Karel Kosík’s book Dialectics of the Concrete. A Study on Problems of Man and World, elaborated under the impact of the de-Stalinization process, is one of the important attempts to rethink Marxist philosophy; it was an attempt to overcome the theoretical stagnation caused by the Stalinist period. It considers the state of Marxist theory, its relations to the past theoretical tradition, as well as it attempts to develop a critical and creative dialogue with different contemporary theoretical conceptions, then hegemonic. Through (...) his reading of Marx and his A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy project, Kosík searches for ways of discussing different relationships between philosophy and economics in the contemporary world, and, in particular, he analyzes different theoretical or ideological forms of the reified characteristics of the pseudoconcrete world of care, homo oeconomicus and economic factor. (shrink)

Partimos da afirmação de K.-O. Apel, repetida por João Maria André, de que "[...] é na ‘mística' do ‘logos' e na teologia negativa do Pseudo-Dionísio que, de modo determinante, Nicolau de Cusa irá beber os traços fundamentais da sua filosofia da linguagem". Com base no De filiatione Dei propomo-nos refletir sobre a relação fundamental e constitutiva entre o verbo mental humano e o Verbo ou Logos eterno. A importância desse texto, no âmbito do problema da linguagem em Nicolau de Cusa, (...) é reconhecida por Casarella justamente por sua inflexão cristológica em relação aos primeiros sermões, pois, em oposição à reflexão intratrinitária dos sermões, a imagem humanamente visível de Cristo torna-se o espelho da linguagem, ou seja, em Cristo, vemos de modo perfeito o que pode ser expresso por meio da linguagem. O texto cusano é uma meditação sobre Jo, I, 12: "Mas a todos que o receberam deu o poder de se tornarem filhos de Deus: aos que creem em seu nome". Interessa-nos principalmente a meditação sobre os exemplos aduzidos por Nicolau de Cusa para explicitar de que modo colhemos a unidade divina intelectualmente, pois serão nesses exemplos ou enigmas que o autor pensará a relação constitutiva entre o verbo mental humano e o verbo mental inefável. We begin with the statement of K.-O. Apel, repeated by João Maria André, that "[…] it is in the ‘mystic' of the ‘logos' and in the negative theology of pseudo-Dionysus that, in a determinate manner, Cusa would receive the fundamental features of his philosophy of language". Based on De filiatione Dei, we reflect on the fundamental and constitutive relationship between the mental human word and the eternal Word or Logos. The importance of this text in the context of the problem of language in Cusa is recognized by Casarella, specifically for its Christological inflection in relation to Cusa's first sermons. In opposition to the intra-Trinitarian reflection of the sermons, in De filiatione Dei the humanly visible image of Christ becomes the mirror of language; that is, it is in Christ that we see the perfect mode that can be expressed by means of language. Cusa's text is a meditation on John 1:12: "But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name". Of principal interest to us are the examples adduced by Cusa that make explicit the way in which we intellectually receive the divine unity, as it is in these examples or enigmas that the author reflects on the constitutive relation between the mental human word and the ineffable mental word. (shrink)

Although the skeptical crisis at the dawn of modern philosophy can be properly labelled Pyrrhonian specific features of the academic school of skepticism played an important role in this crisis. Academic skepticism becomes even more influential in post-Cartesian skepticism from Foucher to Hume.

Apresenta-se, de forma sintética, o pensamento de Basaglia e sua influência na conceituação da Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira, como objetivo de adentrar o campo das políticas públicas de saúde mental. Com base na Teoria dos Quatro Discursos de Lacan, apontam-se as limitações da Reforma Psiquiátrica..

