Aristotel je strogo lučio tri bitna načina života: bios poietikos, bios praktikos i bios theoretikos, te je smatrao da samo dva posljednja načina života ozbiljuju najviše dobro pomoću savršenih oblika znanja, i to najviše dobro kao ljudsko dobro pomoću razboritosti praktičnoga uma i kao božansko dobro pomoću mudrosti teoretskoga uma . Oba ta načina postizanja sreće ozbiljuju najviše dobro na svoj vlastiti način, i to praktični um etičko-političkim djelovanjem građana u državi, a teoretski um kontemplacijom kao težnjom za vječnim životom (...) bogova i promatranjem prvih principa i uzroka svih bića u pogledu njihova bitka. Poietički način života Aristotel, pak, rangira niže od praktičnog i teoretskog. Pa ipak, katkada i poietički način života proizvodi sretan život.Na primjeru Gadamerova razumijevanja mnogolikosti iskustva bitnih načina života i mnogolikosti znanja već u okviru poietičkog znanja, u ovom se radu nastoji pokazati da poiesis kao treći bitni oblik života obuhvaća ukupnost proizvodnog znanja, dakle kako znanje na kojemu počiva umjetničko stvaranje tako i znanje koje sve više tehnizira globalni svijet i vodi sudbonosnom razaranju i kobnoj uniformiranosti samoga svijeta.Posebna je Gadamerova zasluga što je u okviru fenomenološke i hermeneutičke filozofije obnovio vlastitost umjetnosti kao oblik znanja koje kao ljudsko razumijevanje čovjeku omogućuje da pomoću povijesnog mišljenja razvije povijesnom bitku i svijetu života primjereno znanje i na njemu utemeljeno življenje i djelovanje.Aristoteles hat strikt zwischen drei wesentlichen Lebensweisen differenziert – dem bios poietikos, dem bios praktikos sowie dem bios theoretikos – und war hiernach des Erachtens, lediglich die letzten zwei Lebensweisen verwirklichten das höchste Gut mithilfe der einwandfreien Wissensformen, und zwar das höchste Gut als das menschliche Gut mittels Klugheit der praktischen Vernunft und als das göttliche Gut mittels Weisheit der theoretischen Vernunft . Beide dieser Wege der Glückserlangung verwirklichen das höchste Gut in ihrer eigenen Manier, sowohl die praktische Vernunft durch ethisch-politische Handlung der Bürger im Staat als auch die theoretische Vernunft durch Kontemplation als Streben nach dem ewigen Götterleben und der Beobachtung der ersten Prinzipien und Ursachen aller Wesen bezüglich ihres Seins. Die poietische Lebensweise stuft Aristoteles jedoch niedriger ein als die praktische und theoretische. Dennoch bringt die poietische Lebensweise bisweilen ein glückliches Leben hervor.Am Beispiel von Gadamers Verständnis der Erfahrungsmannigfaltigkeit der wesentlichen Lebensweisen und der Wissensvielfalt bereits im Rahmen des poietischen Wissens ist man bemüht, in dieser Arbeit darzulegen, dass die poiesis als dritte wesentliche Lebensweise die Gesamtheit des Hervorbringungswissens erfasst, also sowohl das Wissen, auf dem das künstlerische Schaffen ruht wie auch das Wissen, das die globale Welt zunehmend technisiert und zur schicksalhaften Zerstörung sowie verhängnisvollen Uniformierung der Welt selbst führt.Ein beachtliches Verdienst Gadamers ist es, im Rahmen der phänomenologischen und hermeneutischen Philosophie die Eigentümlichkeit der Kunst als Form des Wissens regeneriert zu haben, welches als humanes Verstehen dem Menschen ermöglicht, anhand des geschichtlichen Denkens ein dem historischen Sein und der Lebenswelt adäquates Wissen fortzuentwickeln, und desgleichen die darauf aufbauende Lebensweise und Handlung. (shrink)

