BackgroundThe conduct of research is critical to advancing human health. However, there are issues of ethical concern specific to the design and conduct of research in conflict settings. Conflict-affected countries often lack strong platform to support technical guidance and monitoring of research ethics, which may lead to the use of divergent ethical standards some of which are poorly elaborated and loosely enforced. Despite the growing concern about ethical issues in research, there is a dearth of information about ethical compliance in (...) conflict areas. Valid and ethically informed decision-making is a premier pact with research participants in settling possible ethical issues before commencing the research, which is ensured by gaining informed consent from prospective participants of the research.AimsThis research aimed to explore compliance with research ethics and consent validity in community-based epidemiological research conducted previously.MethodsResearch participants were recruited in the western part of Ethiopia in three districts subjected to conflicts. A community-based cross-sectional study design was utilized, and 338 residents were enrolled as study participants. All participants had previously been enrolled as research participants in epidemiological studies. Data was collected using a questionnaire that was pilot-tested before the commencement of the main data collection. The questionnaire focused on participants’ experiences of the informed consent process followed when they were recruited for an epidemiological study and covered themes such as essential information provided, level of comprehension, and voluntarism of consent.ResultsOver half of the study participants, 176 (52%), were not provided with essential information before consenting. And 135 (40%) of them did not comprehend the information provided to them. One hundred and ninety (56%) participants freely and voluntarily agreed to partake in one of these epidemiological studies, with over a quarter (97; 28.7%) of them reporting they were subjected to undue influence. Written consent was obtained from only 32 (9.4%) of the participants. (shrink)

This article serves as an introduction to the special issue discussing the usefulness of philosophy in managerial practice. We present the papers included in this special issue and identify keynote directions for further research. The initial intention of the call for papers was to promote this topic on research agendas by offering a platform for discussing if, why, and how philosophy can complement and enhance management practice. Now that this special issue has been published, we see a broader significance: the (...) arguments explored here are a starting point for more in-depth studies of the connections that can occur between specific philosophical concepts, theories, methods on the one hand, and concrete managerial practices on the other. (shrink)

There is currently no consensus regarding what measures are most valid to demonstrate perceptual processing without awareness. Likewise, whether conscious perception and unconscious processing rely on independent mechanisms or lie on a continuum remains a matter of debate. Here, we addressed these issues by comparing the time courses of subjective reports, objective discrimination performance and response priming during meta-contrast masking, under similar attentional demands. We found these to be strikingly similar, suggesting that conscious perception and unconscious processing cannot be dissociated (...) by their time course. Our results also demonstrate that unconscious processing, indexed by response priming, occurs, and that objective discrimination performance indexes the same conscious processes as subjective visibility reports. Finally, our results underscore the role of attention by showing that how much attention the stimulus receives relative to the mask, rather than whether processing is measured by conscious discrimination or by priming, determines the time course of meta-contrast masking. (shrink)

Although expressions of facial emotion hold a special status in attention relative to other complex objects, whether they summon our attention automatically and against our intentions remains a debated issue. Studies supporting the strong view that attentional capture by facial expressions of emotion is entirely automatic reported that a unique emotional face distractor interfered with search for a target that was also unique on a different dimension. Participants could therefore search for the odd-one out face to locate the target and (...) attentional capture by irrelevant emotional faces might be contingent on the adoption of an implicit set for singletons. Here, confirming this hypothesis, an irrelevant emotional face captured attention when the target was the unique face with a discrepant orientation, both when this orientation was unpredictable and when it remained constant. By contrast, no such capture was observed when the target could not be found by monitoring displays for a discrepant face and participants had to search for a face with a specific orientation. Our findings show that attentional capture by emotional faces is not purely stimulus driven and thereby resolve the apparent inconsistency that prevails in the literature on the automaticity of attentional capture by emotional faces. (shrink)

Les vingt-quatre contributions qui composent ce volume collectif se donnent pour objectif de fournir au lecteur un ensemble de repères historiques et conceptuels permettant de s'orienter dans le vaste territoire des théories contemporaines de l'imagination, de 1918 à aujourd'hui. Cet ouvrage présente ainsi, grâce à une enquête pluraliste et interdisciplinaire, un point de vue privilégié pour apprécier les différentes stratégies qui, au cours des cent dernières années, en réhabilitant l'importance et la puissance féconde de la "folle du logis", repensent la (...) valeur du savoir littéraire et humaniste."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

