This article reports the findings of a study into the role of Dutch nurses in the alleviation of pain and symptoms with a life-shortening intention, conducted as part of a study into the role of nurses in medical end-of-life decisions. A questionnaire survey was carried out using a population of 1509 nurses who were employed in hospitals, home care organizations and nursing homes. The response rate was 82.0%; 78.1% were suitable for analysis. The results show that in about half of (...) the cases nurses were involved in the decision making by the physician and that nurses were frequently involved in administering the medication. The authors' conclusion is that alleviation of pain and symptoms with a life-shortening intention represents a `grey' area, in which physicians and nurses act on the basis of personal ethical norms rather than legal rules, professional guidelines or shared moral values. (shrink)

Die Geschichte des zivilen Ungehorsams bis zu den 1960er Jahren ist, wie Historiker und politische Theoretiker gezeigt haben, die Geschichte einer grundlegend antikolonialen, antikapitalistischen und antimilitaristischen politischen Praxis. Diese Geschichte wurde nach und nach aus unserer politischen Vorstellungskraft getilgt, als der Begriff in den späten 1960er und frühen 1970er Jahren von liberalen US-amerikanischen Juristen und Wissenschaftlern neu konzipiert wurde. Diese Liberalen argumentierten, dass ziviler Ungehorsam keine revolutionäre, sondern eine im Wesentlichen reformistische Aktionsform sei, und zwar zu einer Zeit, als soziale (...) Bewegungen angesichts steigender Kriminalitätsraten beschuldigt wurden, die US-amerikanische Demokratie zu gefährden. Ziviler Ungehorsam, so das Argument, würde eine kriminelle Haltung gegenüber einer rechtmäßig gewählten Regierung fördern. Inmitten konservativer Aufrufe zu Recht und Ordnung und der Wahl Richard Nixons zum Präsidenten wurde die Behauptung, ziviler Ungehorsam sei keine radikale Form der politischen Aktion, zu einer zentralen rhetorischen Strategie amerikanischer Liberaler während des sogenannten War on Crime. In diesem Artikel zeichne ich die Debatten über zivilen Ungehorsam und Kriminalität in diesem Kontext nach. Abschließend gehe ich darauf ein, wie liberale Konzeptualisierungen des friedlichen Protests bis heute dazu genutzt werden, Aktivismus zu delegitimieren und zu kriminalisieren. (shrink)

Neste artigo apresentamos o debate em torno da educação nos primórdios do século XX no Brasil, quando ocorreu um profícuo debate sobre o papel educacional na sociedade, tendo de um lado a Igreja Católica e a defesa do ensino religioso nas escolas públicas e, em outra posição, os educadores vinculados ao escolanovismo e à defesa da laicidade. Apontaremos as principais teses que nortearam essa contenda, enfatizando as divergências entre esses dois grupos. O objetivo deste trabalho, portanto, é apresentar brevemente um (...) histórico referente à separação entre Estado e Igreja Católica após a proclamação da República, bem como elucidar a rearticulação dessa instituição destacando as contradições entre a Igreja e os educadores vinculados à Educação Nova. Entendemos que a questão da laicidade foi importante nesse processo, contribuindo para o acirramento das diferenças entre Igreja e os defensores do Estado laico. No campo do conhecimento, historiadores, sociólogos, cientistas políticos, filósofos e religiosos vêm debruçando-se acerca desse tema, apresentando estudos, análises e considerações tanto na defesa, bem como com críticas à introdução do ensino religioso nas escolas públicas brasileiras. Este trabalho é resultado de pesquisa bibliográfica empreendida em artigos científicos, livros, dissertações e teses sobre o tema proposto. (shrink)

Este artigo suscita uma reflexão sobre a condição que muitas mulheres negras ainda vivem na sociedade brasileira. Nesta breve análise examinamos as memórias coletivas dos grupos dominantes e dominados desde o contexto da escravidão brasileira até a sociedade atual tomando como base a teoria da memória de Maurice Halbwachs e Michael Pollak, recorremos também aos estudos de algumas feministas negras, a exemplo de Grada Kilomba, Bell Hooks, Sueli Carneiro e Chimamanda Adichie e também da feminista Heleieth Saffioti, que abordam (...) o viés da interseccionalidade e escancara as desigualdades, opressões e violências enfrentadas pelas mulheres negras. Assim, a partir de uma análise qualitativa, podemos afirmar que: i) a memória coletiva de grupos da elite branca é memória oficial e reflete o modelo de relações raciais do Brasil; ii) a memória e o esquecimento marcam a trajetória do povo negro; iii) o projeto colonial se apresenta com novas roupagens do racismo. (shrink)

