O presente estudo pretende expor algumas das linhas fundamentais sobre as concepções antropológicas e de filosofia moral implícitas na colonização espanhola na América do século XVI, bem como nos discursos que pretenderam promover uma reforma moral da empresa colonizadora, questionando diretamente seus fundamentos antropológicos e éticos. Dentro deste quadro mais geral, o objetivo principal do trabalho será o de abordar a atuação de Bartolomé de Las Casas e os efeitos de seus escritos apologéticos e denunciatórios no interior de um projeto (...) teórico acerca de uma etnologia comparada e de uma visão sobre o estado de natureza e o nativo americano. (shrink)

The interest in ethical leadership has grown in the past few years, with an emphasis on the mechanisms through which it affects organizational life. However, research on the boundary conditions that limit and/or enhance its effectiveness is still scarce, especially concerning one of the main misconceptions about ethical leadership, its incompatibility with effectiveness . Thus, the present study examines the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational deviance via affective commitment to the organization, as a reflection of the quality of the (...) employee–organization relationship and proposes this relationship is conditional on the supervisor’s personal reputation for performance . Using a sample of 224 employees and their respective supervisors from 18 organizations, we confirmed our hypotheses . Our findings suggest that ethical leadership is positively related to employees’ affective commitment to the organization, particularly when supervisor’s reputation for performance is high, which in turn is associated with decreased organizational deviance. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings conclude the paper. (shrink)

Previous studies making use of indirect processing measures have shown that perceptual grouping can occur outside the focus of attention. However, no previous study has examined the possibility of subliminal processing of perceptual grouping. The present work steps forward in the study of perceptual organization, reporting direct evidence of subliminal processing of Gestalt patterns. In two masked priming experiments, Gestalt patterns grouped by proximity or similarity that induced either a horizontal or vertical global orientation of the stimuli were presented as (...) masked primes and followed by visible targets that could be congruent or incongruent with the orientation of the primes. The results showed a reliable priming effect in the complete absence of prime awareness for both proximity and similarity grouping principles. These findings suggest that a phenomenal report of the Gestalt pattern is not mandatory to observe an effect on the response based on the global properties of Gestalt stimuli. (shrink)

Rigidity does interesting philosophical work, with important consequences felt throughout metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mind, and so on. The authors’ aim in this article is to show that rigidity has yet another role to play, with surprising consequences for the problem of free will and determinism, for the phenomenon of rigidity has the upshot that some metaphysically necessary truths are up to us. The significance of this claim is shown in the context of influential arguments against free will. The authors (...) show that some virtually indisputable inference rules employed in formulations of the Consequence Argument, as well as in fatalistic arguments, fail with a variety of counter-examples. Along the way, the authors compare the present arguments to other, similar arguments made in recent years. (shrink)

La Orientación Educativa en la Enseñanza Reglada.

Knafo and Teschke’s 2020 article, ‘Political Marxism and the Rules of Reproduction of Capitalism: A Historicist Critique’, is an important contribution to the debate between structuralist and historicist interpretations of Marxism. As such, it presents important implications for how Marxism is presented in broader academic debates. My aim is to highlight the contribution of its radical historicism and its methodological emphasis on agency for questioning Eurocentric macro-narratives, through an engagement with the ways in which Marxism (and the problem of Eurocentric (...) structuralism) is presented in Post- and Decolonial traditions. I end by drawing briefly upon examples from my previous work on Brazilian state-formation and development. (shrink)

Curso evolutivo -- Anacronismo fehaciente -- La dictadura -- El Estado -- Federalismo -- Evolucion verdadera -- Cataclismo social -- Nuestra labor.

In this article we search the sense of some letters that Descartes exchanges with Mersenne about a “mean book” in which some emblematic theses of the so called libertinisme érudit are exposed. The correspondance of the 30’s, the period in which the philosopher is constructing his system of metaphysics, shows clearly his antagonic position against the theoretical world of libertinism, and, therefore, the philosophical importance of this intellectual movement at the very moment that the “new philosophy” is being constructed. The (...) relevance that the metaphysics of Descartes gains in historiography of philosophy, might be the reason why that libertinisme érudit has fallen into oblivion until at least the second half of XXth century. (shrink)

O que o grande cineasta Hitchcock tem a nos dizer sobre a pandemia que vivemos? Como a Covid-19 abriu uma possibilidade de assistir ao filme Os pássaros que não era evidente em sua época? Nessa via de mão-dupla, é como se Hitchcock pudesse nos ajudar a pensar a pandemia atual, mas apenas porque ela permitiu enxergar algo novo em Os pássaros. É o caso de pensar o que elementos da natureza não-humana, sejam pássaros ou vírus, dizem sobre o antropocentrismo da (...) civilização moderna. (shrink)

