Hypnosis is considered a unique tool capable of modulating cognitive processes. The extent to which hypnotic suggestions intervenes is still under debate. This study was designed to provide a new insight into this issue, by focusing on an unintentional emotional process: attentional bias. In Experiment 1, highly suggestible participants performed three sessions of an emotional Stroop task where hypnotic suggestions aiming to increase and decrease emotional reactivity towards emotional stimuli were administered within an intra-individual design. Compared to a baseline condition (...) (without hypnotic suggestion), a significant increase in attentional bias was found when a hypnotic suggestion to increase emotional reactivity was administered. In contrast, the bias was eliminated when a suggestion to decrease emotional reactivity was administered. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of session repetition on attentional bias across three successive experimental sessions without hypnosis, and showed that the emotional Stroop effect did not vary across sessions. Hence, session repetition could not account for part of the modulation of attentional bias in Experiment 1. Taken together, the results suggest that specific hypnotic suggestions can influence elicitation of unintentional emotional processing. The implications are discussed regarding the locus of intervention of hypnotic suggestion in cognitive and emotional processes. (shrink)

Un ouvrage sur le temps et un ouvrage collectif, deux raisons qui dissuaderaient peut-être de se plonger dans la lecture de Temps de travail, travail du temps qu’éditent Sylvie Monchatre et Bernard Woehl aux Éditions de la Sorbonne. On aurait tort, car on se priverait alors d’une réflexion lentement mûrie au fil d’un séminaire de deux ans qui a réuni des spécialistes confirmés des difficiles questions que posent les rapports du travail aux temps. Spécialistes rarement réunis et qu’une journée..

In this paper, I will argue that Rawls’s duty of assistance offers an incomplete picture of our international social and economic responsibilities. I will start by presenting the two main interpretations of the ‘Rawlsian circumstances of egalitarian distributive justice’ – the first requiring the existence of a ‘certain kind’ of cooperation, the second the existence of a ‘certain kind’ of interaction with the will – and then show that none of them rules out the applicability of international principles of egalitarian (...) distributive justice. My argument will draw on societies’ participation in the World Trade Organisation (WTO). So, in the second section I will show that even though this organization is not endowed with a centralized coercive authority, its participants are asked to accept significant constraints on their behaviour and are therefore owed a special justification for these constraints. I will also suggest that the alleged voluntariness of this organization may not only be contested (especially when developing societies are involved), but may also not be sufficient to rule out requirements of distributive equality. In the third section, I will show that, as any system of cooperation, the WTO gives rise to requirements of fairness and that, given the purpose it claims to serve, not all inequalities that can be traced back to so-called ‘domestic’ factors can be considered justified. More specifically, I will argue that the fairness of the WTO requires that all its participants be given a fair chance of benefiting from global market competitions, and that this is likely to entail significant egalitarian distributive duties among societies. (shrink)

L’auteur propose une approche originale de l’ordre public culturel, construit autour de trois piliers : la liberté de création, incluant le droit à la rémunération et à la diffusion de l’œuvre, la protection du vivre-ensemble, et notamment des plus faibles, le droit pour les générations présentes et futures d’accéder aux biens culturels composant le patrimoine artistique d’une nation.

This paper concentrates on the way Kant's distinction between duties of right and duties of virtue operates at the interstate level. I argue that his Right of Nations (V ölkerrecht) can be interpreted as a duty to establish a kind of interstate distributive justice (that is, as a duty to secure states in their independence and territorial possessions), which is called for to secure domestic distributive justice and to protect individuals' freedom and private property. Or at least this is 'ideal (...) theory' for, as I specify, this cosmopolitan linkage is compromised by Kant's endeavour to accomodate the existence of non-republican states. (shrink)

La psychothérapie du couple âgé suscite des réactions transférentielles et contretransférentielles spécifiques où les mouvements émotionnels doivent être reconnus et contenus dans le cadre du préconscient. Les vécus d’angoisse de mort révèlent un vécu de mort déjà ressenti profondément dans l’inconscient, présent depuis longtemps. Fort heureusement, les personnes âgées restent le plus souvent très désireuses de faire part de leurs angoisses de mort, mais aussi de leurs rêves. Les rêves restent – quel que soit l’âge du sujet – la voie (...) royale vers l’inconscient, mais aussi vers le rétablissement des interactions avec le thérapeute. La psychothérapie du sujet endeuillé, en particulier grâce à l’analyse des rêves, permet une ouverture vers de nouveaux liens. L’article présente ici la création d’un nouveau « jeune couple de partenaires âgés ». (shrink)