"The Concept of Number", by Ernst Cassirer, is the second chapter of his first systematic work, the "Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff: Untersuchungen über die Grundfragen der Erkenntniskritik", originally published in German in 1910. The translation to English, in 1953, by Marie Collins Swabeyand William Curtis Swabey, under the title "Substance and Function and Einstein's Theory of Relativity", despite its importance for having widely disseminated the work, loses in its title the work's essence: the opposition between "concept-substance" and "concept-function", or rather, between (...) "substantial-concept" and "functional-concept". Cassirer possesses along with a "theory of symbolical forms" a "theory of culture". These theories are "theories of conceptual formation" and they are in charge of various case studies developed by Cassirer in “Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff”. Chapter 2, now translated, is a reading of the historical development of the concept of number under the view of a general theory of the concept that he presents in the second chapter of the book “Zur Theorie der Begriffsbildung” (On the theory of the conceptual formation). (shrink)

RESUMO O presente artigo pretende explorar um tema ainda incipiente na literatura secundária referente ao estatuto do direito em Giorgio Agamben e ao peso do direito romano em seus trabalhos. Para isso lançamos mão do debate entre Agamben e Yan Thomas, um importante historiador do direito romano com quem Agamben teve um contato bastante intenso. Ao longo do artigo pretenderemos mostrar três coisas: em primeiro lugar, a relação de Agamben com a biopolítica, destacando, sobretudo, o aspecto articulatório da noção de (...) dispositivo que subjaz suas investigações. Em segundo lugar, a importância do ensaio Vita necisque potestas de Yan Thomas, que servirá para Agamben introduzir diferenças em relação a Hannah Arendt e Michel Foucault. Por fim, lançaremos luz sobre o estatuto do direito no pensamento de Agamben, que, é a nossa hipótese, comunga da visão thomasiana: o direito não seria uma realidade metafísica ou substancial, mas funcionaria por meio de artifícios e ficções, o que nos permite pensar o direito enquanto um autêntico dispositivo biopolítico. ABSTRACT This article intends to explore a still incipient theme in the secondary literature regarding the status of the law in Giorgio Agamben and the weight of Roman law in his works. To this end, we have used the debate between Agamben and Yan Thomas, an important historian of Roman law with whom Agamben had a very intense contact. Throughout the article we will show three things: firstly, the relationship between Agamben and biopolitics, emphasising the articulatory aspect of the notion of apparatus which underlies his investigations. Then we will point out the importance of the essay Vita necisque potestas by Yan Thomas, which will serve for Agamben to introduce differences in relation to Hannah Arendt and Michel Foucault. Finally, we will shed light on the statute of law in Agamben’s thought, which is our hypothesis, communes with the Thomasian view: law would not be a metaphysical or substantial reality, but would work through artifice and fiction, which enables us to think the law as an authentic biopolitical apparatus. (shrink)

In several studies on the interpretation of the term politeuma, Patrick Sänger argues that it has three basic meanings: ‘political act’, ‘citizenry’ or ‘active citizenry’, and ‘polity’ and thus ‘state’, sometimes having the connotation ‘constitution’. Although the interpretation of the word can be traced back at least to Aristotle, it is generally acknowledged that its basic meanings can be found as well in Hellenistic and Roman literature, sometimes even used side by side. Taking into account the epoch in which Plutarch (...) wrote his work and the wide chronological period that it covers, it can be expected that Plutarch might be a very illustrative guide for the use of the term politeuma. The word occurs in fact 75 times throughout his work. In most cases, it is used only once or twice in a single biography or in a piece of the Moralia. There are, however, three exceptions to this global pattern: the Lives of Lycurgus and Numa, which concentrate 12 occurrences; those of Agis/Cleomenes and Tiberius/Gaius Gracchus with 13; finally, and from the Moralia, the An seni respublica gerenda sit, with 5 passages. This paper discusses the way Plutarch combines text and context, namely the way the concept of politeuma works in the context in which it is used throughout the Lives and the Moralia. En varios estudios sobre la interpretación del término politeuma, Patrick Sänger sostiene que tiene tres significados básicos: a) “acto político”, b) “la ciudadanía” o conjunto de ciudadanos activos”, y c) “sistema de gobierno” y, por lo tanto, “estado”, muchas veces con la connotación de “constitución”. Aunque la interpretación de la palabra suele remontarse hasta Aristóteles, generalmente, se reconoce que sus significados básicos pueden hallarse también en las Literaturas Helenística y Romana, a veces, incluso utilizados uno junto a otro. Teniendo en cuenta la época en la que Plutarco escribió su obra y el vasto período de tiempo que abarca, podemos considerarlo una guía muy ilustrativa sobre el uso del término politeuma. La palabra se registra 75 veces a lo largo de su obra. En la mayoría de los casos se la utiliza sólo una o dos veces en alguna biografía individual dentro de Moralia. Sin embargo, hay tres excepciones a este patrón general: las Vitae de Licurgo y Numa, incluyendo la Comparatio, que concentran 12 ocurrencias, aquellas de Agis/Cleomenes y Tiberio/Cayo Graco con 13 y, finalmente, en An seni respublica gerenda sit dentro de Moralia, en 5 pasajes. En el presente artículo discutimos el modo en que Plutarco combina texto y contexto y cómo funciona el término politeuma según su contexto en las Vitae y en Moralia. (shrink)

