Husserls (...) Lessons about the intimate consciousness of time. Based on this critique and on the difference between the two authors, the article shows how Merleau-Ponty moves away from the Husserlian model of a phenomenology of Reason.Merleau-Ponty. Husserl. Time. Subject. Transcendental. Empirical. (shrink)

The book forms a balanced structure in which the three conceptual pillars of Spinoza's natural law theory (individuality, natural laws, and power) are first analyzed from the viewpoint of his ontology and then from the viewpoint of his ...

Na atual discussão sobre a importância de equilibrar a necessidade humana de intervir sobre a natureza com a nossa responsabilidade na preservação da vida no planeta, as chamadas religiões da terra ou religiões da natureza aportam uma contribuição fundamental. Visando explorar essas relações, este artigo discute o impacto causado pelo processo de dessacralização do mundo na percepção do homem em relação ao mundo natural. Nesta linha, contrapõe a atitude teísta (característica das chamadas "religiões do livro") à perspectiva cosmobiológica presente nas (...) religiões da terra. Em seguida, o texto explora a concepção anímica de natureza e de mundo, compartilhada por essas últimas, destacando a sua concepção de uma natureza viva e a intuição de um parentesco entre o homem e os demais seres. Como exemplos desta postura, o texto apresenta algumas características presentes tanto nas religiões afro-brasileiras quanto nas tradições neo-pagãs. A guisa de conclusão apresenta uma reflexão sobre as relações entre religião e ambientalismo e sobre a possível contribuição que a cosmovisão presente nas religiões da terra pode trazer para o movimento ecológico. Palavras-chave: Religião; Natureza; Ecologia; Animismo.In the present discussion on the importance of balancing the human need for intervening in Nature with our responsibility to preserve life on the Planet, the so-called Earth Religions or Nature Religions play a fundamental role. With a view to exploring these relationships, this paper discusses the impact caused by the process of desacralising the human beings perception of the world in relation to Nature. Along these lines, the theistic attitude (characteristic of the so-called Book Religions) is opposed to the cosmobiological perspective, present in the Earth Religions. Following on this, the paper explores the animistic concept of Nature and the World shared by these religions. Furthermore, this work addresses to the animic conception of nature and world, shared by the cosmobiologic perspective, highlighting its conception of a live nature and the feeling of a bond between all live been as well as humans. With some example, the work shows some characteristics shared by the afrobrazilian religions and neopaganist traditions. To conclude, we present a reflection on the relationship between Religion and Environmentalism and on the possible contribution that the cosmovision present in the Earth Religions may bring to the Ecology Movement. Key words : Religion; Nature; Ecology; Animism. (shrink)

El artículo presenta un resultado de investigación doctoral realizada entre septiembre/2013 y enero/2016, sobre la formación de la competencia investigativa en el estudiante de Psicología de la modalidad semipresencial de estudios universitarios. A partir del empleo de los métodos analítico-sintético, análisis documental y la modelación sistémico estructural funcional, se abordan las particularidades de la competencia objeto de análisis, cuya génesis se sitúa en el manejo de la diversidad de enfoques teórico-metodológicos disponibles en la ciencia para el estudio de la subjetividad, (...) como objeto de carácter complejo y singular. Se profundiza en la descripción ofrecida en un artículo anteriormente publicado en la revista y se agregan nuevas consideraciones que incluyen los niveles y patrones de logro, las cuales facilitan la formación y evaluación de la competencia por cada uno de sus ejes procesuales, constituyendo un valioso instrumento para el trabajo metodológico y la labor del profesor de la carrera. The article presents a result of doctoral investigation carried out among September/2013 and January/2016, on the formation of the investigative competence in the Psychology´s student of the semipresential modality of university studies. Starting from the employment of the analytic-synthetic methods, documental analysis and the functional structural systemic modelation, the particularities of the competence analysis object are approached whose genesis is located in the handling of the diversity of available theoretical-methodological focuses in the science for the study of the subjectivity, like object of complex and singular character. It is particularized in the description offered in an article previously published in the magazine and new considerations are added that include the levels and achievement patterns, which facilitate the formation and evaluation of the competence for each one of their axes processual, constituting a valuable instrument for the methodological work and the work of the professor of the career. (shrink)

In the current secularization of religion nowadays, particularly of Christianity, we see that in the celebrations of the sacraments, specially Baptism and Eucharist, people are looking for something to give their lives sense, that they even don’t know for sure what is, but through the liturgical rites, expressed by the body language, try to make life in accordance with faith, even though still in a superficial way. Through the theology of the sacraments, theology of revelation and anthropology we realize that (...) the relationship between the human being and God is still very present and currently up-to-date, and not something "unknown" or even "lost". Thus, the human being is still seeking a close relationship with the Being who created him at His image and likeness that can be realized and manifested in liturgical celebrations, not forgetting the communal character of each liturgical act and its expressions. (shrink)