This special theme issue of Big Data & Society presents leading-edge, interdisciplinary research that focuses on examining how health-related information is circulating on social media. In particular, we are focusing on how computational and Big Data approaches can help to provide a better understanding of the ongoing COVID-19 infodemic and to develop effective strategies to combat it.

The objective of the present study was to show that the use of adversative and conclusive connectives to mark off the prototypical schema of argumentative text begins to set in at approximately the age of 10 or 11. Based on Adam's (1992) proposals, we constituted an argumentative text with two blocks of arguments separated by an adversative instruction (the connective but or an equivalent) and followed by a conclusion introduced by a conclusive instruction (the connective thus or an equivalent). Four (...) revising tasks (insertion or substitution with or without five connectives) have been used to asses children's knowledge of the argumentative schema and the use of connectives that punctuate them. The study of good and erroneous locations (concerning the placement of but and thus) showed that there was some regularity in the choices made by the children. The main result of this study shows that argumentative connectives are used differently by children aged 9 and children aged 10 or 11. The argumentative schema is used more consciously by 11-year-olds to guide revising tasks than by 10-year-olds. (shrink)

Au volant de son taxi, Mori sillonne New York, la ville où il s’est installé après avoir vécu dans plusieurs autres pays, et qu’il aime et n’aime pas. Arrêté par les agents de contrôle de l’immigration clandestine, il est renvoyé en Afrique après un séjour en détention. Contre la frontière et ses cruautés, le récit, traversé par la pensée de Deleuze, de Derrida et de Tierno Bokar, suggère que seule la mise en œuvre d’une poétique de l’hospitalité peut redonner sens (...) à nos vies, redonner au parcours de chacun, migrants et sédentaires, le statut d’une histoire. (shrink)

Dans cet entretien, la poétesse explore ce que signifie l’écriture de l’histoire des « sans histoires ». À travers la nouvelle qu’elle livre à Multitudes, intitulée précisément « sans histoire/s », et son recueil La quête infinie de l’autre rive (2011), l’auteur analyse le pouvoir de « considération » de la littérature, reliant les pensées de Marielle Macé avec celles d’Édouard Glissant.

This study seeks to gain knowledge about key conditions in the process of digitalization using a socio-technical systems design as a theoretical framework and a case-study approach. Semi-structured interviews with 15 relevant stakeholders are conducted to learn about barriers to and enablers of the development and implementation process in a manufacturing company. After conducting a thematic analysis, eight higher-ranked themes relevant to the digitalization process are identified. These are grouped to describe the overarching phenomena, resulting in four enablers and four (...) barriers. The study takes a holistic view of digitalization in its investigation of the development and subsequent implementation processes. The findings contribute to the literature via three key takeaways for stakeholders of a digitalization process in manufacturing. First, it is vital to understand and strengthen the role of the key enablers identified in this paper. Second, managers should observe and identify barriers in their own organizations, related both to technical and social aspects. Third, some of the enablers described in this paper can serve managers as helpful tools to approach the expected barriers to digitalization. This paper also challenges the research literature by arguing that research conducted on digitalization that sets new standards and premises for the working life in industry needs to use up-to-date socio-technical design concepts and theories. (shrink)

The doctors -- The patients -- "Misunderstandings".