Objetiva-se no texto analisar o ensino de história na formação inicial e continuada, através do estágio docente obrigatório em espaços escolares, tematizando o racismo institucional e o sexismo. O conceito de racismo institucional será interseccionado com o de sexismo, pois a análise destaca fenômenos observados com jovens estudantes negras, licenciandas do Curso de História da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Sob a perspectiva da abordagem qualitativa, consideram-se as práticas pedagógicas, construídas em processos de ensino e pesquisa, desenvolvidas a (...) partir de autorreflexões e entrevistas abertas com estudantes negras em formação inicial. Problematiza-se a presença da branquitude, do sexismo e do racismo nas formas de viver e pensar essas práticas pedagógicas. Fundamenta-se em autoras como bell hooks, Grada Kilomba, Nilma Lino Gomes e Petronilha Beatriz Gonçalves e Silva, em associação com produções do campo específico do ensino de história no Brasil. As considerações parciais apontam a presença hegemônica das maneiras de agir e de pensar da branquitude no imaginário das comunidades escolares e universitárias, produzindo ações de discriminação racial e de gênero. (shrink)

A huge bestseller in Europe, Frederic Lenoir’s Happiness is an exciting journey that examines how history’s greatest philosophers and religious figures have answered life’s most fundamental question: What is happiness and how do I achieve it? From the ancient Greeks on—from Aristotle, Plato, and Chuang Tzu to the Buddha, Jesus, and Muhammad; from Voltaire, Spinoza, and Schopenhauer to Kant, Freud, and even modern neuroscientists—Lenoir considers the idea that true and lasting happiness is indeed possible. In clear language, Lenoir concisely surveys (...) what the greatest thinkers of all time have had to say on the subject, and, with charming prose, raises provocative questions: · Do we have a duty to be happy? · Is there a connection between individual and collective happiness? · Is happiness contagious? · Is there a difference between pleasure and happiness? · Can unhappiness and happiness coexist? · Does our happiness depend on our luck? Understanding how civilization’s best minds have answered those questions, Lenoir suggests, not only makes for a fascinating reading experience, but also provides a way for us to see us how happiness, that most elusive of feelings, is attainable in our own lives. (shrink)

The rise of modern natural sciences was based on the belief that knowledge about nature would increase steadily and that sooner or later it would prove useful for people and society. How these expectations shaped the self-image and the development of the natural sciences is the subject of this book. It turns out that expectations have repeatedly changed: from the universal ideal of utility of the 17th and 18th centuries to the promise of technical progress that is decisive today. The (...) unshakable belief in the usefulness of the natural sciences has always been accompanied by the insight that progress in knowledge can only be guaranteed if research is not based solely on short-term needs. In her story of the modern understanding of science, Désirée Schauz draws a bow from early modern natural research to the natural sciences of the 20th century. With its long-term perspective and its conceptual historical instruments, this book not only makes an important contribution to the modern history of science, but also provides a historically sound basis for current debates on science and innovation policy."-- publisher's website. (shrink)

More than a simple expository history, A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History sketches the outlines of a renewed materialist philosophy of history in the tradition of Fernand Braudel, Gilles Deleuze, and F lix Guattari, while also engaging the critical new understanding of material processes derived from the sciences of dynamics.Following in the wake of his groundbreaking War in the Age of Intelligent Machines, Manuel De Landa presents a radical synthesis of historical development over the last one thousand years. More than (...) a simple expository history, A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History sketches the outlines of a renewed materialist philosophy of history in the tradition of Fernand Braudel, Gilles Deleuze, and F lix Guattari, while also engaging the critical new understanding of material processes derived from the sciences of dynamics. Working against prevailing attitudes that see history as an arena of texts, discourses, ideologies, and metaphors, De Landa traces the concrete movements and interplays of matter and energy through human populations in the last millennium. De Landa attacks three domains that have given shape to human societies: economics, biology, and linguistics. In every case, what one sees is the self-directed processes of matter and energy interacting with the whim and will of human history itself to form a panoramic vision of the West free of rigid teleology and naive notions of progress, and even more important, free of any deterministic source of its urban, institutional, and technological forms. Rather, the source of all concrete forms in the West's history are shown to derive from internal morphogenetic capabilities that lie within the flow of matter-energy itself. (shrink)