Estudo sobre como a Divisão de Censura e Diversões Públicas tratou o documentário brasileiro produzido nos anos de 1960/70 e 1980. Ao analisar os pareceres de censura de 23 filmes – documentos disponíveis no site do projeto Memória da censura no cinema brasileiro 1964-1988 – optou-se por estudar os casos de O país de São Saruê e Iracema, uma transa amazônica. Nas décadas de 1960/70 presenciamos o surgimento de um novo documentarismo que buscava retratar o “Brasil profundo”, o país das (...) desigualdades que tanto se conflitava com a imagem desenvolvimentista que a propaganda da ditadura difundia. Ao analisar a censura a estes filmes constatou-se que as dinâmicas censórias se valeram tanto de questões morais quanto de posicionamentos políticos-ideológicos. (shrink)

The consolidation of the interdisciplinary field of bioethics in Europe and in the United States was accompanied by harsh criticisms by the social sciences; criticisms that have endured and been reshaped from the late twentieth century until the present. This article begins with a critical discussion of the myopia detected in a bioethical thought that has systematically disregarded its origins, both cultural and social. I claim that this deficit could be rectified if social scientists, in general, and sociologists, in particular, (...) were to move away from the periphery, which they still occupy today, and take up a central position in the area of bioethics. In order to analyze the distant and controversial relationship between the social sciences and bioethics, I proceed to an analysis of their various approaches, respectively guided by descriptive and normative ethics. The specific intersection of sociologists with bioethical thought will be scrutinized, in accordance with an analytical continuum that illustrates an evolution from a collaborative position to a free and independent position adopted by the social scientists. The article concludes by presenting a suggestion regarding the integration of the sociological imagination in the processes of ethical deliberation on the moral problems that emerge in biomedical research and clinical practice. In this context, further epistemological reflection is invited regarding the influence of socio-cultural sources of morality relating to the manner in which such problems have been challenged by the bioethical imagination. (shrink)

En el presente artículo nos hemos propuesto analizar las variantes textuales griegas relativas a los términos “vino” y “vinagre” dentro del contexto neotestamentario de la Pasión de Cristo, así como sus correlatos en la traducción de los Evangelios en antiguo eslavo. Como resultado de dicho análisis, hemos detectado una tendencia a introducir el término “vinagre” por parte de la tradición textológica del Nuevo Testamento griego, que es secundada además por otras tradiciones, como la siríaca o la eslava.

Esse artigo investiga a fenomenologia do tempo de Merleau-Ponty e centra seu foco na crítica merleau-pontiana às "Lições sobre a consciência íntima do tempo" de Husserl. A partir dessa crítica e da diferença entre os dois autores, o artigo mostra como Merleau-Ponty se afasta do modelo husserliano de uma fenomenologia da Razão.Merleau-Ponty. Husserl. Tempo. Sujeito. Transcendental. Empírico. Time and Subject The transcendental and the empirical in Merleau-Ponty´s PhenomenologyAbstractThis article investigates Merleau-Ponty´s phenomenology of time and focuses on Merleau-Pontys critique of Husserls (...) Lessons about the intimate consciousness of time. Based on this critique and on the difference between the two authors, the article shows how Merleau-Ponty moves away from the Husserlian model of a phenomenology of Reason.Merleau-Ponty. Husserl. Time. Subject. Transcendental. Empirical. (shrink)

This paper seeks to explore the processes involved in becoming a teacher in this particular historical moment of global pandemic in Brazil. What are the challenges, limitations, possibilities and opportunities that the pandemic presents to the process of teaching work and teacher formation? A review of the literature that included contributions from Caponi, Kohan, Larrosa, Neuscharank, Vaz, Arroyo and Abramowicz suggests a dialogue between pedagogic theory, philosophy of education and the contemporary experience of political and social events in the pandemic (...) period The discussions reviewed explore the profound extent to which Covid-19 has affected our way of living, working and relating to others, and the psychological effects of social isolation. The situation demands from the Brazilian teacher an attitude of openness to change, specifically in the use of new technologies, and the extent to which they are or are not able to replace face-to-face interactions. The situation also challenges us to reconstruct, beyond the logic of neoliberalism, our notions of the type of school we have and type of school we want, the type of teachers we are and the type of teacher we want to be. We conclude that this process of thinking school again depends, if it is to escape neoliberal logic, on the capacity of understanding the vocation of the teacher to be one of “becoming-child” in the sense of experiencing an openness to and a desire for the new. As such, the “becoming-teacher” is one who allows herself to be addressed by another logic, another more sensitive and more aesthetic temporality, and who finds, in encounter with others, with art, with childhood, with becoming itself, the capacity to think, to resist, to fight for the realization of that logic. (shrink)

