Brauchen Roboter moralische Kompetenz? Die Antwort lautet ja. Einerseits benötigen Roboter moralische Kompetenz, um unsere Welt aus Regeln, Vorschriften und Werten zu begreifen, andererseits um von ihrem Umfeld akzeptiert zu werden. Wie aber lässt sich moralische Kompetenz in Roboter implementieren? Welche philosophischen Herausforderungen sind zu erwarten? Und wie können wir uns und unsere Kinder auf Roboter vorbereiten, die irgendwann über moralische Kompetenz verfügen werden? André und Iga Maria Schmiljun skizzieren aus einer humanistisch-philosophischen Perspektive erste Antworten auf diese Fragen und (...) entwickeln einen didaktischen Einstieg in das Thema für die Grundschule. (shrink)

Machines have always been a tool or technical instrument for human beings to facilitate and to accelerate processes through mechanical power. The same applies to robots nowadays – the next step in the evolution of machines. Over the course of the last few years, robot usage in society has expanded enormously, and they now carry out a remarkable number of tasks for us. It seems we are on the eve of a historic revolution that will change everything we know right (...) now. But not only robots have an impact on our life. It is digitization in its entirety, including smart applications and games, that confronts us with new spaces. This special volume of Ethics in Progress tries to broaden our understanding of a philosophical field – robots and digitization – that is still in its infancy in terms of it research and literature. (shrink)

The discussion around artificial empathy and its ethics is not a new one. This concept can be found in classic science fiction media such as Star Trek and Blade Runner and is also pondered on in more recent interactive media such as the video game Detroit: Become Human. In most depictions, emotions and empathy are presented as the key to being human. Misselhorn's new publication shows that these futuristic stories are becoming more and more relevant today. We must ask ourselves (...) whether we are socially responsible enough to deal with the consequences of artificial empathy/awareness. If we create artificial life, we should be prepared to treat them accordingly as living beings with respect and no longer categorize them as objects. The author does not rule out the idea that machines might one day become more human than humans themselves and that we humans might even lose our own specific cognitive, emotional and social abilities. (shrink)

Over the past fifteen years there has been a considerable amount of debate concerning what theoretical population dynamic models tell us about the nature of natural selection and drift. On the causal interpretation, these models describe the causes of population change. On the statistical interpretation, the models of population dynamics models specify statistical parameters that explain, predict, and quantify changes in population structure, without identifying the causes of those changes. Selection and drift are part of a statistical description of population (...) change; they are not discrete, apportionable causes. Our objective here is to provide a definitive statement of the statistical position, so as to allay some confusions in the current literature. We outline four commitments that are central to statisticalism. They are: 1. Natural Selection is a higher order effect; 2. Trait fitness is primitive; 3. Modern Synthesis (MS)-models are substrate neutral; 4. MS-selection and drift are model-relative. (shrink)

In this challenging study, André Gallois proposes and defends a thesis about the character of our knowledge of our own intentional states. Taking up issues at the centre of attention in contemporary analytic philosophy of mind and epistemology, he examines accounts of self-knowledge by such philosophers as Donald Davidson, Tyler Burge and Crispin Wright, and advances his own view that, without relying on observation, we are able justifiably to attribute to ourselves propositional attitudes, such as belief, that we consciously hold. (...) His study will be of wide interest to philosophers concerned with questions about self-knowledge. (shrink)

The book generalises earlier theories of belief change to cover all kinds of changes of sets by sets. The principal focus is still on changes of belief sets in response to new evidence, but the formal theory extends to all domains with a closure operation and a preference structure including, for example, systems of action. Contraction is the key notion; all other changes can be defined. Various new applications of the theory are outlined. A sentential version of contraction, subtraction, is (...) proposed as a formal counterpart to 'except'-locutions in natural language. Connections are emphasised with other areas at the interface between philosophical logic and artificial intelligence such as reasoning from default assumptions or from inconsistent premises. A relation of merge inference is proposed as a means of retrieving maximal but nontrivial information from inconsistent premises. Merge inference respects certain anti-Boolean intuitions while avoiding a revision of classical logic. (shrink)

Trata-se de capítulo de um livro sobre a noção de "substância" na história da filosofia e contém uma discussão sobre a noção ordinária de "corpo" do ponto de vista da filosofia analítica.