The aim of this article was to provide experimental evidence that classical dissociation between levels of consciousness associated with memory retrieval can be explained in terms of task dependency and distinctiveness of traces. In our study phase, we manipulated the level of isolation of the memory trace by means of an isolation paradigm . We then tested these two types of isolation in a series of tasks of increasing complexity: a lexical decision task, a recognition task, and a free recall (...) task. The main result of this study was that distinctiveness effects were observed as a function of the type of isolation and the nature of the task. We concluded that trace distinctiveness improves subsequent access to the trace, while the level of trace distinctiveness also appears to determine the possibility of conscious or explicit retrieval. (shrink)

Considering the sensory dimension of clinical decision-making is a challenge for the training of health professionals. Therefore, how can we help them stimulate a form of sensory acuity? We conducted a study in partnership with the Simulation Laboratory of a Canadian hospital to understand the sensory work accomplished by nurses during a clinical decision-making. To do this, we analyzed the interactions occurring during focus groups to reveal the sensory work performed by nurses during the clinical evaluation of patients (personas).

L’analyse de l’exclamation d’un point de vue diachronique fait l’objet de notre étude dans cet article. Le point de départ de l’analyse est la définition de l’Oxford English Dictionary et on se propose de citer les principales formes exclamatives depuis le vieil anglais et de comprendre comment elles sont analysées à cette époque. On poursuit l’étude historique par une analyse diachronique des fonctions exclamatives des mots en wh-, en particulier what et how puis on s’intéresse aux marqueurs d’intensité so et (...) that pour finir par l’emploi de l’impératif. (shrink)

La thématique des questions d’un point de vue diachronique est l’objet de cet article. Dans un premier temps, est proposé un tour d’horizon des questions ouvertes et fermées depuis le vieil anglais avant de nous intéresser à l’apparition et à l’évolution des pronoms relatifs en wh-. L’auxiliaire do est brièvement discuté. Sont ensuite analysés les syntagmes nominaux thématisés et les prédications existentielles, puis les questions tags ainsi que la grammaticalisation des questions fermées.

In this article we address the question of individual identity and its place – or rather omission – in contemporary discussions about the cosmopolitan extension of liberalism as the dominant political theory. The article is divided into two parts. In the first part we show that if we consistently emphasise the complementarity of the “inner” and “outer” identity of a person, which is essential to liberalism from its very beginnings, then a fundamental flaw in the liberal cosmopolitan project becomes apparent. (...) This is the underestimation of the indispensability of an unambiguously determined public framework which will fix and enforce liberal principles and values in a comprehensible way. Such a framework for liberalism was always the political community and then, above all, the modern state, in which the liberal identity could then be realised. The discussion in this part of the article prepares the ground for an examination, in the second part, of a dilemma which cosmopolitan liberalism must face. In the second part we argue that the attempt to tackle the given problem presents liberals with the following dilemma: either it is necessary to plead for the institution of a global political authority (a “world state”), or to give up the belief that fundamental liberal principles and values can be realised to a global extent. We show, at the same time, that because of the character and ambitions of the cosmopolitan project, the promise of plural identities and multi­centred law cannot be relied upon. By way of conclusion we then ask what is the price of the realisation of cosmopolitan liberal ideals. -/- NOTE: This is a two-part article (in Czech). For download here is the first part; please see the link below for the second part as well. (shrink)

This article offers a critical reading of what Julia Kristeva calls ‘woman’s primary homosexuality’ and discusses homophobia in Kristeva’s work. If we are to draw conclusions on the merits and limitations of Kristeva’s theories of sexuality, homophobia needs to be assessed within the aesthetic and ethical contexts that typify Kristeva’s overall oeuvre. The article shows that we can apply Kristeva’s semiotic/symbolic model of signification to sexuality and argues for the construction of ‘primary homosexuality’ as the manifestation of resistance to authorized (...) sexual identity. The article also shows why the political demands to recognize lesbianism as a valid form of sexuality and especially as an intelligible lifestyle go against Kristeva’s understanding of what resistance entails. (shrink)