O estudo propõe na temática da ordem econômica nacional, a possibilidade de convergência de valores do sistema capitalista com o desenvolvimento humano, a partir da problemática de promoção de acesso ao tratamento da Atrofia Muscular Espinhal 5q tipos I e II, que é oriundo de pesquisas e novas tecnologias promovidas pelas entidades privadas. Para tanto, buscou-se compreender o direito humano à vida e garantia do acesso e manutenção da saúde à luz do texto constitucional, assim como, a relação entre Estado (...) e iniciativa privada na disponibilidade do tratamento para a doença no SUS, sem inibição do progresso tecnológico. Com o auxílio da pesquisa bibliográfica e documentos dos órgãos governamentais no tocante à matéria, pelo método hipotético-dedutivo, conclui-se que ao adotar o humanismo, com o uso da dignidade da pessoa humana como principio basilar do ordenamento, a interpretação funcionalizada da ordem econômica materializa as políticas positivas para o acesso ao tratamento de saúde, já que a iniciativa privada colabora com a assistência, seguindo os direcionamentos legais. (shrink)

Nang masakop ng Estados Unidos ang Pilipinas, dumating sa bansa ang isa pang uri ng Kristiyanismo na iba sa bitbit ng mga Espanyol-ang Protestantismo (na nagsimulang isilang noong ika-16 na dantaon sa Europa sa pamumuno nina Luther, Calvin, at Zwingli). Salaysay ni T. Valentino Sitoy (1989, iii, 7-11), 1899 unang dumating ang mga misyonerong Protestante sa Pilipinas, na kinabibilangan ng mga Presbyterian, Baptist, at Methodist. Kalaunan ay sinundan ito ng pagdating ng mga Episcopalian, Seventh-Day Adventist, United Brethren, Disciples, Christian and (...) Missionary Alliance, at iba pa. Ilan sa mga ito ay nagsama-sama upang mabuo ang Evangelical Union. Hinati nila ang Pilipinas sa iba't ibang probinsya ng mission fields (tulad ng ginawa dati ng mga Heswita, Rekoletos, Augustino, Pransiskano, at Dominikano), upang hindi sila magkaagawan sa populasyon na babahaginan ng ebanghelyo. (shrink)

The current denominated Prosperity Theology originated in North American soil in the nineteenth century, being expanded to Brazil from the 1970s onwards, with Bishop Edir Macedo, founder of the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God in 1977. The central point of TP comprises the commercialization of the Christian faith, distorting the teachings present in the Holy Bible. It is a garment that introduced poverty and disease into the list of curses that could affect the lives of those who do (...) not bother to accumulate wealth on earth; Disseminated in the media with overwhelming intensity. This article aims to identify the factors that contributed to the worldwide diffusion of PT. It is divided into three sections. The first section corresponds to the emergence of TP in a global context, emphasizing the Brazilian particularity. The second part deals with the misrepresentations brought about by this theology. And the third will bring to light the implications of the TP for the delegitimation of Christianity. (shrink)

Resumo Este artigo analisa parte do discurso que a Igreja Católica teceu sobre as mulheres, enfatizando o tema da maternidade durante o século XIX. O enfoque parte da Bulla Sylabus (1864), expedida no pontificado de Pio IX, e da encíclica Rerum Novarum (1891), do Papa Leão XIII. Entre a segunda metade do século XIX e a Primeira Guerra Mundial, a Igreja passou pelo processo conhecido como "romanização", caracterizado pela preocupação moral e disciplinar do clero diante de críticas do laicado, além (...) da promoção de ordens e congregações religiosas. O objetivo deste artigo é, portanto, discutir como aquela instituição definiu um papel social feminino vinculado à ideia do amor materno, divulgado como natural e incondicional. A partir da contribuição dos estudos de gênero, aborda a atribuição de características masculinas e femininas para a distinção não apenas biológica entre homens e mulheres. Concluiu-se que, na longa duração, o discurso católico passou de uma postura misógina - de recusa do sexo feminino - à incorporação das mulheres como público essencial para a sustentação do catolicismo diante das propostas de laicização da sociedade ocidental contemporânea. Palavras-chave: Mulheres; Discurso católico; Maternidade; Gênero.This paper discusses part of the discourse that the Catholic Church built in order to define woman's role in the 19th century, emphasizing representations of motherhood. The focus starts with Pius IX's Bulla Sylabus (1864) and Pope Lion XIII's Rerum Novarum (1891). Between the second half of the 19th century and World War I, the Catholic Church underwent a process known as "Romanization", characterized by the clergy's moral and disciplinary concern in face of the laity's criticism, and by the promotion of new religious orders and congregations. The paper considers, therefore, how the Catholic Church defined a social female role linked to the idea of maternal love, diffused as natural and unconditional. With basis on the contribution of cultural history and gender studies, it demonstrates how that Church attributed male and female characteristics to the distinction not merely biological between men and women, associating the latter with the idea of motherhood and natural love for their children. It concludes that, through time, the Church has changed its misogyny discourse - refusing the female sex - into one that incorporates women as essential to support Catholicism in facing the laicization of contemporary western society. Key words: Women; Catholic discourse; Motherhood; Gender. (shrink)

