Drawing upon the concepts of civic epistemologies and sociotechnical imaginaries, this article delves into the history of nuclear energy in Portugal, analyzing the ways in which the nuclear endeavor was differently enacted by various sociopolitical collectives – the Fascist State, post-revolutionary governments and the public. Following the 1974 revolution - known as the Carnation Revolution - this paper analyzes how the nuclear project was fiercely contested by a vibrant anti-nuclear movement assembled against the construction of the Ferrel Nuclear Plant, the (...) first sociotechnical controversy in Portugal, paving the way for the emergence of a combative civic epistemology. Supported by semi-structured interviews with scientists, activists and local residents of Ferrel and the analysis of historical material, this article presents the failed Portuguese nuclear endeavor as an emblematic case study to explore the co-production of science and society, in particular the role of revolutionary processes in the unfolding of sociotechnical controversies. (shrink)

Ontologies are being used by information scientists in order to facilitate the sharing of meaningful information. However, computational ontologies are problematic in that they often decontextualize information. The semantic content of information is dependent upon the context in which it exists and the experience through which it emerges. For true semantic interoperability to occur among diverse information systems, within or across domains, information must remain contextualized. In order to bring more context to computational ontologies, we introduce culture as an essential (...) concept for information science. Culture helps to focus our attention on and make meaning of relevant extrapersonal structures and their qualities and dimensions that comprise the context and background of the world. In our approach, culture is integral to the study of semantics and, consequently, the study of ontologies and information technologies. The meaning we make of entities and phenomena in the world is always shaped by our cultural experience. If we understand culture as the emergent interplay of intrapersonal cognitive structures and extrapersonal structures of the world, then the notion of cognitive and cultural schemas becomes essential to understanding ontology and the ways in which we might achieve authentic semantic interoperability among diverse information systems. We explore the nature of ontologies and reconceptualize them as cultural schemas. Our proposal is an alternative to the historical path from philosophical ontology to computational ontologies as one that adheres primarily to the notion of ontology as a categorization and classification system. The obvious implication for ontology as categorization is that there is a single objective world that exists and that it can be described as entirely separate from the person observing it. We draw upon Heidegger’s examination of ontology to ground ontology in a phenomenological perspective, enabling it to remain flexible and adaptable and to accommodate context. (shrink)

O presente trabalho avalia em que medida o projeto de lei 8.048/2014, pode ser enquadrado como uma tentativa de experimentalismo democrático no Brasil, a partir do resgate do sentido e da prática da soberania popular na construção da democracia, nos termos de um constitucionalismo popular.

This landmark work provides a systematic introduction to systems of modal logic and stands as the first presentation of what have become central ideas in philosophy of language and metaphysics, from the "new theory of reference" and non-linguistic necessity and essentialism to "Kripke semantics.".

The well-known Ratio Studiorum of 1599 states that logical instruction should follow F. Toletus or P. Fonseca. The latter authored the famous Institutionum Dialecticarum Libri Octo, the former a similar manual, Introductio in Dialecticam Aristotelis. As is often observed, the contrast between the Aristotelian and present symbolic logics is perhaps most striking in their analysis of relational statements. Both authors recognize the relational logical form as independent from the traditional subject-predicate form and see the need to recognize relational inferential (...) rules. They differ in their specific rules, however, so neither of the authors has captured the system of relational syllogism in its entirety. (shrink)

The well-known Ratio Studiorum of 1599 states that logical instruction should follow F. Toletus or P. Fonseca. The latter authored the famous Institutionum Dialecticarum Libri Octo, the former a similar manual, Introductio in Dialecticam Aristotelis. As is often observed, the contrast between the Aristotelian and present symbolic logics is perhaps most striking in their analysis of relational statements. Both authors recognize the relational logical form as independent from the traditional subject-predicate form and see the need to recognize relational inferential (...) rules. They differ in their specific rules, however, so neither of the authors has captured the system of relational syllogism in its entirety. (shrink)

Embodied and phenomenological approaches to neuropsychiatry have proven to be promising for assessing social cognition and its impairments. Second-person neuroscience has demonstrated that the dynamics of social interaction make a difference when it comes to how people understand each other. This article presents the Perceptual Crossing Experiment (PCE) as a paradigm for studying real-time dyadic embodied interactions in the context of schizophrenia. We draw on the phenomenological concept of interbodily resonance (IR) and show how the PCE can be used to (...) accurately model and assess IR. We then turn to disembodied interaction in schizophrenia and finally propose the PCE as a translational tool for systematically assessing the hindered IR that individuals with schizophrenia suffer from. We offer an experimental approach to phenomenology which could be informative for the development of more embodied interventions aiming to remedy the profoundly disrupted social life that patients with schizophrenia live with. (shrink)

Appearing in English for the first time, Schelling’s 1842 lectures develop the idea that many philosophical concepts are born of religious-mythological notions.