How are we to appraise new technological developments that may bring revolutionary social changes? Currently this is often done by trying to predict or anticipate social consequences and to use these as a basis for moral and regulatory appraisal. Such an approach can, however, not deal with the uncertainties and unknowns that are inherent in social changes induced by technological development. An alternative approach is proposed that conceives of the introduction of new technologies into society as a social experiment. An (...) ethical framework for the acceptability of such experiments is developed based on the bioethical principles for experiments with human subjects: non-maleficence, beneficence, respect for autonomy, and justice. This provides a handle for the moral and regulatory assessment of new technologies and their impact on society. (shrink)

Waal shows how ethical behavior is as much a matter of evolution as any other trait.

This paper is an effort toward conceptual transparency around toxic inclusivity in academic feminism and the kinds of care it lacks toward, what amounts to, bad knowledge production practices. In this paper, we claim that some of the forms of reductive inclusion that ought to be avoided are epistemologically unsound practices that propagate disempowering, false, and/or distortive messages about targets of inclusion. We take reductive inclusion to be inclusion that treats the targets of inclusion as plot devices and/or as means (...) to a narrative end. These practices should be avoided in order to work toward a range of coalitional possibilities between differently situated populations with social justice aims. Moreover, we are concerned with making clear that toxic inclusion is a type of bad scholarship. The reductive inclusions to avoid articulated in this paper are interpolation and ossification. Interpolation involves executing “inclusion” with formal, instead of substantive, overtures. Ossification, however, establishes parasitic relations of inclusion that present a skeleton of one’s targets for inclusion that reduces whole groups to serve the purpose of the narrator. Through a discussion of Audre Lorde’s “An Open Letter to Mary Daly”, we explain Lorde’s brilliant and succinct critique of Daly as exemplifying interpolation and ossification. Ultimately, this paper adds to diverse Black feminist literatures on effective coalitions and gestures toward potential rules for engagement across difference in our story telling. (shrink)

Cloud computing is rapidly gaining traction in business. It offers businesses online services on demand (such as Gmail, iCloud and Salesforce) and allows them to cut costs on hardware and IT support. This is the first paper in business ethics dealing with this new technology. It analyzes the informational duties of hosting companies that own and operate cloud computing datacenters (e.g., Amazon). It considers the cloud services providers leasing ‘space in the cloud’ from hosting companies (e.g, Dropbox, Salesforce). And it (...) examines the business and private ‘clouders’ using these services. The first part of the paper argues that hosting companies, services providers and clouders have mutual informational (epistemic) obligations to provide and seek information about relevant issues such as consumer privacy, reliability of services, data mining and data ownership. The concept of interlucency is developed as an epistemic virtue governing ethically effective communication. The second part considers potential forms of government restrictions on or proscriptions against the development and use of cloud computing technology. Referring to the concept of technology neutrality, it argues that interference with hosting companies and cloud services providers is hardly ever necessary or justified. It is argued, too, however, that businesses using cloud services (banks, law firms, hospitals etc. storing client data in the cloud, e.g.) will have to follow rather more stringent regulations. (shrink)

This is the first study of business ethics to take into consideration the plethora of issues raised by the Information Age. The first study of business ethics to take into consideration the plethora of issues raised by the Information Age. Explores a wide range of topics including marketing, privacy, and the protection of personal information; employees and communication privacy; intellectual property issues; the ethical issues of e-business; Internet-related business ethics problems; and the ethical dimension of information technology on society. Uncovers (...) previous ignored ethical issues. Underlines the need for public discussion of the issues. Argues that computers and information technology have not necessarily developed in the most ethical manner possible. (shrink)