Loin de constituer une figure nouvelle dans l’histoire de la migration africaine, l’aventurier se pose en figure récurrente et connaît un regain de visibilité, dès lors que les politiques migratoires se durcissent un peu partout sur la planète et que la libre circulation des hommes est rendue de plus en plus problématique. À l’heure où les principes du salariat et de la fonction publique sont sérieusement contestés sur le continent africain, des itinéraires d’accumulation inédits prospèrent, tout comme de nouveaux modèles (...) de réussite fondés sur la ruse, la bravoure et l’exploit sont célébrés. L’aventure migratoire s’identifie totalement aux risques encourus et à l’intensité de la vie vécue ; elle permet à l’homme d’advenir et de s’aguerrir. Si elle a un commencement, elle a aussi une fin : au temps des projets aventureux doit succéder la construction de sa carrière. L’aventure doit être aussi interrogée dans ses déterminations imaginaires. Pour les uns, c’est l’imaginaire de la prédation qui prime, pour d’autres encore c’est celui de la contestation, pour d’autres enfin l’aspiration à l’Ailleurs s’apparente à la geste épique.The adventurer is not a new emblem in the history of African migration. It is rather a recurrent symbol more perceptible today as soon as migratory politics, the world over, take a harder line, and free circulation of men becomes increasingly difficult. As being salaried or State employee is widely contested on the African continent, unprecedented accumulation itineraries are thriving, and new success strategies emerge, based on tricks, ruse, braveness and feat. The migratory adventure is tightly correlated with risk or intensity of life ; it allows men to fulfil themselves, to become harder. The adventure is a well-identified period of life which ends with the elaboration of a professional career. Adventure has to be examined in its imaginary origins. For some people the imaginary of predation prevails, for others it is contestation, and for yet others, the wish for an « Elsewhere » bears a resemblance to an epic journey. (shrink)

Recent studies suggest that instrumental hypnosis is a useful experimental tool to investigate emotional and language processing effects. However, the capacity of hypnotic suggestions to intervene during the response inhibition of emotional words remains elusive. This study investigated whether hypnotic suggestion can improve the inhibition of prepotent negative word responses in an emotional Hayling sentence completion task. High-suggestible participants performed a computerised emotional Hayling task. They were first asked to select the appropriate words ending highly predictable sentences among two propositions (...) (initiation part), and then to select the filler words that did not end the sentences correctly (inhibition part). Half of the expected final words had a negative emotional valence, while the other half was neutral. The task was performed in a control condition (without suggestion) and with a hypnotic suggestion to decrease emotional reactivity. The results revealed that hypnotic suggestion (compared to the control condition) hastened response times on negative final words in the inhibition part, showing that hypnotic suggestion can enhance cognitive control over prepotent negative word responses in a sentence completion task. We suggest that this modulation stems from a reduction in the emotional relevance of the final words caused by the hypnotic suggestion. (shrink)

Dans Aîtres de la langue et demeures de la pensée, Henri Maldiney propose une approche phénoménologique du mythe, en particulier de la figure de Dionysos, pour interroger le statut ontologique de l’homme et de sa présence au monde. La question de la manifestation le conduit à une pensée de l’apparaître qui rompt définitivement avec l’idée d’une pure présence. Le langage peut-il de surcroît dire la rencontre de l’être et du monde? Notre réflexion a pour objet de montrer que cette tentative (...) de réappropriation de l’existence dans la parole philosophique exige un dépassement de l’ontologie. (shrink)

Dans son inventaire des « lieux théologiques », Melchior Cano ne faisait aucune place à l’expérience spirituelle, les « spirituels » ne paraissant même pas comme théologiens… La frontière qui, relayant une distinction paisible, s’était élevée entre théologie et spiritualité, sur la base d’une évolution de la théologie vers une scientificité et sous l’effet des interrogations du nominalisme, semble être devenue poreuse, sinon avoir disparu. De fait, la théologie contemporaine pense l’expérience croyante. La question pourrait se formuler ainsi : où (...) et comment peut se faire la prise en charge théologique de la vie spirituelle, du capital chrétien d’expérience spirituelle ? Est-ce par une discipline propre, la théologie spirituelle ? Qu’est-ce qui la caractériserait ? Pour réfléchir ainsi au devenir de la théologie spirituelle, on commencera par observer, avec quelques exemples d’élaborations théologiques significatives, comment la théologie contemporaine prend en compte la dimension expérientielle de la foi chrétienne. Mais prendre en compte cette part constitutive d’expérience, est-ce pour autant prendre en charge l’expérience spirituelle ? Si oui, une théologie spirituelle n’aurait plus de raison d’être ; si non, quelle est la vocation d’une telle théologie ?In his inventory of “theological loci”, Melchior Cano did not at all include spiritual experience and “spirituals” do not even appear in his listing as theologians… Following after a period of peaceful distinction, the border that has arisen between theology and spirituality - on the basis of an evolution of theology towards scientificity and under the influence of the questions raised by nominalism – seems now to have become porous, if not to have altogether vanished. In fact, contemporary theology reflects on believing experience. We could put the question this way: where and how can theology take charge of spiritual life, valorizing the Christian capital of spiritual experience ? Is it through a specific discipline, spiritual theology? What would characterize it ? In order to think through the way spiritual theology is developing, we shall begin by observing, thanks to a few examples of significant theological texts, how contemporary theology takes into account the experiential dimension of Christian faith. However, is taking into account this constitutive part of experience the same as taking charge of spiritual experience ? If so, a spiritual theology would no longer have a raison d’être; if not, what then is the task of such a theology ? (shrink)