Neste artigo, abordamos o processo de construção da educação das relações raciais a partir de uma perspectiva analítica que tem como elemento central a história da educação dos negros, no Brasil. Dessa forma, construímos um percurso que trata de diferentes momentos em relação ao processo de incorporação dos negros à sociedade brasileira, especificamente o tráfico de africanos escravizados, a abolição da escravidão e a constituição do movimento negro como sujeito coletivo. Analisamos esses eventos procurando destacar seu significado educacional e suas (...) implicações na construção do movimento negro como um agente transformador da sociedade. O ponto culminante da análise foi o processo de aprovação da Lei 10.639/2003 e a construção de uma política pública voltada para reconfiguração da educação das relações raciais. Destacamos esse processo como uma das mais importantes transformações pela qual passou a educação brasileira, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao reconhecimento da diversidade, o combate ao racismo e às desigualdades raciais. (shrink)

Este ensayo propone una hipótesis: que el modelo de Sujeto “educable” y “moral” que expone José Enrique Rodó en su Ariel puede corresponderse con el ideal de mousikós (??st?ó?), término griego que, según ciertas acepciones, se traduce por “culto” o “cultivado”, y que designaba a las personas eruditas.

La educación religiosa ha estado presente en la historia de Colombia desde el patronato español hasta nuestros días bajo distintas denominaciones. Sin embargo, en estos tiempos de pluralidad, secularización y laicismos, se encuentran diversas actitudes frente a la religión en la escuela. Seguros de su necesidad e importancia, resulta pertinente pensar en las características de una educación religiosa escolar que resulte más pertinente para los tiempos actuales. Por tal razón, este artículo ahonda en su naturaleza, propósito y legitimación en procura (...) de brindar algunas claves que podrían ser traducidas en contenidos curriculares y modos didácticos que puedan contribuir a una mejor comprensión del fenómeno religioso y promover el crecimiento del sujeto en su dimensión religiosa. (shrink)

O texto tem como objetivo apresentar, em linhas gerais, aspectos relevantes da trajetória intelectual de Hans Jonas, para possibilitar ao leitor do Vocabulário, uma melhor compreensão dessa obra, resultante do trabalho de inúmeros especialistas numa cuidadosa compilação dos principais conceitos do pensamento jonasiano.

Este texto busca mostrar que a crítica à linguagem empreendida por Nietzsche, já em seus primeiros escritos sobre o tema, não pode ser tomada em um sentido meramente epistemológico, uma vez que enfoca a discussão sobre o conhecimento a partir de uma perspectiva moral.

Com o seu artigo de 1969, “Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility”, Harry Frankfurt mudou o curso do debate sobre o problema da vontade livre. Ele forneceu exemplos hipotéticos, por meio de experimentos de pensamento, de agentes que, conforme ele argumentou, embora não pudessem ter agido de outro modo, ainda assim seriam moralmente responsáveis pelas suas ações. O artigo de Frankfurt entusiasmou muitos filósofos, destacadamente John Fischer, a repensar o problema da responsabilidade moral. Para Fischer, Frankfurt teria mostrado que o debate (...) não diz mais respeito ao problema de demonstrar a compatibilidade entre liberdade e determinismo, mas, sim, à questão da compatibilidade da responsabilidade moral com o determinismo. (shrink)

In this project, we worked in partnership with school teachers who are frequent users of experimental kits available for loan to schools using the historical-investigative approach. The original kits bring a traditional approach to experimentation, without the presence of the history of science. We developed and implemented new guides to the kits, without changing their materials and instruments. Design-based research supports the development methodology; the school science topics covered in this paper are Joseph Black’s studies on latent and specific heat. (...) Although some of the challenges faced in the implementation of historical-investigative approach are known and well-documented, the present article addresses teachers’ perspectives and some of the problems they faced in the implementation process, most of them related to school and teacher working conditions. Even though this is a case study with a small number of schools and teachers, it is possible to say that there is a huge gap to overcome before the historical-investigative approach can be implemented in large scale. (shrink)