En 1561 la Hermandad Sacramental del Sagrario de la catedral de Sevilla solicita a los calonges se exorne la pared de su capilla en las gradas por lo que el cabildo encarga al pintor Luis de Vargas realice una pintura mural de Jesús camino de la amargura. La obra es estrenada en 1563 y en ella se representa al Redentor ataviado con túnica blanca de igual modo que los condenados que por allí pasaban camino del patíbulo y portando la cruz (...) al revés. El llamado popularmente “Cristo de los Ajusticiados” es un claro exponente de un retablo callejero que tanta devoción popular manifestó en la España de la Edad Moderna. (shrink)

"Manuel DeLanda is a distinguished writer, artist and philosopher. In his new book, he offers a fascinating look at how the contemporary world is characterized by an extraordinary social complexity. Since most social entities, from small communities to large nation-states, would disappear altogether if human minds ceased to exist, Delanda proposes a novel approach to social ontology that asserts the autonomy of social entities from the conceptions we have of them." Editorial.

English summary: Kant described phenomenology as that which comes from us, and that which comes to us, a duality that leads towards the theological horizon. Kant opened a field of inquiry that historical phenomenology, born with Husserl and Heidegger, repeated. As with any repetition, criticisms of this do exist, but the dominant theme of its call is there, as well as the question: which voice do we hear? There are many shapes for this call, but each time there is the (...) law and the summons to be, the summons to change your life. Just as there is perhaps God. French description: La phenomenologie n'a pas a inventer les phenomenes - sinon comme on dit inventer un tresor - mais a les faire voir, ou entendre. Kant s'y emploie a sa maniere lorsqu'il fait entendre le ton de voix lie a l'imperatif categorique, celui d'une voix d'airain. C'est la reconduire la pensee a l'eclat d'un fait premier ou puiser ensuite ses ressources: il y a la loi. Kant le decrit comme un appel, a defaut de tout a fait le nommer ainsi, l'interpretant ensuite tout a la fois comme ce qui vient de nous (comme si le sujet ethique se donnait a lui-meme la loi) et ce qui vient a nous (comme si ce meme sujet repondait a la loi venue de Dieu). Prendre au serieux cette dualite suppose que le chantier kantien de l'ethique ouvre alors sur un horizon theologique. Kant ouvre un chantier que la phenomenologie historique, celle qui nait avec Husserl et Heidegger, repete. Comme toute vraie repetition, celle-ci ne va pas sans critique ni deplacement (Merleau-Ponty, Scheler, Jonas), mais le motif de l'appel est bel et bien la. Nous avons ete appeles - la trace laissee en nous par cet appel est trop forte pour que le moindre doute puisse encore s'elever a son propos, mais la question vient aussitot: quelle voix s'est fait entendre? Quel appel nous surprend et nous souleve? Appel de l'etre (Martin Heidegger), appel de l'Autre (Emmanuel Levinas) ou appel de la vie (Michel Henry)? Nous avons ete appeles, affectes, blesses - ce qui brise la vie lui appartient encore, mais qu'est-ce donc qui la brise et la releve? Multiples sont les figures de l'appel, mais a chaque fois il y a la loi et cette injonction d'etre - cette injonction silencieuse a laquelle le poete aura donne son exacte formule: Tu dois changer ta vie (Rilke). Comme il y a peut-etre Dieu. (shrink)