Na primjeru Utopije morala Karla Alberta i Elenor Jain, autor pokazuje razliku između ontološke etike kao metafizičke etike i svih drugih prošlih i suvremenih etika kao nemetafizičkih. Središnja pretenzija ontološke etike kao aktualne etike primjerene vremenu ležiu tome da ona može nadmašiti specifičnosti pojedinačnih kultura i pokazati fundament etičkog mišljenja i djelovanja, koji prevladava razdvajajuće elemente tradiranih moralnih predodžaba ili religioznih normi te obraća pažnju na ono zajedničko što ljudi i narodi doživljavaju kao iskustvo bitka, u smislu ontološke misli, od (...) Parmenida i Platona do Heideggera i Lavellea. Nasuprot tom prenaglašavanju Platonove idealističke linije u europskoj praktičnoj filozofiji, autor ovoga rada ukazuje na druge smjerove europske filozofije, te posebno ističe Aristotelovu philosophia anthropina kao nemetafizičku praktičnu filozofiju u smislu jedinstva etike i politike, neovisno o metafizici. Dok Albert i Jain zagovaraju bliskost etike i estetike, te u smislu modernog globalizma povezuju europsku filozofiju s izvaneuropskom mitološkom i metafizičkom mudrošću, autor ovoga rada ukazuje na Gadamerovu interpretaciju odnosa phronesisa i sophiae u VI. knjizi Aristotelove Nikomahove etike i naHeideggerovu fundamentalnu ontologiju, ne kao metafiziku, nego kao hermeneutičku praktičnu filozofiju, da bi na tragu Finkove interpretacije VII. knjige Platonove Države pokazao mogućnost drukčijeg tumačenja odnosa dokse i episteme od onoga što ga pružaju Albert i Jain, kako kod samoga Platona tako i u transcendentalnoj fenomenologiji životnog svijeta kod kasnoga Husserla. Jer suvremenom globalnom svijetu više je potrebna nemetafizička praktična filozofija – kao povijesnom svijetu života primjereno mišljenje – negoli metafizička etika i mitologija.Am Beispiel von Die Utopie der Moral von Karl Albert und Elenor Jain zeigt der Verfasserden Unterschied zwischen einer ontologischen Ethik als einer metaphysischen Ethik und allenanderen vergangenen und gegenwärtigen Ethiken als nicht-metaphysischen Ethiken. Der Hauptanspruchder ontologischen Ethik als einer aktualen und der Zeit angemessenen Ethik liegtdarin,dass sie die Eigenartigkeiten der einzelnen Kulturenübergreifenund das Fundamentumdesethischen Denkens und Handelns aufweisen kann, das die trennendenElemente der tradiertenMoralvorstellungen oder religiösenNormen aufhebt und die Aufmerksamkeitauf dasGemeinsamelenkt, welches die Menschen und die Völker als Seinserfahrung erleben – im Sinnedesontologischen Gedankens von Parmenides und Platon bis Heidegger und Lavelle. Im Gegensatzzu dieser überbetonten idealistischen Linie Platons in der europäischenpraktischenPhilosophieweist der Verfasserdieser Arbeitauf die anderenStrömungen der europäischenPhilosophiehin und hebt insbesonderedie aristotelische philosophia anthropinaals nicht-metaphysischepraktische Philosophie im Sinne der Einheit von Ethik und Politik hervor,die vonderMetaphysik unabhängig ist. WährendAlbertund Jain die Nähe von Ethik und Ästhetik befürwortenund im Sinne des modernen Globalismus die europäischePhilosophie mit der außereuropäischenmythologischen und metaphysischen Weisheitverbinden, verweist der VerfasserdieserArbeitauf Gadamers Interpretationdes Verhältnissesvon phronesisund sophia im VI.Buchder NikomachischenEthik vonAristotelesund auf die Fundamentalontologie Heideggers–aufgefasst nicht als eine Metaphysik, sondern als hermeneutische praktische Philosophie. AufdenSpurender Fink’schenInterpretationdes VII. Buches von Platons Staat zeigt der Verfassersodannauf, dass eine andereMöglichkeit zur Deutung des Verhältnissesvon Doxe und Epistemebestehtals jene, die von Albertund Jain befürwortet wird,sowohl bei Platon selbst als auch inderTranszendentalphänomenologieder Lebenswelt beim späten Husserl. Denn die globale WeltderGegenwart braucht mehr eine nicht-metaphysische praktische Philosophie und ein der geschichtlichenLebenswelt angemessenes Denken als eine metaphysische Ethik und Mythologie. (shrink)