Este artículo examina, de manera breve y panorámica, algunas contribuciones desarrolladas por el grupo de pensadores bolivianos y mexicanos Comuna dentro de la concepción de revolución del marxismo inicial de los pensadores Karl Marx y Federico Engels. Entre las contribuciones que se destacan se cuenta la producción de un marxismo situado que permite ver algunas complejidades no tomadas en cuenta por lo que Perry Anderson (2005) ha llamado “marxismo occidental”. Estos autores se sitúan desde el comunismo como identidad política de (...) una memoria espectral y desde allí desplazan la noción de una clase preexistente que contenga en sí las condiciones de emancipación universal. Estos autores señalan que el sujeto de la transformación social se construye en las condiciones de la lucha social y la lucha política frente a sus adversarios de clases en la disputa por el sentido común desde el Estado y más allá de este y el capital. Con ello estos autores generan una ruptura respecto del enlace entre sujeto universal y revolución desarrollado por Marx en el siglo XIX. (shrink)

El planteamiento y las vías de acción que los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la ONU proponen para alcanzar el fin de la pobreza extrema para el año 2030 continúa asumiendo un enfoque “monetarista” basado en el “umbral de renta mínima” (vivir con menos de 2 dólares diarios) y se aleja del enfoque de derechos humanos, expresado en su informe de 2012, avalando la metodología economicista de autores como Sachs, basada en reproducir, para los países pobres, la senda del crecimiento (...) económico que han seguido los países ricos. El presente trabajo pretende, por un lado, poner en evidencia los errores y límites de la concepción economicista y del análisis monetarista de la pobreza y, por otro, indicar las vías propuestas por autores como Sen y Pogge para que pueda verificarse un cambio trascendental de perspectiva que afronte el fenómeno desde la concepción de una vida digna y la satisfacción de los derechos básicos que de ella se derivan. (shrink)

A better understanding of the relative age effect in youth will increase the awareness of the need for reducing the bias of selection. Thus, we investigated the RAE in youth female and male soccer and futsal players in Portugal, using nationwide data. Birthdates of 5,306 female and 126,285 male soccer players, and 2,437 female and 23,988 male futsal players, registered in Portugal during the season 2019–2020, and Portuguese National teams were analyzed. Data were categorized into age groups and certification levels (...) [no certification, basic football training center, football school, and training institution] of the respective clubs/academies. Birthdates were stratified from the start of the selection year using quartiles and semesters. Differences between the observed and expected birthdate distributions were analyzed using chi-square statistics, and RAEs were calculated using odds ratios. In both soccer and futsal, female players, in the age category U9, RAEs were found. In male soccer, differences in the birthdate distribution were observed in all age categories with significant OR between all comparisons. In contrast, an over-representation of young male futsal players was observed only in the age categories U7 and U9. The stratification by certification level showed a significant RAE for all certification levels in male soccer players. In contrast, in male futsal players, the RAE was significant only in clubs and academies with the highest level. For National teams, the RAE was more pronounced in male soccer, particularly in the U16 and U17. Data showed a RAE in female and male youth soccer and futsal, particularly in male, younger age categories, and in clubs and academies having a higher certification level, which could be accompanied by a loss of valuable elite players during the youth phase of their careers. Thus, adjustments in the systems and structure of talent identification are recommended to prevent RAE-related discrimination in youth soccer and futsal. (shrink)

RESUMENEste trabajo tiene como objetivo responder a las críticas al liberalismo formuladas en un reciente trabajo de Carlos Kohn. Para mostrar esto expondré, en primer lugar, por qué pienso que Kohn generaliza ilegítimamente una concepción bastante estrecha de liberalismo, relacionada con la economía. En segundo lugar señalaré los límites de esa concepción, y cómo puede definirse otra más comprehensiva, en la que enmarcaré la mayor parte del liberalismo político contemporáneo y, un tanto audazmente, el contractualismo clásico de Hobbes. En tercer (...) lugar, trateré de mostrar que, esta versión comprehensiva es una razonable descripción de la política, que no depende lógicamente de suposiciones dudosas sobre los presupuestos y requisitos de la economía de mercado y que, por ello, escapa indemne a la crítica de KohnPALABRAS CLAVELIBERALISMO-LIBERALISMO POLÍTICO-DEMOCRACIA LIBERAL-CAPITALISMOABSTRACTThe paper aims to revise the critiques to liberalism recently formulated by Carlos Kohn. i will explain, firstly, why I think Kohn wrongly generalizes a quite thin conception of liberalism, related to the economy. Secondly, I will suggest the limitations of that conception. Instead, another, more comprehensive notion can be formulated that can encompass both contemporary political liberalism and, even audaciously, Hobbes' cassical contractualism. Thirdly, I will argue that this comprehensive notion is a reasonable description of politics. it does not depend on doubtfull assumptions over the principles of market economy. hence, it escapes Kohn's critique.KEYWORDSLIBERALISM- POLITICAL LIBERALISM-LIBERAL DEMOCRACY-CAPITALISM. (shrink)