Cette poupée est née le 25 décembre 1999 à Meynes. Elle est offerte par leur marraine [sic] la xviie reine d’Arles, Aurore Guibaud, et Mme Moreau Marie-José pour le passage au xxie siècle à la ville d’Arles. Bouen tous temps. Bonheur et prospérité sans fin. Souhait de bonne amitié que les anciens provençaux [sic], nos bons aïeuls, s’adressaient réciproquement en se visitant dans les grandes solennités de l’année, et dans certaines rencontres de réjouissance publique ou particulière. Aurore x...

This Element argues that although Kant's political thought does not tackle issues of global poverty and inequality head on, it nonetheless offers important conceptual and normative resources to think of our global socioeconomic duties. It delves into the Kantian duty to enter a rightful condition beyond the state and shows that a proper understanding of this duty not only leads us to acknowledge a duty of right to assist states that are unable to fulfil the core functions of a state, (...) but also provides valuable hints at what just transnational trade relations and a just regulation of immigration should look like. (shrink)

This book offers a 'genealogical' explanation of law's normativity. The term 'genealogical' conveys a commitment to a non-metaphysical type of enquiry. While it explains how law, as a normative phenomenon, comes about, it does not seek to ground law's normativity in anything but the context of social interaction giving rise to it. Legal normativity is brought about on a daily basis. Whether in revolutionary circumstances or in the quotidian need for judges, lawmakers or citizens to balance law's demands with those (...) of morality or prudence, our ability to bind ourselves through law ultimately depends on our capacity to articulate a better way of living together, and to commit ourselves to it. These efforts of assessment and articulation depend, in turn, on our conception of normative agency. Assert the need to trace the truth of ethical judgments to some independent moral 'facts' conditioning their objectivity, and you will get a different understanding of what it is we are doing when we dispute law's authority in the name of moral values. Tracing the truth of moral judgements back to our own social practices not only affects the nature of disagreement; it also dramatically increases our responsibility when, as lawmakers, judges, or citizens we 'take the law into our own hands' and confront it with our moral expectations. (shrink)

Hart's and Kelsen's respective outlooks on the concept of normativity not only differ by the way they explain this concept but also, more importantly, in what they seek to achieve when endeavouring to account for the normative dimension of law. By examining Hart's and Kelsen's models in the light of Korsgaard's understanding of the “normativity problem,” my aim is to emphasise not only their contrasted perspectives, but also the common limit they impose on their theories by dismissing as inappropriate any (...) question regarding the emergence of legal normativity. On the basis of my previous arguments, I shall explain why I deem Raz's analysis of the contrast between Hart's and Kelsen's conceptions of normativity to be misleading. (shrink)

Un siècle d’historiennes, c’est sous ce titre qu’André Burguière et Bernard Vincent ont convié vingt auteurs à dresser le portrait de vingt historiennes, dix françaises et dix étrangères. À bien des égards, l’entreprise échappe à toute tentative de classification dans un genre historiographique précis. Il ne s’agit pas, dans l’esprit des maîtres d’œuvre, d’établir un palmarès des personnalités vivantes ou disparues ayant marqué le xxe siècle. L’ouvrage n’est pas non plus une socio-histoire qu...