Este artigo objetiva ampliar a compreensão do tema masculinidades, feminilidades e geração, no que toca às questões relacionadas as religiões de matriz africana, focando sobremaneira as dimensões performática, secreta, e poder, com vistas no processo de produção de saberes envolvendo normatividades permeadas pelos critérios de sexo, classe e raça. Dois locus nos serviram como terreno para a discussão – a Irmandade da Boa Morte e o Culto de Babá Egun, já que em princípio são espaços de interdições, respectivamente, masculina e (...) feminina; são grupos que celebram a ancestralidade, sob o paradigma africano. (shrink)

O ingresso na universidade acarreta mudanças na vida dos estudantes universitários, fato que pode levar à adoção de hábitos não saudáveis que podem resultar em impactos negativos na saúde e na qualidade de vida (QV) desses jovens. Nessa perspectiva, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da prática de Yoga na QV de estudantes universitários participantes do programa de extensão universitária intitulado “Yoga: Awaken ONE”. O estudo caracterizou-se como pré-experimental, do tipo antes e depois. Os participantes foram submetidos (...) a aulas práticas de Yoga duas vezes por semana durante 12 semanas. As aulas tiveram duração de 60 minutos. Para avaliação da QV pré e pós intervenção foi utilizado o questionário WHOQOL-bref. No que diz respeito aos Domínios da QV e QV global, não houveram diferenças significativas em nenhuma das variáveis investigadas (p>0,05). Com base nos achados do presente estudo, conclui-se que duas práticas semanais de Yoga não tiveram efeito significativo na QV dos estudantes investigados. Dessa forma, encoraja-se novos estudos com maior tempo de intervenção e com número maior de participantes. (shrink)

El presente documento tiene como propósito central analizar los discursos deotredad en la experiencia migratoria hacia Estados Unidos en personas mayoresretornadas a Durango. En un intento por vincular las metáforas queaparecen en el pensamiento del autor, se discuten las anécdotas de 18 participantes mayores de 60 años que trabajaron o vivieron en Estados Unidos, y quienes fueron seleccionados por medio de una muestra intencional. Dentro de los principales resultados se advierten tramas lingüísticas que aparecen en lascomunicaciones orales, donde se manifiestan (...) tensiones entre el territorio, los nacionalismos, el lenguaje y la producción de mismidad como mecanismos que utilizaron los sujetos para hacer frente a las múltiples violencias, segregaciones y desigualdad del contexto migratorio. (shrink)

Trata-se, neste artigo, de investigar as noções de filosofia, pedagogia e espírito à luz dos debates decoloniais. Neste sentido, a partir de um diálogo que procuro estabelecer com Enrique Dussel, Catherine Walsh e M. Jacqui Alexander, desenvolvo três hipóteses. Em primeiro lugar, apresento certa noção de pedagogia como constitutiva da própria filosofia (portanto, a ideia de pedagogia para além de mero instrumento, meio ou termo acessório à filosofia). Em segundo lugar, argumento que essa dita pedagógica-filosófica precisará ser entendida como a (...) epistemologia indispensável para a abordagem, conhecimento e tratamento da realidade, no seguinte sentido: mediante o aprender e o ensinar alternadamente (como práxis, atitude e método filosófico por excelência), tornar possível que a realidade apareça. E esse é mais um dos pontos em relação aos quais os três autores estão de acordo, assim como em relação ao terceiro e mais importante movimento da presente investigação. Pois será, então, do reconhecimento do fracasso da ontologia universalista (moderna e colonial), mais precisamente, do encontro com uma realidade indeterminada e aberta, que se poderá a fundo compreender o sentido da atitude pedagógica (da epistemologia pedagógica) que descerra toda a realidade possível. Tal realidade_ _sempre Outra_ _– que não se pode localizar em qualquer lugar ou tempo, na mesma medida em que se faz presente em todos os lugares e momentos – é o que se poderá caracterizar como espírito. E é o que fará do espírito, por conseguinte, agência de resistência e perturbação a todo esforço epistemológico/filosófico, tanto quanto (e por isso mesmo) da atitude pedagógica-filosófica instância de revelação de um mundo prenhe de sentidos possíveis. (shrink)