Dionysus has several sets throughout Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) books. This question will arouse the interest of Brazilian interpreters when football is under observation. The aim of this article is to discuss the appropriations from the philosopher's concepts since the first half of the twentieth century. Commentators and the author himself saw that there are inflections about this theme in the Nietzschean work. The wide circulation of football elements in Brazil, its close connection with the national identity and with the popular (...) cultural has to be taken into account in a consistent investigation. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a interpretação realizada por Nietzsche ao poema de Parmênides, Da Natureza. Para levar a cabo essa tarefa, efetuaremos, num primeiro momento, um exame do poema em questão. Esse trabalho inicial fornecerá subsídios para, num segundo momento, voltarmos nossos esforços diretamente à interpretação nietzschiana do texto do pré-socrático. Nesta segunda etapa do artigo, iremos nos debruçar sobre os trabalhos A Filosofia na Idade Trágica dos Gregos e Os filósofos pré-platônicos. A intenção inicial do segundo momento (...) de nossa empreitada é esclarecer a hipótese de Nietzsche acerca da gênese do poema e do desenvolvimento lógico do argumento nele contido. Feito isso, também tentaremos retraçar a argumentação do filósofo alemão no que diz respeito à critica que ele realiza ao pensador de Eleia. Por fim, tentaremos mostrar que as questões levantadas por Nietzsche nesses textos irão reverberar nas fases posteriores de sua filosofia. (shrink)

O presente estudo consiste em uma análise do processo de composição do Timeu-Crítias de Platão, sob o ponto de vista da modelagem do discurso. Pretende-se mostrar que o diálogo é marcado por uma engenhosa articulação de técnicas de composição, que combinam os aspectos pictorial e dramático da mímesis poética. Estabelecendo as Panateneias como referência implícita, a obra apresenta a performance de uma sequência de narrativas, produzidas como verdadeiras imagens discursivas. A originalidade platônica revela-se no Timeu-Crítias, portanto, no desempenho de uma (...) construção formal ao mesmo tempo dramática e imagética, mediante um singular agenciamento mimético de formas do discurso. (shrink)

After the publication of Hart's Concept of Law, Dworkin published his article “The Model of Rules,” dividing positivism into two varieties: inclusive and exclusive. Many theorists involved in this debate have characterized Hart's position as inclusivist, which we reject in this article. We argue that Hart, in the postscript to The Concept of Law, conceded a point to Dworkin in accepting that inclusive positivism would imply the existence of objective moral standing, adopting a more “neutral” position—compatible with inclusive and exclusive (...) positivism—and consequently distancing himself from the incorporation thesis, which is paramount to inclusive positivism. (shrink)

How has the body been discussed in cyber artworks? Technologies of communication nets such as the World Wide Web, satellites, mobile phones and GPS are triggering drastic transformations of the concept we have of the body as well as of the perception of ourselves. The purpose of this article is to emphasize some aspects existing in art pieces that question and investigate the concept of body and the emergence of a new kind of consciousness.