Elle est assise le dos à un secrétaire de dame où l’on devine quelques lettres éparses et des boîtes de courrier. Elle a pris une pose sérieuse et sa main pointe négligemment vers deux livres abandonnés sur la tablette du meuble tandis que, sur son genou, s’ouvre un autre livre. Un air de gentillesse illumine son visage un peu penché, contredisant la raideur artificielle de la posture. L’enfant en costume bleu qui se pend à son bras est comme enveloppé dans (...) sa tendresse en même temps que dan... (shrink)

Les procès pour viol sont rares dans les archives judiciaires de l’Ancien Régime européen. Ils ont néanmoins été étudiés suivant des approches quantitatives qui ont mis en évidence le profil des plaignantes et des inculpés (milieu social, âge, état matrimonial) ainsi que la typologie des scénarios de la violence sexuelle (lieu, temporalité, gestes). Cet état de la recherche s’intéresse plutôt aux approches qualitatives de ces sources et plus particulièrement aux méthodes développées pour lire et interpréter les récits judiciaires rapportés par (...) les professionnels de la justice. Un premier type de travaux s’est attaché à replacer le récit judiciaire dans le cours de la procédure criminelle afin de reconstituer ses conditions d’élaboration et d’en spécifier la nature exacte. Ce faisant, ils ont cherché à évaluer la manière dont les justices d’Ancien Régime, inquisitoires ou accusatoires, prenaient en compte le récit des victimes. Un second type de travaux a cherché à interpréter la parole des parties en présence en mettant en évidence les stratégies, les non-dits, les silences : il s’agit alors de s’intéresser aux représentations et aux imaginaires de la sexualité et du genre, telles qu’ils s’expriment à travers l’expérience de la violence. (shrink)

En 1761, Marguerite Goubler est reconnue comme femme alors qu’elle sert depuis plus d’un an dans un régiment de cavalerie. Son dossier, conservé aux Archives de la guerre, laisse deviner un destin hors du commun, celui d’une aventurière qui s’illustre sur les champs de bataille et fait la fierté de ses officiers. En même temps, la comparaison avec d’autres dossiers de femmes engagées dans les armées montre qu’il existe une sorte de paradigme de la femme-soldat aux XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles, qu’illustrent notamment (...) de nombreux romans, ce qui peut expliquer la relative indulgence voire l’admiration des autorités à leur égard. (shrink)

The main purpose of this article is to bring into relief the difficulties faced by generous interpretations of the Kantian problem of poverty and to propose an alternative interpretation which (a) agrees with some generous interpretations that Kant's juridical treatment of poverty is to be understood by analogy with his juridical treatment of slavery, but which (b) departs from generous interpretations in general by arguing that this analogy is not to be understood in terms of “dependence” as such, but in (...) terms of “depersonification.” More specifically, it argues that what makes slavery and poverty unjust for Kant is not that they entail a human being finding herself (completely) dependent on the choice of another human being, but that they entail a human being being deprived of her juridical personality. The Kantian problem of poverty is ultimately a problem of juridical depersonification, and this problem of juridical depersonification does not arise in all (complete) dependence relations. (shrink)

Lady Lovelace’s notes on Babbage’s Analytical Engine never refer to the concept of surprise. Having some pretension to ‘originate’ something—unlike the Analytical Engine—is neither necessary nor sufficient to being able to surprise someone. Turing nevertheless translates Lovelace’s ‘this machine is incapable of originating something’ in terms of a hypothetical ‘computers cannot take us by surprise’ objection to the idea that machines may be deemed capable of thinking. To understand the contemporary significance of what is missed in Turing’s ‘surprise’ translation of (...) Lovelace’s insight, one needs to distinguish between trivial surprises and those events, propositions or encounters that lead us to question our understanding of ourselves or what surrounds us. Only some of these non-trivial surprises are the product of originality endeavours. Not only is it uncommon for surprises to track such endeavours, the type of autonomy that would be required on the part of ‘digital computers’ for originality and surprise to intersect in that way goes far beyond the operational autonomy that can be achieved by ‘learning machines’. This paper argues that a salient translation of Lovelace’s originality insight—for contemporary and future ‘learning machines’—is an upside-down version of Turing’s surprise question: can computers be surprised by us in a non-trivial, ‘co-produced’ way? (shrink)