The Aristotelian discussion of this theme has focused the attention of researchers and commentators on the question of practical reason. The main problem has been to determine if the end is fixed by moral virtue alone while practical reason is concerned only with the deliberation on the "means" that contribute to the end, or if practical wisdom plays a role as well in the determination of the end.

ARISTOTLE'S Ethics are not focused on a group of moral principles; they are developed from the affirmation of an end which subordinates all human activities. This end is sought for itself and is called "the good and the best".

The Aristotelian discussion of this theme has focused the attention of researchers and commentators on the question of practical reason. The main problem has been to determine if the end is fixed by moral virtue alone while practical reason is concerned only with the deliberation on the "means" that contribute to the end, or if practical wisdom plays a role as well in the determination of the end.

The author is well known for his Études d'Estétique Médiévale in three volumes which are an indispensable guide to the several orientations in medieval aesthetics. One year later de Bruyne published this work, a manageable, brief version of the first one. As the author himself indicates in the "Introduction," the general conclusions of the Etudes are presented in an accessible way. Quotations have been reduced and most references refer to the longer work. Unfortunately, this makes the book completely dependent on (...) the Etudes. For that reason this book offers an interesting introduction not to the specialist or to the researcher but to the reader who wants to enjoy the spirit that inspired medieval aesthetics. (shrink)

ARISTOTLE'S Ethics are not focused on a group of moral principles; they are developed from the affirmation of an end which subordinates all human activities. This end is sought for itself and is called "the good and the best".

The objective of this article is to consider whether the Commentator of the Derveni Papyrus can contribute to our understanding of the double divine will to reject and accept the name of Zeus. After examining some inconsistencies that the traditional readings raise, the authoress appeals to the Derveni Papyrus in order to offer an alternative diachronic interpretation. On this reading, the unique wise one, in the first place, does not wish to be called by the name of Zeus because this (...) name ascribes birth and diversification to it, while it is, as such, eternal and simple. On the other hand, as it cyclically becomes multiple, it is also willing to be identified with Zeus, the God who, according to the Papyrus, swallowed his Grandfather’s phallus along with Mind, got pregnant of everything and re-created the universe. This account fits with Heraclitus’ doctrine that there is no creation of the world but some kind of derivation of it from the one, and vice-versa. (shrink)

This book consists of a selection of papers which throw new light on old problems in one of Plato s most difficult dialogues. The first set of papers deals with definitions of sophistry from different perspectives. In the central section E. Hulsz, D. O'Brien, B. Bossi, P. Mesquita and N. Cordero consider the problem of being and relative non-being with regard to Heraclitus and the legacy of Parmenides. The final section with papers by F. Fronterotta, J. de Garay, D. (...) Ambuel and L. Palumbo is devoted to ontology, predication and truth.". (shrink)

The Dutch policy objective of a fully sustainable livestock sector without mutilations by 2023 is not compatible with the routine practice of tail docking to minimize the risk of tail biting. To examine farmer attitudes towards docking, a telephone survey was conducted among 487 conventional and 33 organic Dutch pig farmers. “Biting” (of tails, ears, or limbs) was identified by the farmers as a main welfare problem in pig farming. About half of the farmers reported to have no tail biting (...) problems in their own herd. When farmers did report problems, they most often reported figures between 1 and 5 % of the animals. High incidences of tail biting were anticipated when trying to keep undocked pigs. Enrichment materials used in the conventional sector included mainly chains (52–63 % of the farms) and hanging rubber or plastic balls (22–30 %). Straw, sawdust, or wood shavings was hardly provided in conventional pig farming (2–3 %), in contrast to organic farming (88–100 % of farms). Conventional pig farmers feel a curly tail is not very important for sustainable pig farming. They consider enrichment to be less effective and tail docking to be less stressful for them and their piglets than their organic colleagues do. Pig farmers identified climate as a main risk factor for tail biting as opposed to enrichment. The objective of reducing routine tail docking requires solutions for dealing with tail biting problems at the farm level. In this process, transfer of scientific knowledge about enrichment materials and other measures to prevent and cure tail biting is critical, as is a change in farmer attitudes and awareness of the moral issues involved. (shrink)

Le but principal de la conférence est de montrer comment l’hypothèse monadologique explique les rapports entre l’âme et le cerveau.Elle est divisée en trois parties, dont la première expose les faits de la localisation cérébrale des phénomènes psychiques, la deuxième la localisation de ceux-ci dans la conscience elle-même, et la troisième l’explication monadologique des rapports entre l’âme et le cerveau.Dans la première, l’auteur insiste d’abord sur la différence anatomique entre les centres de projection et les centres dassociation dans l’écorce cérébrale, (...) et il énumère ensuite, d’après Flechsig, les régions de celle-ci où se trouvent les centres sensoriels.Dans la deuxième partie, l’auteur montre que tous les contenus de la conscience sont localisés, directement ou indirectement, dans l’espace visuel.Dans la troisième partie, l’auteur démontre d’abord l’impossibilité de la localisation directe des phénomènes psychiques dans l’écorce cérébrale ; il énumère ensuite les difficultés anatomiques et physiologiques du siège simple de l’âme ; et il montre enfin que ces difficultés disparaissent dans l’hypothèse monado- logicrue. (shrink)