Este ensaio introdutório faz uma breve apresentação do tratado de óptica atribuído a Euclides de Alexandria, inserindo-o no contexto das teorias sobre a visão formuladas pelas doutrinas filosóficas antigas. Ressalta-se o antagonismo entre a análise geométrica da visão, empreendida por Euclides, e as considerações filosóficas acerca dos processos físicos subjacentes à sensação visual. Pretende-se mostrar que o objeto da óptica euclidiana é a percepção visual daquilo que Aristóteles denomina "sensível comum". This introductory essay provides an abridged presentation of the optical (...) treatise attributed to Euclid of Alexandria, placing it in the context of theories about vision formulated by the ancient philosophical doctrines. I emphasize the antagonism between the geometric analysis of vision, undertaken by Euclid, and the philosophical considerations about the physical processes underlying visual sensation. In addition, I aim to show that the object of Euclidean optics is the visual perception of what Aristotle calls "common sensible". (shrink)

At the height of the Cold War, in the 1950s, the process of parallel invention of masers and lasers took place on the opposing sides of the Iron Curtain. While the American part of the story has been investigated by historians in much penetrating detail, comparable Soviet developments were described more superficially. This study aims at, to some extent, repairing this discrepancy by analyzing the Soviet path towards the maser from a comparative angle. It identifies, on the one hand, significant (...) differences between the two projects regarding their heuristics, the relationship between theory and experiment, grounding in different academic cultures, and the resulting conceptualization of the maser principle. At the same time, the case also illustrates more fundamental transformations in the practices of postwar research that can be characterized as a convergence between the Soviet and the American science of the period. (shrink)

Embasados nas concepções de forma arquitetônica de Bakhtin, procuramos demonstrar como as dimensões dos enunciados praticados nos ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem (AVA) estão diretamente ligadas ao design (concepção, idealização e forma), ou seja, à forma arquitetônica de realização, defendido como o design de um AVA, que pode propiciar (novos) multiletramentos, flexibilizar ou não, em sua forma de realização, gêneros multissemióticos advindos do mundo contemporâneo. Para tanto, observamos o design de duas ferramentas em dois AVA distintos e concluímos que, no primeiro, (...) o ambiente digital está baseado nas relações de tempo e espaço (e poder) da escola tradicional, gerando uma forma arquitetônica de realização de uma escola marcada pelos gêneros e letramentos escolares convencionais. No segundo, ao observarmos o todo arquitetônico, concluímos que o seu design propicia o uso de diferentes modos de linguagem - textual, gráfica, sonora, com imagens estáticas e dinâmicas, com fácil comunicação/interação com os meios tecnológicos da contemporaneidade. (shrink)

Objective: Illness perceptions are important predictors of emotional and behavioral responses in many diseases. The current study aims to investigate the COVID-19-related IP throughout Europe. The specific goals are to understand the temporal development, identify predictors and examine the impacts of IP on perceived stress and preventive behaviors.Methods: This was a time-series-cross-section study of 7,032 participants from 16 European countries using multilevel modeling from April to June 2020. IP were measured with the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. Temporal patterns were observed (...) considering the date of participation and the date recoded to account the epidemiological evolution of each country. The outcomes considered were perceived stress and COVID-19 preventive behaviors.Results: There were significant trends, over time, for several IP, suggesting a small decrease in negativity in the perception of COVID-19 in the community. Age, gender, and education level related to some, but not all, IP. Considering the self-regulation model, perceptions consistently predicted general stress and were less consistently related to preventive behaviors. Country showed no effect in the predictive model, suggesting that national differences may have little relevance for IP, in this context.Conclusion: The present study provides a comprehensive picture of COVID-19 IP in Europe in an early stage of the pandemic. The results shed light on the process of IP formation with implications for health-related outcomes and their evolution. (shrink)