Namjera je ovog članka da se skicira portret Ante Pažanina kao filozofa, istraživača i autora, te kao profesora, prevoditelja i javnoga djelatnika, odnosno da se kaže nešto ne samo o njegovu djelu nego i o njegovu liku. U tom smislu, članak se više oslanja na reminiscencije na Pažaninovu predavačku djelatnost negoli na istraživanje njegova filozofskog opusa, iako se naglašavaju ključna uporišta njegove filozofije . Zaključuje se kako je glavna značajka Pažaninova djela – živi dijalog sa suvremenicima i misliteljima prohujalih (...) vremena, koji su zahvaljujući njegovu pristupu također postajali suvremenima – bila trajno prisutna i u njegovoj profesorskoj djelatnosti.The intention of this paper is to sketch a portrait of Ante Pažanin as a philosopher, researcher and author, as well as a professor, translator and public servant, i.e. to speak not only about his work but also his figure. In this sense, the paper relies more on reminiscences on Pažanin’s lecturing activities than on research of his philosophical works, although the key strongholds of his philosophy are emphasised. It is concluded that the main characteristic of Pažanin’s work – live dialogue with contemporary thinkers as well as those of the past times, who also became contemporary by virtue of his approach – was permanently present in his professorial activities. (shrink)

Slijedeći Fichteovu misao da »svatko izabire onakvu filozofiju kakav je tko čovjek«, u članku se ocrtavaju misaoni sklopovi stvaralačkoga opusa Ante Pažanina, u nastojanju da se na taj način osvijetle stožerne sastavnice njegove životne filozofije. Pažaninova istraživanja o filozofiji kao strogoj znanosti, fenomenologiji, praktičnoj filozofiji, etici i politici imaju znatan odjek i utjecaj ne samo u Hrvatskoj nego su zapažena i u svijetu. Na međunarodnoj pozornici privukla je zanimanje njegova osebujna koncepcija normativne političke filozofije u kojoj kritički rasvjetljuje i (...) ukazuje na posljetke suvremene znanstveno-tehničke civilizacije. Nasuprot novovjekovnom odvajanju etike od prava i politike, Pažanin se oslonio na aristotelovsku tradiciju praktične filozofije koja polazi od jedinstva etike i politike. Praktičnu filozofiju promatra kao samostalno i neovisno područje o poietičnoj techne i teoretskoj episteme. Takav pristup praktičnoj filozofiji nadilazi poteškoće aprirornoga univerzalizma teoretskoga utemeljenja etičkih normi te bolje odgovara suvremenoj raznovrsnosti svijeta života i njegovoj složenosti. Pažaninovu životnu filozofsku misiju može se prispodobiti Gadamerovu opisu »nasljedovanja« Aristotela u nastojanju filozofa da se pomoću filozofske teorije stavi u službu ljudske prakse. Njegova je praktična životna filozofija svojevrsno misaono nastojanje oko razumijevanja i posuvremenjenja odnosa između refleksivnih oblika teorije i praktične umnosti povijesnoga svijeta života. Filozofska refleksija za njega ima zadaću ne samo primjereno razumjeti praktični svijet nego ga time i odgovorno mijenjati u nastojanju za ozbiljenjem najvišega ljudskog dobra kao bitne svrhe čovjekova življenja. (shrink)

Kindī, d. ca. 873; terminology; philosophy, Islamic; dictionaries.

Autorica interpretira Dahrendorfovo shvaćanje pojma životnih šansi i slobode kao elemenata društvene stratifikacije. Dahrendorf gradi pojam šansi na Weberovoj definiciji šansi, smatra da su one funkcija dvaju elemenata – opcija i ligatura – i povezuje životne šanse s pojmom slobode. Sloboda je proširenje životnih šansi, pa bi najviša svrha nekog društva bila, s pravom smatra Dahrendorf, proširenje životnih šansi i slobode na sve ljude u društvu.Die Autorin interpretiert Dahrendorfs Auffassung des Begriffs der Lebenschancen und der Frei­heit als der Elementen der (...) gesellschaftlichen Stratifikation. Dahrendorf entwickelt den Chan­cenbegriff an der Weberschen Chancendefinition, und dabei meint, daß sie die Funktion vonzwei Elementen sind – Option und Ligature – und verbindet Lebenschance mit dem Freiheitsbe­griff. Die Freiheit bedeutet die Verbreitung von Lebenschancen so, daß sie der höchste Zweckeiner Gesellschaft ist, wie mit Recht Dahrendorf meint, wenn die Lebenschancen und die Freihetan alle Menschen in einer Gesellschaft verbreitet wird. (shrink)