For over 20 years, the Schmid Training Course (STC) has offered unique opportunities for marine biology students from European universities to learn about marine model organisms. While the topics of the course have continuously changed over the years with the advent of new research techniques and discoveries, the pedagogical approach has remained largely the same – a combination of lectures, lab practicals, and field excursions. Several life science researchers, who have taught in the STC for many years, sought to bring (...) the course's pedagogical approach into the 21st century, and with the support of Erasmus+ Programme of the European Community funding, the Digital Marine project was developed. Digital Marine began in 2018 as an international partnership between the six research centers from which the STC instructors hail, and its main objective was to introduce a flipped, blended approach to learning and teaching with respect to established and emerging marine biological model systems. The Digital Marine platform, which covers 12 marine model organisms, is now publicly available. (shrink)

Starting with a review of research on love as an emotion, with an emphasis on romantic love, it is argued that despite strong emotional correlates evidence is lacking to conclude that love would meet the criteria of basic emotions. Theoretical developments are proposed where love is conceived of as a combination of an objectless drive, a desire for love, and a mythical and scripted representation that offers the possibility of labeling the current core affect. I argue that the basic motive (...) for love is not so much the partner’s personal attributes, but rather the benefits of the transformative power of being in love. (shrink)

4e de couv.: Les écrits de Michel Foucault sont stratifiés, hiérarchisés, entre les livres, les entretiens et les cours au Collège de France, mais ils sont surtout disséminés dans leurs usages. Désormais, et en plus de l'histoire des sciences et de la philosophie, les "effets" Foucault sont palpables sur la théorie de la littérature et du cinéma, l'histoire culturelle et sociale, les théories du genre, la pensée politique, les sciences de gestion, etc. C'est dans ce chantier ouvert que se situe (...) cet ouvrage. Il s'agit pour Jérôme Lamy, Jean-François Bert et leur équipe de spécialistes de resituer et d'analyser une pensée empruntant des questionnements à d'autres champs, de la psychologie à l'économie, de la science politique à la géographie, tout en ne se réclamant pas de ces sciences humaines et sociales. Pour comprendre la position de Foucault, les grands axes méthodologiques qu'il a parcourus sont retracés, telle l'archéologie, l'épistémè, la problématisation. Les concepts, des ouvrages maintenant classiques aux cours et à l'histoire de la sexualité, sont également revisités. Cette lecture critique des écrits et des usages de Foucault permet de le confronter aux analyses les plus récentes en sciences sociales, comme les postcolonial studies, ou de suivre les dialogues engagés (parfois à distance) avec des auteurs comme Norbert Elias, Michel de Certeau et Pierre Bourdieu. Un inventaire aussi rigoureux qu'éclairant. (shrink)

The necessity of epistemological theorisation for management science is questionable. However, epistemology can be useful if the following distinction between three kinds of epistemology, usually overlooked, is taken into account: epistemology as a structured academic discipline, epistemology as an intellectual exercise produced outside academic epistemology, and finally the epistemology specific to each researcher. When this distinction is not made, epistemology can become counterproductive and impede scientific work.

How can we make businesspeople more concerned about the truth of the information they spread or allow to circulate? In this age of ‘fake news’, ‘business bullshit’ and ‘post-truth,’ the issue is of the utmost importance, especially for business trustworthiness in the internet economy. The issue is related to a kind of epistemic responsibility, that consists in accounting for one’s own epistemic wrongdoings, such as making a third party believe something false. Despite growing interest in epistemic misbehavior in the literature (...) of business ethics, the question of epistemic responsibility has been neglected. The aim of this paper is therefore to address this gap, by proposing a notion of epistemic responsibility for business, that may help regulate undesirable epistemic behavior, such as the spreading of false information. To define this notion of epistemic responsibility, I have introduced the concept of epistemic fault. Being epistemically responsible consists in being disposed to account for alleged epistemic faults. This notion of epistemic fault relies on a theoretical framework which combines a typology of eight ‘epistemic values’, a normative stance regarding these values, and a dispositional approach to epistemic virtues and vices. I use this theoretical framework to integrate the various accounts of epistemic virtues and vices found in the literature into a single explanatory scheme. Combined with the notion of epistemic responsibility itself, such an integrative framework should facilitate the practical application of an operational epistemic ethics in business, i.e., the development of virtuous epistemic practices. (shrink)