The objective of this article is to try to elucidate Wittgenstein’s ex-travagant thesis that each and every mathematical advancement involves some “semantical mutation”, i.e., some alteration of the very meanings of the terms involved. To do that we will argue in favor of the idea of a “modal incompati-bility” between the concepts involved, as they were prior to the advancement, and what they become after the new result was obtained. We will also argue that the adoption of this thesis profoundly (...) alters the traditional way of con-struing the idea of “progress” in mathematics. (shrink)

A relação entre ciência e cultura referida na filosofia da pós-história de Flusser é o tema deste trabalho. De que forma se articulam a ciência e a cultura hoje? Se considerarmos a cultura como a condição de nossa liberdade, onde situamos a ciência neste processo? O conceito de cultura é mais abrangente e inclui o conceito de ciência. Por exemplo, podemos dizer que a ciência é uma chave para entender a história cultural do ocidente e, dessa forma, não podemos perceber (...) os dilemas de nossa cultura sem abordar o conceito de ciência. Um dos sintomas da pós-história é o isolamento da ciência em relação à sociedade: o discurso científico tornou-se abstrato e absurdo, impossível de ser percebido e convertido em diálogo político para realizar o projeto de liberdade pelo qual ainda queremos dar sentido à cultura. (shrink)

Este trabalho é uma proposta de ensino de sintaxe para os cursos de Licenciatura em Letras. Os objetivos que me levaram a escrever este texto foram os seguintes: reabrir a discussão acerca da necessidade de revisar o que sugere a Nomenclatura Gramatical Brasileira no âmbito da análise sintática; reinvindicar o reconhecimento da noção de sintagma como unidade sintática construída hierarquicamente e localizada entre o vocábulo e a sentença; e reconhecer dois níveis de estruturação sintática – oracional e suboracional –, em (...) vez da tríplice partição da NGB – termos essenciais, termos integrantes e termos acessórios. As ideias aqui defendidas estão fundamentadas nos pressupostos teóricos da Gramática Gerativa, mais especificamente no modelo de Princípios e Parâmentros, bem como em propostas alicerçadas na Linguística de Texto. (shrink)

Excerpt from L'Esthétique de Schopenhauer D'autre part, pour ètre originale et nous éclairer vraiment sur la psychologie de l'auteur, cette étude des sources auxquelles il puisé, nous aurait entraîné à de fort longues discussions. 11 est si aisé de se méprendre, quand on prétend observer ces phé nomènes infiniment délicats de l'osmose psychique. L'échange de deux pensées est quelque chose de si complexe, de si ténu, de si fugace 1 Dans ce domaine la quantité n'est rien, la qualité est tout. (...) Deux lignes peuvent agir plus que cent volumes. Le catalogue de sa bibliothèque ne saurait expliquer un penseur. La vie psychique obéit ici'aux mèmes lois que la vie organique.: les ferments dont la diffusion est la plus rapide, dont l'action est la plus profonde, sont par fois ceux qui se dérobent le plus Opiniâtrément à l'oeil de l'observateur! Dans quel milieu intellectuel cette théorie s'est-elle élaborée, quelles ihfluen'ces a - t-elle subies et exercées wo, woher, wohin. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Increasingly, frontiers between business and philanthropy seem to be blurred. Reward-Based Crowdfunding platforms contribute to this blurring of lines since they propose funders to support both for-profit and philanthropic projects. Our empirical paper explores the case of Ulule, the leading crowdfunding platform in Europe. Our results, based on a statistical analysis of more than 3000 projects, show that crowdfunding platforms foster specific kinds of relationships relying on reciprocal giving, beyond the usual opposition between altruistic and selfish motivations. We use the (...) work of Marcel Mauss to account for this process of reciprocal giving, and we argue that Maussian theory of gift can be used more generally to describe funding activities in the context of early stage entrepreneurship. (shrink)