Trata-se de estudo bibliográfico pelo qual analisamos a pesquisa na educação física em torno da perspectiva de reaproximação da epistemologia com a teoria do conhecimento. Analisamos que as pesquisas devem pressupor a práxis e a dialética, sendo que à luz destas devem abordar os problemas do conhecimento, da história e da realidade, também pressupondo o materialismo histórico dialético enquanto epistemologia e o socialismo enquanto projeto histórico. A pesquisa em educação física deve reverter o seu circuito de conhecimento, superando os modelos (...) hegemônicos, assim como o avançar na passagem das questões instrumentais, técnicas e metodológicas para as teóricas e epistemológicas. (shrink)

En este trabajo me propongo desarrollar un estudio crítico de la concepción mecanicista de la explicación científica. En primer lugar, argumento que la caracterización mecanicista de los modelos fenoménicos (no explicativos) es inadecuada, pues no ofrece un análisis aceptable de los conceptos de modelo científico y similitud, que son fundamentales para la propuesta. En segundo lugar, sostengo que la caracterización de los modelos mecanicistas (explicativos) es igualmente inadecuada, pues los análisis disponibles de la relación explicativa de relevancia constitutiva implican una (...) tesis metafísica que es rechazada por los mismos mecanicistas. Concluyo que el mecanicismo no ofrece todavía una elucidación aceptable de la explicación científica. In this paper, I offer a critical assessment of the mechanicist approach to scientific explanation. Firstly, I argue that the mechanicist characterization of (non explanatory) phenomenological models is inadequate, since it does not develop an explication of the concepts of scientific model and similarity, which are indispensable to the approach. Secondly, I claim that the mechanicist conception of (explanatory) mechanicist models is inadequate as well, since all the available analices of the explanatory relation of constitutive relevance imply a metaphysical thesis that is rejected by the mechanicists themselves. I conclude that mechanicism needs to be emended if it aims to be considered as a genuinely illuminating approach to scientific explanation. (shrink)

resumo: Há uma solidariedade entre o estilo do L'Individuation à la Lumière des Notions de Forme et d'Information e os princípios teóricos que a obra toma como ponto de partida para sua investigação dos diversos processos de individuação. Essa solidariedade torna o estilo da obra um programa filosófico que responde a demandas precisas quanto ao papel das ciências da natureza, das ciências humanas e da técnica, sua classificação, sua história e sua consistência teórica, demandas que pretendemos especificar no artigo. Ao (...) mesmo tempo esse programa de Simondon requer que o autor recolha os princípios teóricos de sua análise em um corpo teórico cujas linhas gerais desenham a fisonomia de toda uma filosofia, de caráter peculiar. É isso o que justifica, e até mesmo exige, que Simondon tome por objeto o problema da individuação nos termos em que o faz, e que possa apresentar essa aproximação do problema como uma crítica cujo valor é ele mesmo filosófico: uma resposta peculiar ao positivismo, ao pragmatismo, ao estruturalismo e, sobretudo, às formas de compreensão das ciências e das técnicas que era hegemônica no final dos anos 50, no ambiente intelectual francês. abstract: There is a strict allegiance between the style present in L'Individuation à la Lumière des Notions de Forme et d'Information and the theoretical principles by which this work inquires the diverse individuation processes. That allegiance makes this style a whole investigation program on the role of natural sciences, humanities and technology in general, their classification, history and theoretical nature. The clauses of that investigation will be shown in its general lines by the paper itself. But the point is that, at the same time, this investigation program requires the specific theoretical principles adopted by Simondon in this work as a theory and in its development as a complete philosophy. Indeed this is the reason why Simondon takes the problem about individuation processes as the focus of his discussions. Such discussions offer a critique whose value is itself philosophical. That strategy results in a peculiar response to positivism, pragmatism, structuralism and the hegemonic way of thinking about sciences and techniques in the French fifties. (shrink)