En un fingido diálogo, Hume, Kant y Moore exponen sus concepciones sobre el problema de una fundamentación racional de la moral que no implique la deducción ilegítima de lo que debe ser a partir de lo que es. La revisión del modelo de racionalidad científica operada en el pensamiento contemporáneo podría justificar un planteamiento diferente del que subyace a sus propuestas, que concibiera conjuntamente la verdad y lo bueno como ideales regulativos y en el que la metáfora del fundamento fuera (...) sustituida por la de horizonte. (shrink)

MORCILLO, MARTA GARCÍA. LAS VENTAS POR SUBASTA EN EL MUNDO ROMANO: LA ESFERA PRIVADA. Barcelona, Universidad de Barcelona, 2005, 372 pp.

RESUMO O ensaio busca apresentar como as caracterizações da alegoria, em Winckelmann, ultrapassam a mera tentativa de se compreender um modo de figurar, nos moldes de uma iconologia, configurando uma espécie de metodologia geral para a compreensão da História da arte dos antigos e para a própria apreensão do ideal das artes. Tal possibilidade é dada num ambiente de debates artísticos que antecede a distinção canônico-romântica entre símbolo e alegoria. ABSTRACT This essay aims to show how the central characteristics that (...) Winckelmann gave to the allegory surpass the very range of the modes of figuration and became an original method to understand arts in History and in its ideal. This way of thinking took place in an age that the distinction between allegory and symbol was not canonic and it is very distant from the core of this opposition that became clear in romantic thought. (shrink)

Since its presumed origin by the big bang, about 14 pasts billion years, the Universe is composed of entities, or objects, that produce movements that produce new objects that produce new movements, in an endless sequence.The human mind is one of these entities, whose movements are capable to produce many objects, materialized or as ideas. Those objects in their turn will interact with the mind and new movements will be produced. This process had composed the history of mankind.The Nature presents (...) a world of movements, originated from its first movement—the explosion of the Singularity. The Universe continues in its expansion, while the Earth rotates and the animals move on its surface. So are the humans, who continue to reproduce by natural movements, biologically, but are capable to fly to the Moon. The entire Universe is composed by the same particles, forming a multitude of objects, inserted in the primary objects, participating in the primary movements, and introducing new ones. It is a World of an infinite number of movements derived from the first one, disposed in levels. The upper levels are constituted by the social movements.Thus, history is a development of the producing of material and ideal objects and of their related movements. To produce it mankind have been using the natural environment, offered by the earth’s surface, and the social products already produced during their times of history.Among the last, the social products, one recognizes: a) the knowledge, or information; b) the social relations between men and their social structures, and c) the spatial shaping of their social life, or geography.Thus, in this paper one tries to develop the idea of relating the terms Civilization, Mode of Production and Ages of History to the above three-legged composition.An example is given here: the invention of the caravel, that had conduced to the large discoveries (technology, information, knowledge). It intensified commercial activities, geographical interactions, accelerating the replacing of the feudal society in Europe by the mercantile society (social relations, social structure). The geography also changed with the higher development of the commercial sea port urban centers (spatial shaping geography).The current age of globalization is being an age of a new geography and of new forms in the urbanization process. (shrink)

Los problemas del desarrollo que enfrenta Chile desde aproximadamente una década son cualitativamente diferentes a los que enfrentó en etapas anteriores. El artículo propone una perspectiva conceptual que sea adecuada al tipo específico de desafíos que tiene actualmente el país. Para ello justifica y define la pertinencia de la perspectiva de las prácticas en relación al análisis del desarrollo. En el pasado el principal desafío de la política y de las políticas públicas consistió en cómo diseñar las transformaciones institucionales y (...) de infraestructura necesarias para desencadenar causalmente los cambios sociales pretendidos por las elites. Hoy, en cambio, las dificultades del desarrollo que enfrenta Chile tienen uno de sus principales orígenes en la persistencia o aparecimiento de fenómenos a nivel de la coordinación de la acción de las personas y grupos que no pueden ser ni adecuadamente observadas ni eficazmente intervenidas desde una perspectiva que relegue las prácticas sociales a un segundo plano. Para fundamentar esta tesis, el artículo expone los fundamentos del enfoque de las prácticas a partir de los aportes conceptuales de diversas teorías elaboradas en las ciencias sociales. Dicho enfoque teórico sustentó las indagaciones empíricas contenidas en el Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2009. (shrink)

José Ortega y Gasset,, Spanish writer, philosopher and revolutionary was noted for his humanistic criticism of modern civilization. His best known work, The Revolt of the Masses earned him an international reputation. In it, he decried the destructive influence of the mass-minded, and therefore mediocre, people, who, if not directed by the intellectually and morally superior minority, encourage the rise of fascism and totalitarianism.