Successfully navigating the norms of a society is a complex task that involves recognizing diverse kinds of rules as well as the relative weight attached to them. In the United States, different kinds of rules—federal statutes and regulations, scientific norms, and professional ideals—guide the work of researchers. Penalties for violating these different kinds of rules and norms can range from the displeasure of peers to criminal sanctions. We proposed that it would be more difficult for researchers working in the U.S. (...) who were born in other nations to distinguish the seriousness of violating rules across diverse domains. We administered a new measure, the evaluating rules in science task, to National Institutes of Health-funded investigators. The ERST assessed perceptions of the seriousness of violating research regulations, norms, and ideals, and allowed us to calculate the degree to which researchers distinguished between the seriousness of each rule category. The ERST also assessed researchers’ predictions of the seriousness that research integrity officers would assign to the rules. We compared researchers’ predictions to the seriousness ratings of 112 RIOs working at U.S. research-intensive universities. U.S.-born researchers were significantly better at distinguishing between the seriousness of violating federal research regulations and violating ideals of science, and they were more accurate in their predictions of the views of RIOs. Acculturation to the U.S. moderated the effects of nationality on accuracy. We discuss the implications of these findings in terms of future research and education. (shrink)

This study examined the role of reflection on personal cases for making ethical decisions with regard to new ethical problems. Participants assumed the position of a business manager in a hypothetical organization and solved ethical problems that might be encountered. Prior to making a decision for the business problems, participants reflected on a relevant ethical experience. The findings revealed that application of material garnered from reflection on a personal experience was associated with decisions of higher ethicality. However, whether the case (...) was viewed as positive or negative, and whether the outcomes, processes, or outcomes and processes embedded in the experience were examined, influenced the application of case material to the new problem. As expected, examining positive experiences and the processes involved in those positive experiences resulted in greater application of case material to new problems. Future directions and implications for understanding ethical decision making are discussed. (shrink)

ABSTRACT:We explore the impact on employee attitudes of their perceptions of how others outside the organization are treated above and beyond the impact of how employees are directly treated by the organization. Results of a study of 827 employees in eighteen organizations show that employee perceptions of corporate social responsibility are positively related to organizational commitment with the relationship being partially mediated by work meaningfulness and perceived organizational support and job satisfaction with work meaningfulness partially mediating the relationship but not (...) POS. Moreover, in order to address limited micro-level research in CSR, we develop a measure of employee perceptions of CSR through four pilot studies. Employing a bifactor model, we find that social responsibility has an additional effect on employee attitudes beyond environmental responsibility, which we posit is due to the relational component of social responsibility. (shrink)

Researchers encounter challenges that require making complex professional decisions. Strategies such as seeking help and anticipating consequences support decision-making in these situations. Existing evidence on a measure of professional decision-making in research that assesses the use of decision-making strategies revealed that NIH-funded researchers born outside of the U.S. tended to score below their U.S. counterparts. To examine potential explanations for this association, this study recruited 101 researchers born in the United States and 102 born internationally to complete the PDR and (...) measures of basic personal values, values in scientific work, discrimination between the seriousness of rules in research, exposure to unprofessional research practices, and acculturation to American culture. Several variables were associated with PDR scores—discrimination between types of rules in research, exposure to unprofessional research practices, acculturation, and the basic personal values of power, security, and benevolence. However, only security, benevolence, acculturation, and rule discrimination were also associated with nation of origin. In multivariate models, the variance explained by these variables in accounting for the association of nation of origin and PDR scores was somewhat overlapping, thus, only security and benevolence remained as unique, statistically significant predictors. Thus, this study identified some important variables in the association of nation of origin and PDR, but more research is needed. In a secondary analysis to examine the “clinical significance” of scores on the PDR, this study examined aggregated PDR score data from the present sample and past samples of investigators. This analysis identified scores that may suggest a concern versus those scores that may be interpreted as excellent, proficient, or marginal. Implications for training and mentoring, along with considerations for future research are discussed. (shrink)

Drawing on social identity theory and organizational identification theory, we develop a model of the impact of perceived corporate social responsibility on employees’ organizational identification. We argue that employees’ perceptions of their company’s social responsibility behaviors are more important than organizational reality in determining organizational identification. After defining perceived corporate social responsibility (PCSR), we postulate how PCSR affects organizational identification when perception and reality are aligned or misaligned. Implications for organizational practice and further research are discussed.