Examinamos a argumentação de Cícero contra o estoicismo no De Fato tentando reconstruir a melhor argumentação de Crisipo para a posição de uma filosofia que concilie a postulação do destino com a da liberdade humana. Fazemos isso, contudo tendo em vista a maneira como esse programa estóico é lembrado por Leibniz na Teodicéia. A estratégia para tanto consiste em examinar primeiro a maneira como Crisipo e Cícero poderiam traduzir o problema da relação do destino em termos causais, sugerindo uma diferença (...) possível entre a solução que seria legitimamente a de Crisipo e a de Cícero. Depois, mas em função dessa primeira análise, procuramos entender como Crisipo poderia resolver o problema a partir da postulação autonomia do agente na deliberação, pressuposta a natureza do agente — e pressupostos alguns temas centrais da física e da lógica estóicas como a noção de corporais e incorporais. Aqui aparece o exemplo do cilindro e do cone, como atribuído a Crisipo por Cícero, exemplo cuja interpretação ocupará o restante do artigo. The Cylinder and the ConeWe shall try to find the best way by which Crhysippus philosophy puts fate and freedom together, we must first proceed through an examination of the plot of Cicero’s De Fato. There we shall come back to some Leibnizian remarks about the Fatum Stoicum in the Theodicy. The first step for that is the interpretation of the Ciceronian attempt to translate the problem in an ethiological one, and the statement of the different conceptual framework through which Crhysippus do the same. The final step is the analysis of the Stoic conception of autonomous action in the act of deliberation, supposing the nature of the agent in his commitments with some stoical tenets about the incorporeal, as it appears in their physics and their logics. It is in this step that we shall examine the example of the cylinder and the cone, as it is given by Crhysippus through Cicero’s testimony, and try to extend that analysis to its ultimate consequences. (shrink)

CAVALCANTI NETO, Lamartine de Hollanda. Contributions of Thomistic Psychology to the study of the plasticity of the ethos. 2012. 571s. Thesis (Doctorate in Bioethics) – Centro Universitário São Camilo, São Paulo,2012. If Ethics is not a static science, it is because ethos — its basic object of study — is a mutable reality. For this reason, ethical themes, chiefly those of Bioethics, are directly related to the study of the plasticity of the ethos. Nevertheless, such investigation requires that the (...) researcher distance himself from concrete ethical questions, to apply himself to the theoretical examination of what enables the existence and development of such questions — that is, the aforementioned plasticity. However, bibliographical literature on this subject has revealed a scarcity of works focused specifically on the theme. This scarcity seems to indicate that the subject is still in a process of methodological definition. Therefore, we propose as a research question, to investigate at the theoretical level, if Thomistic Psychology can be considered a valid study tool for the plasticity of ethos. For this aim, we adopt a documental and bibliographical research methodology adapted to the aforesaid question, based on the presupposition that such validity can be gauged to the extent that Thomistic Psychology offers objective contributions to the study of the plasticity of the ethos. Backed by extensive literature, we present an overview of Thomistic Psychology, as well as of ethos and its plasticity. With the data obtained, we establish a discussion with a view to identifying these contributions. Based on the results, we close with a reply, while still open, to our research question, hoping to afford, in this way, a kind of platform on which new studies can be developed with greater facility. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é contextualizar, sinteticamente, o liberalismo da Teoria da justiça de John Rawls dentro da tradição, a partir de alguns de seus elementos essenciais, tais como as idéias de contrato, de liberdade, de igualdade e de racionalidade, e identificá-lo a uma forma própria e metódica de se pensar a política como sabedoria. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Liberalismo. Teoria da justiça. John Rawls. ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to summarily contextualize the liberalism of Rawls’s A Theory of Justice, (...) within the political tradition and its essential elements, such as the ideas of contract, liberty, equality, and rationality, so as to identify its proper form and method to think politics as wisdom. KEY WORDS – Liberalism. Theory of justice. John Rawls. (shrink)