The objective of this paper will be to present a critical evaluation of the so-called “standard conception of a proof”. According to this conception, a text could only be called a “demonstration of a certain mathematical proposition” if we could find a completely formalized version of that demonstration, its “corresponding formal proof”. We will compare these ideas with the treatment of the same topic within two markedly different contexts, that of contemporary Swedish intuitionism and that of modern software engineering. Finally, (...) we will offer a quick discussion of some of Wittgenstein's proposals regarding the subject. /// -/- O objetivo deste texto será o de apresentar uma avaliação crítica da assim chamada “concepção estândar” do que seja uma prova. Segundo essa concepção, um texto só poderia ser chamado de uma “demonstração de uma certa proposição matemática” se pudéssemos encontrar uma versão completamente formalizada daquela demonstração, sua “prova formal correspondente”. Faremos comparações com o tratamento do mesmo tópico em dois contextos muito distintos, aquele do intuicionismo sueco contemporâneo e o da moderna engenharia de software. Por fim, faremos uma rápida apresentação de algumas propostas de Wittgenstein sobre o assunto. (shrink)

We explore the notion that culture influences people’s values, and their subsequent ideologies and ethical behaviors. We present the idea that culture itself changes with time, and explore the influence of culture and generational markers on consumer ethics by examining differences in these ethical dimensions between Australians, Indonesians, and Indonesian Migrants in Australia, as well as differences between Generation X versus Generations Y and Z. The present study addresses the need to investigate the role that culture plays in consumer ethics, (...) and the interaction between culture and generational attitudes in determining consumer ethics. Results established a distinct multiculturality in our three cultural samples, including a generational cohort differences. This suggests that culture and generational markers influence ethical beliefs, ideologies, and consumer ethics. It further indicates that Indonesian Migrants have acculturated to Australian society both in terms of their values and consumer behaviors, illustrating a crossvergence effect; scores indicate that these Migrants have the highest cultural intelligence among our samples. Implications of the findings for consumer ethics theory and practice are considered and future directions identified. (shrink)

This paper offers a reconstruction of Wittgenstein's discussion on inductive proofs. A "algebraic version" of these indirect proofs is offered and contrasted with the usual ones in which an infinite sequence of modus pones is projected.

Wittgenstein’s philosophy of mathematics involves two highly controversial theses: the idea that mathematical propositions are not about (abstract) objects and the idea that no mathematical conjecture is ever answered as such, because the advent of the proof always determines a semantical shift of the meanings of the terms involved in the conjecture. The present article offers a reconstruction of Wittgenstein’s arguments supporting these theses within a very restricted setting: Archimedes’ discovery of an algorithm for calculating the number Pi.

ABSTRACTOne of the recurrent motifs in political thought is the idea of the social contract, according to which a society, a government, or moral principles depend for their existence on agreements...

This paper develops a future-oriented and person-centred normative argument based on expectancies that is immune to most of the problems identified in the rights of future persons. The argument unfolds in four parts. The first draws on the notion of expectancies present in inheritance law and maintains that it is possible to formulate a rule of prospective beneficiaries that correlates with entitlements and legitimate claims without necessarily acquiring the status of rights. The second extends expectancies to future persons and concludes (...) that the latter can be considered present holders of such currently binding entitlements. The third section raises the question of whether democracies are bound to a principle of fidelity towards expectancies in such a way that outweighs current people’s rights in cases of conflicts. The response does not prove particularly future-beneficial in such cases. However, section four clarifies why expectancies still carry a crucial moral weight in democracies, one that is not sufficiently established by depersonalised forms of future-oriented ethics. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é tentarmos elucidar a extravagante tese de Wittgenstein de que todo e qualquer avanço matemático envolve alguma “mutação semântica”, ou seja, alguma alteração nos próprios significados dos termos envolvidos. Para isso, argumentaremos a favor da ideia de uma “incompatibilidade modal” entre os conceitos envolvidos, como eram antes do avanço, e o que se tornam após a obtenção do novo resultado. Também argumentaremos que a adoção dessa tese altera profundamente nossa maneira tradicional de construir a ideia de (...) “progresso” em matemática. (shrink)

This paper is an attempt to put forward a new kind of partial model for representing belief states. I first introduce some philosophical motivations for working with partial models. Then, I present the standard (total) model proposed by Hintikka, and the partial models studied by Humberstone and Holliday. I then show how to reduce Hintikka’s semantics in order to obtain a partial model which, however, differs from Humberstone’s and Holliday’s. The nature of such differences is assessed, and I provide motivations (...) for using the newly proposed semantics rather than the existing ones. Finally, I review some promising philosophical applications of the ideas developed throughout the discussion. (shrink)