In sensorimotor integration, representation involves an anticipatory model of the action to be performed. This model integrates efferent signals (motor commands), its reafferent consequences (sensory consequences of an organism’s own motor action), and other afferences (sensory signals) originated by stimuli independent of the action performed. Representation, a form of internal modeling, is invoked to explain the fact that behavior oriented to the achievement of future goals is relatively independent from the immediate environment. Internal modeling explains how a cognitive system achieves (...) its goals despite variations in the environment with insufficient and noisy sensory–perceptual data. In a self that acts intentionally on the environment, knowledge is dependent upon the necessity to guide actions directed toward an aim. The self-inner model, a representation of internal and external environments (including reafferent and afferent messages) and also of the behavior plans and desirable future states (aims) and efferent intentions (motor planning and motor command messages), is intrinsically linked to a thinking capacity, which is supposed to emerge from the binding of multiple influences. Thinking emerges when higher behavior strategies are considered possible and capable of leading to aims or the fulfillment of intentions. In this model, symbolization processes are projective and anticipatory and, in this way, beyond present referents. Symbolization occurs linked to action planning, command, and regulation in mental simulation. Meaning is related to an inner sense of a self that acts over the environment. (shrink)

With precision and profundity born of 30 years of devoted study, John Boyle offers an essential introduction to St. Thomas Aquinas on Scripture, shedding helpful light on the goals, methods, and commitments that animate the Angelic Doctor's engagement with the sacred page. Because the genius of St. Thomas's approach to the Bible lies not so much in its novelty but rather in the fidelity and clarity with which he recapitulates the riches of the preceding interpretive Tradition, this initiation into St. (...) Thomas's vision of Scripture is itself an orientation to the Church's vision of Scripture, from the Fathers through and beyond the Middle Ages. St. Thomas's embeddedness within the Church's Tradition and his own historical context is integral to his approach to Scripture, yet it sets him at some distance from modern readers, for whom his interpretive vision may seem perplexing or even impenetrable. In this Primer, Boyle first provides an acclimation to this medieval context through a survey and explanation of pertinent technical terminology used by St. Thomas and characteristic of the scholastic theology of the time. With an eye to the medieval practice of considering Scripture according to the fourfold division of causes, Boyle builds on this initial foundation by exploring in turn St. Thomas's accounts of the end or use of Scripture (final cause), its divine and human authorship (efficient cause), its order and division (material cause), and its literary styles or genres (formal cause). Drawing on writings from across St. Thomas's corpus, but especially his work On the Commendation and Division of Sacred Scripture and the prologues to his biblical commentaries, Boyle masterfully elucidates both the hermeneutical principles and deep wisdom of the Angelic Doctor's approach to Scripture, imparting invaluable guidance not only for reading and understanding St. Thomas and other great masters of the Tradition, but also-and ultimately-for understanding Scripture in light of this Tradition and reading it with greater benefit and joy. (shrink)

Those who favor and those who oppose the interruption of pregnancy with anencephalic fetuses answer the question ‘what is the right to life?’ differently. Those in favor argue that life exists only when it is ‘viable’; that is to say, when cerebral activities occur or may occur. Those who oppose it argue that it is not possible to describe ‘life’ as residing in a particular quality, since life ‘exists from conception’. In fact, in both cases, the noun ‘life’ is being (...) defined by a particular quality, either as ‘viable’ or as ‘existing from the time of conception’. Also, simply saying that ‘there is life’ cannot count as a neutral answer since those who utter such a sentence employ an unspecified criterion to establish if there is life or not. There are two possible ways to investigate this controversial matter: either we look for a definition of ‘life’ which is neutral and objective and does not reside in a particular quality or we try to establish whether or not the search for a neutral point of view can lead to a satisfactory answer. In this article we explore the argument against the interruption of pregnancy – as defined above – in order to show 1) the impossibility of establishing a neutral point of view regarding knowledge; 2) the existence of a psychological motivation which justifies the longing for an absolute criterion for the evaluation of human actions. This psychological motivation is analyzed from a Nietzschean perspective. (shrink)