Em meio a Guerra Fria, a Revolução Sandinista abalou os interesses dos Estados Unidos na região da América Central e do Caribe. Durante o Governo Reagan, os Estados Unidos intensificaram as ações de intervenção na região a fim de derrubar o Governo Sandinista. Este artigo pretende demonstrar que, mesmo no campo ortodoxo da política estadunidense, o papel dos Estados Unidos em face da revolução na Nicarágua não estava pré definido exclusivamente em uma visão de mundo única e que, portanto, haviam (...) propostas concorrentes, que, inclusive, compreendiam a realidade na região a partir de dinâmicas próprias, e não apenas em função da Guerra Fria.Other Cold Wars: the clashes between neoliberals and neoconservatives in the face of the Nicaraguan Revolution In the midst of the Cold War, the Sandinista Revolution shook US objectives in the Central America and Caribbean. During the Reagan Administration, the United States stepped up intervention in the region to overthrow the Sandinista Government. This paper intends to demonstrate that even in the orthodox field of American politics, the role of the United States in the face of the revolution in Nicaragua was not exclusively defined in a single perceptions and that therefore there were competing proposals that even understood the reality in the region from its own dynamics, and not only because of the Cold War. Resumen Otras guerras frías: los embates entre neoliberales y neoconservadores estadunidenses ante la Revolución Nicaragüense En medio de la Guerra Fría, la Revolución Sandinista sacudió los intereses de Estados Unidos en la región de América Central y del Caribe. Durante el Gobierno Reagan, Estados Unidos intensificó las acciones de intervención en la región a fin de derrocar al Gobierno Sandinista. Este artículo pretende demostrar que, incluso en el campo ortodoxo de la política estadounidense, el papel de los Estados Unidos frente a la revolución en Nicaragua no estaba pre definido exclusivamente en una visión de mundo única y que, por lo tanto, había propuestas concurrentes, que incluso comprendían la realidad en la región a partir de dinámicas propias, y no sólo en función de la Guerra Fría. (shrink)

I make a review on the aplications of the Bohm-de Broglie interpretation of quantum mechanics to quantum cosmology. In the framework of minisuperspaces models, I show how quantum cosmological effects in Bohm’s view can avoid the initial singularity, and isotropize the Universe. In the general case, I enumerate the possible structures of quantum space and time.

resumo: Este artigo é uma introdução geral ao pensamento de Bernard Stiegler em torno da relação entre técnica e humano. Stiegler desconstroi a tradição filosófica que costumava separar technê e episteme com um enfoque histórico e materialista, a fim de provar como é impossível pensar a humanidade sem a técnica. Portanto, a relação não é de oposição, como a tradicional metafísica do espírito defende, mas composição, do modo como defendem Gilbert Simondon, Jacques Derrida, Andre Leroi-Gourhan e Gilles Deleuze. abstract: This (...) paper is a general introduction to Bernard Stiegler's thinking about the relation between technique and human. Stiegler deconstructs the philosophical tradition that used to separate teckhnê and episteme with a historical and materialist approach in order to prove how it is impossible to think humanity without technique. Therefore, the relation is not one of opposition, like the traditional metaphysics of spirit defends, but one of composition, as thinkers like Gilbert Simondon, Jacques Derrida, Andre Leroi-Gourhan and Gilles Deleuze defend. (shrink)

The history of Christianity was a prevalent subject among 18th century philosophers. This article presents a historical perspective of the relationship between Christianity and power based on a comparative analysis of the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau. Bibliographic research was undertaken using a philosophical approach to their works. This study examines Voltaire’s inquiry into Jesus Christ as a historical figure and a“genealogy” of Christianity in three of his works: Tumbeau du fanatisme(1736), Traité sur la tolérance(1763), and Catéchisme de l'honnête homme (...) (1763). Regarding Rousseau, this study interprets his historical approach to the connections between Christianity and politics based on the following works: Sur la Réponse qui a été faite à son Discours(1751), the chapter entitled “Civil Religion” in Du Contract social(1762), and Lettres écrites de la montagne(1764). Not only do the findings of this inquiry reveal the similarities and differences between the thoughts of Voltaire and Rousseau and the historical tensions between Christianity and power, the findings also point toward a fundamental defense of a secular state. (shrink)