Esta obra es una reivindicación de la figura de Giner de los Ríos como uno de los más grandes hitos de la historia del pensamiento español al anticipar teorías filosóficas, científicas, políticas, morales, legales que se desarrollarán en el siglo XX, ocupando en todos los casos el hombre y lo humano un puesto central: un hombre, en torno al cual se contextualiza el mundo ético del krausismo, en el que cada uno de nosotros está abocado al bien como deber vital. (...) Concilia la autonomía del ciudadano con valores universales, desarrollando todo un sistema humanista racional, liberal y abierto a lo social. Otro rasgo de su pensamiento es su modernidad: su objetivo es reformar las estructuras del país a través de la educación: el aspecto más conocido de su obra y cuyo punto de partida es su antropología. El resultado será la transformación social (en un país tan necesitado de ella), un cambio de la persona no por la razón técnica sino moral: individuos libres en una sociedad que la garantiza. Con ello busca la creación de un pueblo adulto por medio de la aplicación de su concepto de Humanidad. Y así, en su búsqueda de una nación de hombres justos y virtuosos nos puso en contacto con el pensamiento europeo: introdujo en nuestro país el krausopositivismo y los avances de la nueva ciencia que se desarrolla desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, limitados por la moral. La Institución Libre de Enseñanza sería el intento de realizar la transformación del hombre, según unos valores de plena vigencia en el presente. Giner fue, en definitiva, el impulsor del èthos de la civilidad, cuyo núcleo central reside en el imperativo categórico kantiano: hacer el bien por el bien mismo. (shrink)

The Description for this book, Machiavelli in Hell, will be forthcoming.

Nuestro tiempo debe ser expresado en las palabras de siempre. Limitarse a rasguear la contemporaneidad induce a creer que los nuevos tiempos no se nutren más que de sí mismos y que, por ello, devienen a través de concatenaciones originales. Pero no es así. No siempre resulta tan sugerente. Cuando el pasado histórico deja de ser percibido como lastre para pasar a ser contemplado como irrenunciable posibilidad de radicación, entonces puede decirse que se ha tomado conciencia de la primera (...) class='Hi'>grada que podría llevar tanto a un esfuerzo por desentrañar e identificar lo medular de determinado período histórico como a la valentía de expresarlo al margen de pueriles afectos. Como no podía ser de otro modo, la presente obra contiene un diagnóstico del momento cultural presente. No basta con pesar, contar y medir. Porque las promesas suelen habitar en los mismos lugares que las amenazas, una pedagogía inhóspita caracterizada por ser una pura técnica de aplicación externa e incentivo sin alma –aunque, por ello, nada desideologizada- deja inermes tanto al teórico como al educando que, decepcionado, termina obrando como mero instrumento. Es difícil aceptar que sólo puede realizarse la necropsia de lo valioso en sí, que sólo queda el infierno. Por tanto, es un deber buscar razones para la resistencia y razones para educar en la beligerancia. Las herencias disimuladas, las herencias rechazadas, las herencias soportadas y las herencias pretendidas nos hablan de la semilla más que del despojo. Ciertamente, todas ellas permiten divisar la subjetiva búsqueda de lo mejor; con todo, hay que decir que ninguna puede escamotear la fabricación de lo objetivamente conveniente. De todas formas, falsear la Historia puede implicar que lo potencialmente recuperable o restaurable, por valioso, tenga posibilidades de salir indemne; podrá sobrevivir al quedar sepultado transitoriamente tras los escombros de lo otro de sí. La repatriación es la esperanza del forzado a la expatriación. La presente obra tuvo su origen en la preocupación por dar una respuesta al problema del porvenir de la educación y de la Pedagogía, es decir, al tema de la reconfiguración de éstas en un futuro no muy lejano. Ello llevó, de inmediato, a la exigencia de analizar críticamente el presente tanto desde el punto de vista de los posicionamientos discursivos dominantes más relacionados con la filosofía de la educación como desde la perspectiva de su propio devenir histórico. La constante aparición del nexo entre los problemas antropológicos más relevantes y la crítica de la metafísica exigió que la postmodernidad fuese reubicada en un contexto que superara su inserción en un escenario que tuviese por trasfondo únicamente a la modernidad. En otras palabras, fue apareciendo la necesidad de trascender el binarismo modernidad-postmodernidad. De esta manera, se consideró que la tradición realista –o, vagamente, premodernidad- debía aparecer en escena en abierto diálogo crítico con los posicionamientos cronológicamente posteriores. Expresar nuestro tiempo en las palabras de siempre supone la intención de apresar las constantes históricas sin perder de vista el dinamismo propio del presente. Análisis y perspectivas filosóficas, epistemológicas e históricas de la contemporaneidad desde un discurso crítico-pedagógico indica una dirección y una ubicación. Si unos pocos capítulos como los que siguen atrapan algo de la compleja realidad me daré por satisfecho. (shrink)