Introducción: los accidentes son de las primeras causas de muerte a nivel mundial, por lo que la prevención de los mismos es una emergencia. Objetivo: valorar la repercusión de una intervención comunitaria en la disminución de peligros potenciales de accidentes en familias con niños de 0 a 18 meses. Métodos: se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental multietápico, con enfoques cuantitativo y cualitativo, entre enero de 2009 a junio de 2012. Se trabajó con 39 familias entre las que se produjeron nacimientos (...) en el periodo enero de 2008 a enero de 2010 de los Consultorios Médicos del Consejo Popular 26 de julio del Municipio Santo Domingo. Se efectuó una intervención por un grupo de trabajo comunitario conformado por integrantes del Círculo de interés "Prevención es Salud" y brigadistas de la Cruz Roja, liderados por la enfermera de la familia, se empleó para ello la Guía para Análisis de vulnerabilidades y capacidades de la Cruz Roja, modificada en su etapa I. Resultados: Post intervención se logró la reversión de vulnerabilidades en cuanto a capacidades, se manifestaron cambios favorables en los conocimientos y disminuyó significativamente el número de peligros potenciales en cada hogar. Conclusiones: Cuando se trabaja con familias con instrumentos sencillos y accesibles, y con el grupo de trabajo comunitario, se favorece la toma de conciencia sobre el problema en el entorno donde se generó. Introduction: accidents are one of the first causes of death worldwide, so their prevention is an urgency. Objective: assess the effect of a community intervention in the reduction of potential dangers of accidents in family with children aged from zero to 18 months. Methods: a multiage cuasi experimental study was carried out, with quantitative and qualitative approaches, from January 2009 to June 2012. The sample was taken from thirty-nine families who had children in the period ranging from January 2008 to January 2010 belonging to the family doctor´s house of the community called "26 de Julio" from Santo Domingo municipality. An intervention was carried out by a community group work composed by members of centers of interests called ¨Prevention is health¨ and members of the Red Cross led by the family nurse. It was necessary to ask a guide to analyze the vulnerabilities and capabilities of the Red Cross, modified in the first stage. Results: During the post intervention, it was possible to change the vulnerabilities in terms of capacities, favorable changes were present in the knowledge and the number of potential risks significantly decreased in each house. Conclusions: when families are approached with simple and accessible instruments, and with a community group work it is possible to make favorable changes in terms of awareness of the problem in the same place where it emerged. (shrink)

The object of study of the present is the critical reception of sociobiology and reflections on the sociobiology debate by one of Portugal's most notorious evolutionary thinkers, Germano da Fonseca Sacarrão (1914-1992). Our work starts with an extensive analysis of the vast literature concerning the emergence of sociobiology, the main criticisms it received, and the intense discussions (in and out of the academic circle) surrounding the new discipline's premises, framework, methodology, and ambitions, that took place in the years following (...) the publication of Edward O. Wihon's book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis in 1975, Germano da Fonseca Sacarrão addressed the emergence of sociobiology and the debate surrounding the new discipline in his writings as early as 1977, and once again in 1980. But in 1982, the Professor of Zoology and Anthropology at the University of Lisbon would devote an entire book to the issue: "A Biologia do Egoísmo -herança biológica de que o homem seria prisioneiro" (Biology of Selfishness. Biological inheritance that man would be a prisoner to). Sacarrão took the side of the critics, joining his voice to all of the main objections raised against sociobiology. Himself ideologically tuned to the left, he believed that the implications could extend much further, they could easily be used by extreme-right politicians to justify many of their views, for example, by contributing to legitimize certain practices such as male domination, warfare, xenophobia or racism. (shrink)

O texto pretende discutir a maneira como Foucault trabalha o problema da constituição do sujeito do cuidado de si – tema que tomou conta de seus últimos livros, cursos, entrevistas e conferências. A problematização deste sujeito e das “técnicas de si” que o constitui surgem na obra do autor a partir do momento em que Foucault reorienta as suas pesquisas sobre as relações de poder ao final dos anos 70, dando início às investigações sobre as formas de governar. Procura-se mostrar (...) que o deslocamento operado pelo autor passa necessariamente por uma problematização das condições de possibilidade a partir das quais as relações de poder, em sua modalidade de “ações sobre ações”, tornam-se possíveis. A liberdade como condição de possibilidade das relações de poder surge na obra de Foucault ao mesmo tempo em que a investigação sobre as “técnicas de si” descortinam a formação de sujeitos éticos. (shrink)