Jean de Jandun et Walter Burley, commentateurs des œuvres de Aristote et d'Averroès à l'Université de Paris aux xiiie et XIVe siècles, juxtaposent à la lettre les enseignements de leurs sources au risque d'aboutir à des théories problématiques. Pour décrire le mouvement substantiel de la génération, ils retiennent d'Aristote les principes métaphysiques de la matière, la forme et la privation, et leur ajoutent la problématique introduite par les philosophes arabes de la possible corporéité et de la quantification de la matière (...) par des dimensions indéterminées qui en sont inséparables. Cette quantification devient nécessaire pour faire de la matière un sujet adéquat au changement substantiel. Pourtant, la nature quantitative de la matière demeure indéfinissable et met en péril la théorie médiévale de la génération. John of Janduno and Walter Burley, commentators of the works of Aristotle and Averroës at the University of Paris during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, literally juxtapose the teachings of their sources, running the risk of leading to problematic theories. To describe the fundamental movement of the generation, they retain Aristotle's metaphysical principles of matter, form and privation, and add the questions introduced by the Arab philosophers regarding the possible corporeality and quantification of matter by inseparable undetermined dimensions. This quantification becomes necessary to make the matter a subject susceptible to substantial change. However, the quantitative nature of the matter remains elusive and jeopardizes the medieval theory of the generation. (shrink)

Anxiety has been associated with enhanced unconscious processing of threat and attentional biases towards threat. Here, we focused on the phenomenology of perception in anxiety and examined whether threat-related material more readily enters anxious than non-anxious individuals’ awareness. In six experiments, we compared the stimulus exposures required for each anxiety group to become objectively or subjectively aware of masked facial stimuli varying in emotional expression. Crucially, target emotion was task irrelevant. We found that high trait-anxiety individuals required less sensory evidence (...) to become aware of the face targets. This anxiety-based difference was observed for fearful faces in all experiments, but with non-threat faces, it emerged only when these were presented among threatening faces. Our findings suggest a prominent role for affective context in high-anxiety individuals’ conscious perception of visual stimuli. Possible mechanisms underlying the influence of context in lowering awareness thresholds in anxious individuals are discussed. (shrink)

Social entrepreneurship is a precarious activity that must always strike a delicate balance between commercial principles and social concerns. There is no shortage of discussion concerning the possible solutions that could help to maintain this balance, and social entrepreneurs are striving to reconcile conflicting aims on a daily basis, but the economic roots of this precariousness remain. Based on an analysis of these root causes, we propose a new radical approach to this precariousness, “radical” in the etymological sense of the (...) term “root”. We start by identifying what determines the dilemma that lies at the heart of the precariousness of social entrepreneurship in present-day economic institutions. This enables us to identify the institutional conditions that might allow us to overcome it. The first condition is linked to the conservation of money in individual trade, which might be alleviated. To determine the second condition, we introduce the notion of the endogeneity of the institutional solutions to the dilemma. The lesser the involvement of the actors concerned by its formulation, the less endogenous is the solution. On this basis, we suggest institutional reforms that could prompt entrepreneurs to organize themselves in support of the actions of the most socially oriented entrepreneurs, thus safeguarding their sustainability. (shrink)

Physique des phénomènes vibratoires, dynamique des systèmes non linéaires, neurosciences, chronobiologie, chronopharmacologie, psychologie, psychiatrie, poétique, musique danse, sociologie, anthropologie, sciences de l'éducation, économie, histoire, géographie, architecture, urbanisme, constituent une liste non exhaustive des disciplines qui ne peuvent plus faire l'économie de la notion de rythme. Cependant, l'ample diffusion de la notion de rythme dans divers champs de recherches ne signifie pas pour autant que cette notion soit déjà reconnue dans son rôle heuristique, ni qu'elle fonctionne comme un paradigme commun. Prise (...) de manières très diverses, elle manque encore souvent de consistance conceptuelle, au risque parfois de perdre en compréhension ce qu'elle gagne en extension. L'objectif principal de cet ouvrage collectif dirigé par Jean-Jacques Wunenburger (Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3 et Université de Bourgoge) & Julien Lamy (Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3) est de faire un état des lieux des études sur le rythme et de fournir, dans le sillon des travaux de Bachelard, des repères théoriques, à la fois historiques et conceptuels, qui permettront de mieux comprendre la cohérence propre de cette notion complexe, aux significations et aux usages multiples... (shrink)

The relationship between Ars and Natura undergoes a manifest evolution from Aristotle to the medieval period and the time of Walter Burley. While Aristotle views all the possible complementarities between natural things and artificial things with regard to their perfection, the medieval commentators from Doctor planus and perspicuus on define artificialia in natural philosophy increasingly as perfect figures in actuality, divisible and with infinitely arrangeable parts. In Burley's works in particular, the products of art are likened to geometrical figures within (...) the structure of the continuous, such as lines, points and surfaces, and used as arguments against Ockham in their dispute over the ontology of indivisibles. (shrink)