La información se ha convertido en el nuevo valor fundamental. Resulta indispensable disponer de contenidos actualizados, tanto para empresas y entidades como para personas. Así sucede en todos los ámbitos: culturales y profesionales, sociales y económicos... Si saber es poder, los ciudadanos de hoy somos los más poderosos de toda la historia pues podemos conocer casi cuanto queramos gracias a los medios de comunicación, vía Internet.Pero no todo son ventajas. Han surgido nuevos elementos, como la Inteligencia Artificial, que pueden remplazar (...) a los profesionales. Tristemente, la tecnología que en su día pareció suponer una gran ayuda para la prensa ha estado casi a punto de aniquilarla. (shrink)

El largometraje La llorona (Jayro Bustamante, 2019) persigue contribuir a la restitución de una deuda histórica con el pueblo indígena guatemalteco; una deuda no satisfecha plenamente con los acuerdos de paz de 1996. El pasado espectral viene encarnado en Alma, la sirvienta maya kaqchikel que entra a trabajar en la casa del general Monteverde, responsable del genocidio de las comunidades indígenas cuando era presidente del país centroamericano. Al invertir la idea del haunting, o tormento, son el torturador y su familia (...) lxs que se ven acosados por sus acciones pasadas, que hasta ahora habían quedado impunes, no solo a nivel jurídico, sino también a nivel moral. La figura metafórica de “La Llorona”, que llora desconsolada más allá de la muerte porque sus hijos han sido asesinados frente a ella, desencadena el terror que vivirá la familia protagonista, obligada a enfrentarse al pasado en el contexto del juicio popular contra Monteverde. La lujosa mansión del expresidente, una casa tomada, rodeada de manifestantes clamando por sus desaparecidxs, se volverá un espacio asfixiante capaz de atentar contra sus habitantes como respuesta a las demandas de justicia. Este artículo se interroga sobre tres aspectos fundamentales de la película. En primer lugar, cómo se elabora audiovisualmente el contra-archivo del juicio de Ríos Montt en 2013, de quien Monteverde es trasunto en la ficción. En segundo lugar, de qué manera se movilizan las politics of haunting negociando un discurso que transciende el género de terror y entronca con el de denuncia social. Y finalmente, cuáles son los procedimientos que utiliza el filme para presentar la resistencia indígena y la decolonialidad como opciones para construir el presente democrático en Guatemala. (shrink)

Postulating that Pope Francis continues the unfinished agenda of the Second Vatican Council, the authors propose, through bibliographical analysis, a re-reading of three important texts, showing their relationship with the pontificate of Francis, from the perspective of the conciliar reception: the document still little considered of the Pact of the Catacombs is rescued but inseparable from the council and its reception, especially in our continent, revealing a path of conversion and commitment of the Church of the poor and for the (...) poor; next, some aspects of the two dogmatic constitutions of the council are analyzed, Dei Verbum and Lumen Gentium, important matrices for the current pontificate, in its dynamics of reform, aggiornamento, and renewal. In the end, concrete resins in Francis' words, gestures and attitudes can be seen in the texts thematic axes: the principle of pastorality, the centrality of the Gospel, and the displacement of a Church in the process of exit from itself, aspects required that documents end up revealing are agendas still open in the 21st century. (shrink)

El artículo aborda la cuestión de cuál es el valor que deben de atribuirse a las razones económicas en la justificación racional de una decisión legislativa y cuál es el papel que el análisis económico del derecho puede jugar en la evaluación ex ante y ex post de la legislación. En concreto, se señalan las potencialidades y las limitaciones del uso del instrumental del análisis económico del derecho en los hoy obligados estudios de impacto normativo. Se concluye con una reflexión (...) de fondo sobre si el coste de las distintas opciones legislativas puede constituir una razón suficiente para la toma de decisiones políticas. (shrink)

Ocho años después del 11 de Septiembre de 2001, dedicar la sección monográ­fica de los Anales de la Cátedra Francisco Suárez al tema "libertad y seguridad" puede que no constituya una novedad editorial. No obstante, las respuestas políticas y jurídicas que nuestras sociedades vienen articulando para hacer frente a algunas de las consecuencias que aquel atentado desató entre nosotros (el miedo, la inse­ guridad, la presencia de nuevas amenazas) muestran la perseverante presencia y actualidad de un debate acerca de la (...) relación entre esos dos valores que, lejos de estar cerrado, cada día presenta nuevas aristas, demandando nuevas reflexiones y respuestas a las que creemos que nuestra revista puede contribuir modestamente abriéndole las páginas de su sección monográfica. (shrink)