O presente trabalho traz uma reflexão acerca do modo que a África contemporânea articula os direitos costumeiros e a justiça aos moldes ocidentais, pensando mais especificamente o caso de Ruanda após o genocídio de 1994 em que os tribunais Gacaca e o Abunzi foram gestados para realizar essa ligação. Nesse sentido, buscamos possibilitar ponderações de como os ruandeses articularam questões que envolvem crimes contra a humanidade e uma percepção moderna de direito, com as práticas tradicionais de suas sociedades costumeiras. Palavras-Chave: (...) Direitos, África, Ruanda. (shrink)

Freud relates to the notion of beyond-the-man through a double movement, if we consider the direct satisfaction of the Triebe in contrast to the possibility of refining the targets of the drives. On the one hand, the analyst accepts the idea of Nietzsche that sublimation is precisely the means by which occurs the refinement of the targets of the impulses, but simultaneously reaffirms Schopenhauer's idea that suffering is the background of all life, has the constant voltage of the drive is (...) precisely the phenomenon that strains us and propels us forward: it is the difference between the actual pleasure obtained by satisfaction with the expected pleasure that comes the factor that drives. This does not allow the body to park in any of the previously established forms of satisfaction, but instead will cause this organism in their psychic context, claim a state of profound satisfaction, which is, however, hampered by the force of resistances that the process of repression still keeps active and by the difficulties inherent in human interaction and conflict between desires and capabilities. (shrink)

The Leslie matrix model for discrete population growth has been modified and used several times in population dynamics. A review is given of the basic model and of its principal modifications. The modifications relating to the influences of ‘internal’ or ‘external’ factors to the population are studied with greater detail. The same applies to models where the population is divided in stages rather than in age classes. In the same line, Hadjibiros studied a more general model, where the transition matrix (...) corresponds to a population divided in stages of unequal duration, and where the time varying influences of the ‘internal’ or ‘external’ factors are included. This model offers the possibility of computer simulation of the population dynamics of a natural population represented by a demographic vector. Some kind of relationship is proposed between the general matrix model and the Lefkovitch matrix ; the elements of which, obtained by regression techniques from census data, describe the biological dependance of a stage i at time t + 1 on a stage j at time t. (shrink)

O texto a seguir, intitulado “Ensaio Histórico sobre a Cavalaria e a Honra dos Modernos”, foi escrito durante a juventude de David Hume, certamente antes da publicação do Tratado da Natureza Humana. Ainda não há consenso inabalável sobre o ano em que esse ensaio foi produzido. John Hill Burton, que o publicou pela primeira vez, em 1846, considera que Hume o teria escrito em 1727, logo após deixar o Edimburgh College. J. Y. T. Greig propõe uma conjectura um pouco mais, (...) por assim dizer, elástica, considerando que o texto deve ter sido escrito no período de 1729 a 1734. (shrink)

Com este trabalho, buscamos refletir e problematizar, numa perspectiva bakhtiniana, e tendo como foco um estudo de caso, como se dá o letramento em língua inglesa, a partir da análise de textos escritos por meio de diários crítico-reflexivos dialogados entre o professor e um licenciando de primeiro período de um Curso de Letras. O diário crítico-reflexivo dialogado é concebido como uma forma de interação verbal entre o professor formador e o professor em-formação, elaborado por este ao final de cada aula. (...) O conteúdo deste diário se refere a uma descrição interpretativa em que o professor em-formação vai descrever, interpretar e relacionar como está vivendo o processo de interação verbal em seus estudos em língua inglesa. Nesse sentido, abordamos noções da arquitetura bakhtiniana, as quais hipotetizamos serem fundadoras desta prática pedagógica em estudo, discutimos analiticamente como o diário crítico-reflexivo, como prática de letramento, pode incidir na formação do (futuro) professor de língua inglesa e, finalmente, relacionamos o referencial teórico bakhtiniano com esta prática dialógica de linguagem traduzida em aspectos metodológicos da/na formação do professor de línguas na universidade. (shrink)