Derrida est-il aujourd'hui un philosophe qui peut nous aider à penser ce qui nous arrive? Résolument oui. La pensée de Derrida est toujours d'une brûlante actualité à condition de savoir la lire. Cet essai l'explicite en interrogeant à travers "l'excès de vie", cet étrange concept de "spectre" qui fait de la philosophie derridienne une philosophie inouïe, pour ne pas dire une philosophie de l'inouï. Comment penser le spectre? Voici un concept peu philosophique qui travaille de manière absolument inédite toute la (...) philosophie derridienne. La philosophie de Derrida est un "corps spectral" dont cet essai reconstitue les articulations. En montrant que la déconstruction peut être pensée comme le résultat de la jonction improbable de l'intentionnalité husserlienne (ou du Présent-Vivant) et de la compulsion de répétition freudienne, il laisse ressurgir un survivant qui bien loin de porter la mort, excède la vie présente pour se projeter vers l'à venir. De manière tout à fait inattendue, une telle approche per- - met tout d'abord de comprendre comment la philosophie derridienne s'inscrit dans la tradition philosophique tout en la déconstruisant, pour l'ouvrir sur son dehors. Elle permet enfin, et surtout, de saisir la grande cohérence de la pensée de Derrida, qui a profondément renouvelé notre réflexion sur des sujets pour le coup très classiques en philosophie, comme la technique, la virtualité,-la politique et l'éthique."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Les Annales ont tracé, depuis leurs débuts dans les années 1930, des frontières avec la sociologie. L’étude de trois moments majeurs (l’ère des fondateurs, le moment Braudel et la décennie 1980) permet de saisir le travail d ‘horographie comme un enjeu sans cesse actualisé dans les rapports de force institutionnels et épistémologiques. L’identité collective des Annales, émergeant dans ces débats de délimitation avec la sociologie, s’appuie sur un réseau de valeurs et de références continuellement ajusté.

La quatrième de couverture indique : "Sous la Ve République, vingt-cinq secrétaires d'Etat ou ministres ont occupé le ministère de l'Environnement, de Robert Poujade (1971) à Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet (2012). Même si l'intitulé de ce ministère et ses prérogatives ont évolué au cours des années, il n'en reste pas moins que les préoccupations et difficultés abordées par les différents successeurs n'ont guère changé. Faire prendre conscience aux autres ministères d'adopter de bonnes habitudes écologiques, permettre aux citoyens d'appréhender les grands enjeux actuels (...) liés à l'environnement : voici deux missions essentielles qu'ils ont à coeur de défendre. Cet ouvrage d'actualité se propose de retracer de manière chronologique et exhaustive les travaux des célèbres ministres, hommes et femmes, de gauche ou de droite, qui se sont succédés. De la création du ministère de l'impossible à l'organisation du Grenelle de l'environnement par Jean-Louis Borloo jusqu'au 2 juillet 2013 - jour où Delphine Batho est démise de ses fonctions de ministre de l'Ecologie et du Développement durable -, Michel Lamy aborde point par point les faits marquants des quarante dernières années.Une rétrospective riche pour aller plus loin dans notre connaissance de l'écologie politique et mieux appréhender l'avenir en matière d'environnement.". (shrink)

À l'université de Paris au XIV e siècle, Jean de Jandun est un commentateur érudit des œuvres d'Averroès et a marqué un intérêt particulier à sa doctrine sur la quantification de la matière présente au livre I de son De substantia orbis. S'il reprend à la lettre les enseignements du commentateur sur les dimensions indéterminées, il tente de définir aussi de façon originale les principes ontologiques de ces dimensions en les intégrant à deux théories très discutées à l'époque: la génération (...) et l'individuation. Le commentaire de Jean de Jandun souligne une tendance à utiliser de plus en plus cette doctrine dans les domaines de la métaphysique et de la philosophie naturelle, mais révèle aussi un statut ontologique insoluble pour ces dimensions qui confirment la nature indéfinissable de la materia prima. At the University of Paris in the XIV th century, Jean de Jandun is an erudite commentator of the works of Averroès and marked a particular interest in his doctrine on the quantification of matter in book I of De substantia orbis. If he takes back literally the teachings of the commentator on the indefinite dimensions, he tries to define also in an original way the ontological principles of these dimensions by joining them into two very controversial theories: the generation and the individuation. The comment of Jean de Jandun underlines a tendency to use more and more this doctrine in the domains of the metaphysics and the natural philosophy but also reveals an insoluble ontological status for these dimensions which confirm the undefinable nature of materia prima. (shrink)