Ovaj rad usmjeren je na proučavanje prijateljskih odnosa unutar razrednog odjela. Odnosi među vršnjacima izuzetno su važni u školskom razdoblju, a nedostatak ili trajne teškoće u prijateljskim odnosima mogu se reflektirati na uspjeh učenika, usvajanje nastavnih sadržaja, sliku učenika o sebi, socijalni status i socijalni uspjeh itd. Cilj empirijskog dijela rada je ispitati kvalitetu prijateljskih odnosa unutar razrednog odjela u kategoriji ‘najbolji prijatelj’. Iz cilja istraživanja proizašla su tri istraživačka pitanja: Kakav je profil prijateljskih odnosa u kategoriji ‘najbolji prijatelj’? Kako (...) izgleda hijerarhijska struktura dimenzija kvalitete prijateljstva u ponuđenim kategorijama? Koje karakteristike opisuju najboljeg prijatelja i idealnog prijatelja? Rezultati istraživanja utvrđuju dva profila: opći te profil blizine i roditeljske uključenosti. Utvrđivanje hijerarhijske strukture ukazalo je na važnost brige i priznanja te pouzdanosti i rješavanja problema. Vrh hijerarhijske ljestvice zauzimaju dimenzije priznanja i pouzdanosti. Kao najznačajnije karakteristike koje opisuju najboljeg prijatelja ističu se razgovor i zajedničko provođenje vremena, povjeravanje i pomoć, a u idealnom prijateljstvu izdvajaju se moralne vrijednosti prijatelja. This paper focuses on studying friend relationships in the classroom. Relationships between peers are exceptionally important in school age, and a lack of such relationships or continued difficulties with them can reflect on student successes, learning outcomes, and student perceptions of self, social status, social success, etc. The goal of the empirical part of the research was to examine the quality of friend relationships within the classroom in the category of ‘best friend’. Three research questions arose from the research goal: What is the profile of friend relationships in the category of ‘best friend’? What is the hierarchical structure of the quality dimensions of friendship in the categories offered? Which characteristics describe one’s best friend and the ideal friend? The results of research affirm two profiles – a general one, and the profile of closeness and parental involvement. The affirmation of hierarchical structure pointed to the importance of care and recognition and reliability and problem solving. The highest point in the hierarchy is held by the dimensions of recognition and reliability. The most significant characteristics that describe one’s best friend include conversation and spending time together, trust and aid; the moral values of the friend are exemplified in an ideal friendship. (shrink)

This paper focuses on studying friend relationships in the classroom. Relationships between peers are exceptionally important in school age, and a lack of such relationships or continued difficulties with them can reflect on student successes, learning outcomes, and student perceptions of self, social status, social success, etc. The goal of the empirical part of the research was to examine the quality of friend relationships within the classroom in the category of ‘best friend’. Three research questions arose from the research goal: (...) What is the profile of friend relationships in the category of ‘best friend’? What is the hierarchical structure of the quality dimensions of friendship in the categories offered? Which characteristics describe one’s best friend and the ideal friend? The results of research affirm two profiles – a general one, and the profile of closeness and parental involvement. The affirmation of hierarchical structure pointed to the importance of care and recognition and reliability and problem solving. The highest point in the hierarchy is held by the dimensions of recognition and reliability. The most significant characteristics that describe one’s best friend include conversation and spending time together, trust and aid; the moral values of the friend are exemplified in an ideal friendship. (shrink)

One distinctive phenomenon in which Christianity differs from all other religions is the custom of naming and honoring those considered blessed and saints. Generally, they are real people, whose lives were characterized by Christian virtues and who “died in sanctity,” and also the people who, in the course of their lives and after their deaths, performed miracles. Consequently, specific protective capabilities are attributed to most of them and they are thus considered to be patrons by certain groups. One hundred and (...) fifty of them are established as patrons of certain diseases or as aids in certain critical situations. The reasons why the pious people accepted individual saints as patrons of certain .. (shrink)

Health and illness are not objective concepts but rather issues which depend upon cultural and religious traditions. In Islam there are two traditional approaches to these concepts: prophetic medicine and the medicine of the Islamic Middle Ages, which was strongly influenced by Galen and Hippocrates. Tody, Islam is increasingly looking at modern western orthodox medicine. With regard to Muslim patients, however, it is still necessary to take into account the peculiarities of their religious traditions.