O presente texto versa sobre as utilizações políticas que a conversão dos grupos indígenas suscitou na fronteira amazônica. A fronteira a que aludimos aqui diz respeito aos rios Marañon, Solimões e Negro, onde os limites das colônias europeias se encontravam. Se por um lado havia o caráter espiritual, em reduzir os indígenas a fé católica, por outro, as conversões foram amplamente utilizadas pelos estados ibéricos para garantir sua zona de influência, além de garantir a supremacia econômica no vale amazônico. E (...) além dos ibéricos, a conversão foi uma política na qual os indígenas se aproveitaram para tirar vantagens da condição de “vassalo do rei”, que o fato de se tornar católico expressava. Desse modo, o presente trabalho dialoga com os estudos de fronteira, sobretudo, com a noção de Missão como instituição de fronteira, além do Protagonismo Indígena, em demonstrar a perspectiva dos grupos nativos, frente ao processo de conversão. (shrink)

Pourquoi Averroès? Pourquoi Averroès juriste? Parce que dans le cadre du débat avec ceux qui soutiennent le caractère indubitable du texte sacré, Averroès affirme la primauté de la raison. Il a ainsi mis en avant le questionnement, le doute dans la recherche de la vérité. Ce doute toléré dans le cercle restreint des philosophes était inacceptable en droit (la charia) qui s'applique à tous les membres de la communauté des musulmans. D'où sa condamnation et son exil. La redécouverte de la (...) pensée d'Averroès pourrait permettre au monde arabo-musulman de s'extraire du chaos. (shrink)

Pendant 26 années, la couverture annuelle de Kernos a seulement varié par la tomaison, le millésime et la couleur. Le moment était donc venu de confier à un graphiste le toilettage de la revue… Sans renoncer à la forme du kernos qui nous suit depuis le début, fût-il minoen, nous avons choisi de rapprocher la ligne graphique de la revue de celle des suppléments. Vous avez le résultat entre les mains! Ce changement de graphisme ne modifie en rien nos ambitions (...) qui sont toujours de fournir, une... (shrink)

L’année 2020 restera certainement marquée par l’arrivée d’une pandémie qui a secoué le monde et arrêté le temps pour des pays entiers. Il nous a semblé que la meilleure manière de résister à l’incertitude du présent et de l’avenir était de poursuivre notre tâche de diffusion des recherches qui ont cours sur la religion grecque antique. Certes, le travail de nombre de chercheurs a été entravé par la fermeture des bibliothèques, l’arrêt des chantiers de fouilles et l’impossibilité d’accéder aux...

Comme vous le constatez en le prenant en main, le volume du Kernos 2021 est plus mince qu’à l’habitude. La raison principale en est assurément l’absence de la Chronique archéologique. La mise au point du site internet de cette Chronique a pris plus de temps que prévu. Or, le site est appelé à devenir la plateforme de travail des collaborateurs et à générer l’information disponible à la fois en ligne, sur l’impression papier et sur le site OpenEdition Journals quand se (...) lève la barrière mobile.... (shrink)

Ce sont les Actes d’un colloque interdisciplinaire qui s’est tenu, en avril 2011, à l’Université de Genève. Comme l’indiquent les éditeurs scientifiques dans leur introduction, la rencontre avait pour but d’étudier, à travers différents contextes culturels et historiques, la manière dont l’homme pense l’espace clos des jardins et comment s’exprime, en l’occurrence, le rapport de la nature et de la culture. Dix-sept contributions concourent à ce projet et trois disciplines principales y sont r...

In representative democracies, the absence of responsiveness by elected officials to the interests of the represented often generates problems of legitimacy, accountability and effectiveness. However, responsiveness also tends to narrow the time horizons of democratic decision-making and promote short-termism. This paper advances the notion that responsiveness to interests involving distant time horizons is possible by reconfiguring the franchise in a time-sensitive and future-oriented way. It is divided into two parts. The first pinpoints a few inconsistencies in the available proposals for (...) making responsiveness and the long term compatible (e.g., promoting youth turnout, narrowing the franchise to robust epistemic fitness, establishing future-oriented institutions). The second advances the creation of temporal electoral circles operating alongside territorial electoral circles in order to prompt responsiveness to multitemporal interests. The conclusion asserts that this kind of franchise design is the best available option for introducing temporal aspects into the character of democratic representation. (shrink)