At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, stay-at-home orders disrupted normal research operations. Principal investigators (PIs) had to make decisions about conducting and staffing essential research under unprecedented, rapidly changing conditions. These decisions also had to be made amid other substantial work and life stressors, like pressures to be productive and staying healthy. Using survey methods, we asked PIs funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation (N = 930) to rate how (...) they prioritized different considerations, such as personal risks, risks to research personnel, and career consequences, when making decisions. They also reported how difficult they found these choices and associated symptoms of stress. Using a checklist, PIs indicated those factors in their research environments that made their decisions easier (i.e., facilitators) or more difficult (i.e., barriers) to make. Finally, PIs also indicated how satisfied they were with their decisions and management of research during the disruption. Descriptive statistics summarize PIs’ responses and inferential tests explore whether responses varied by academic rank or gender. PIs overall reported prioritizing the well-being and perspectives of research personnel, and they perceived more facilitators than barriers. Early-career faculty, however, rated concerns about their careers and productivity as higher priorities compared to their senior counterparts. Early-career faculty also perceived greater difficulty and stress, more barriers, fewer facilitators, and had less satisfaction with their decisions. Women rated several interpersonal concerns about their research personnel more highly than men and reported greater stress. The experience and perceptions of researchers during the COVID-19 pandemic can inform policies and practices when planning for future crises and recovering from the pandemic. (shrink)

Tracce dell'ascolto -- Ascolto in Essere e tempo -- Ascolto e poesia -- Ascolto e storia -- Ascolto e linguaggio.

Supported by a qualitative study of triple bottom line firms—those that simultaneously prioritize economic, social, and environmental objectives—we investigated the market logic and practices of TBL firms to better understand how they fulfill their mission and achieve their goals. We explored if and how TBL firms may differ in their approach to stakeholders and the management of their resources, including dynamic capabilities. We employed a research design that emphasizes the iterative comparison of narrative data within themselves and with scholarly literature (...) [i.e., resource-based view ] to develop new theoretical insights. Because the RBV is commonly used to theorize how firms achieve competitive advantage, we explored whether TBL firms achieve competitive advantage differently from what RBV theory would predict. Our data suggest that how a firm defines value has a significant influence on the capabilities it creates and how it treats its resources. We find that TBL firms redefine value to not only focus on the end product or service but also to include the systemic cost of delivering goods. As a result, TBL firms differ from prevailing scholarly thought in RBV. They strive to have resources that are sustainable and therefore imitable, commonly found, and substitutable. Moreover, they are not only transparent in their processes but also collaborate with others in the value chain and in their sector. In doing so, they deliberately create new markets from which other firms can benefit. Rather than focusing on competitive advantage, they focus on collaborative advantage. (shrink)

This article presents the phenomenon of the refugee, as Hannah Arendt experienced it, to show its paradigmatic function. This was done by a philosopher Giorgio Agamben who tried to show the concept of a refugee as paradigmatic in sense that it has power to change the current theoretical concepts of political philosophy. The main thesis of the article is that not only the concept of refugee can serve as a paradigm, but many others so the emphasis of this article is (...) on a theoretical meaning and a conceptual productivity of a paradigm. In the context of a Forum Junge Theologie and its main theme »transgressions — Grenzüberschreitungen«, the concept of a paradigm is presented as a border–concept. Concept of a refugee as a border concept becomes a paradigm and in that way it can criticize the contemporary concepts such as state, citizenship and human rights and facilitate a new understanding of the society. The article, after presenting the argumentation of Agamben’s interpretation of the concept of a refugee as a paradigm, ends with thoughts about possible ways of overcoming of the border, which man had defined. Maybe this can be achieved by new appreciation of a human as such and not only as a citizen. The realities of state would remain in some way, but the understanding of the border between states should be reconsidered and changed. (shrink)