Sekülerleşmenin Makyavelist davranışları tetikleyici bir faktör olabileceği varsayımından hareketle gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmanın amacı, seküler tutum ve Makyavelist davranış arasındaki ilişkiyi üniversite öğrencileri örnekleminde tespit etmektir. Nicel araştırma deseni oluşturularak yapılan bu çalışmada ilişkisel tarama yöntemi, örnekleme yöntemi ve online anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesinde lisans düzeyinde öğrenim gören öğrencilere e-mail atılarak gönüllü bir şekilde ankete katılmaları istenmiş ve elde edilen 710 adet anket verisi ile analizler yapılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerle yapılan korelasyon ve regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre (...) Makyavelist davranış ile seküler zihniyete kayma arasında düşük düzeyde de olsa anlamlı ve pozitif yönde bir ilişki varken, gündelik hayatta dini hassasiyetleri sürdürme ve siyasi otoritenin sekülerleşmesi ile yine düşük düzeyde de olsa anlamlı ve negatif yönde bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Seküler tutum boyutlarının Makyevelist davranışa etkilerine bakıldığında sadece seküler zihniyete kayma boyutunun Makyevelist davranışı anlamlı bir şekilde etkilediği görülmektedir. Diğer alt boyutlardaysa düşük düzeyde bir ilişki olsa da etkileşim gözlemlenmemiştir. SECULAR ATTITUDE AND MACHIAVELIST BEHAVIOR: A RESEARCH ON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS (OKÜ CASE) Abstract Based on the assumption that secularization may be a triggering factor for Machiavellian behavior, the aim of this study is to determine the relationship between secular attitudes and Machiavellian behavior in a sample of university students. In this quantitative research design, relational survey method, sampling method and online survey technique were used. Within the scope of the research, students studying at Osmaniye Korkut Ata University at the undergraduate level were sent an e-mail and asked to participate in the survey voluntarily and statistical analyzes were made with 710 survey data obtained. According to the results of correlation and regression analyses conducted with the obtained data, it was determined that there was a significant and positive relationship between Machiavellian behavior and the shift to secular mentality, albeit at a low level, while there was a significant and negative relationship with maintaining religious sensitivities in daily life and secularization of political authority. When the effects of secular attitude dimensions on Machiavellian behavior are examined, it is seen that only the shift to secular mentality dimension has a significant effect on Machiavellian behavior. In the other sub-dimensions, no interaction was observed, although there was a low level relationship. (shrink)

This paper discusses the epistemic import of highly abstract and simplified theoretical models using Thomas Schelling’s checkerboard model as an example. We argue that the epistemic contribution of theoretical models can be better understood in the context of a cluster of models relevant to the explanatory task at hand. The central claim of the paper is that theoretical models make better sense in the context of a menu of possible explanations. In order to justify this claim, we introduce a distinction (...) between causal scenarios and causal mechanism schemes. These conceptual tools help us to articulate the basis for modelers’ intuitive confidence that their models make an important epistemic contribution. By focusing on the role of the menu of possible explanations in the evaluation of explanatory hypotheses, it is possible to understand how a causal mechanism scheme can improve our explanatory understanding even in cases where it does not describe the actual cause of a particular phenomenon. (shrink)

Repetitions (takrārs), which in the dictionary means ‘the repetition of something one after the other and its renewal in terms of wording and meaning’, are one of the most basic stylistic, address and textual structure features of the Qur’ān and at the same time one of the structural problems that have troubled the commentators. Repetitive nouns, verbs and letters in many verses, as well as sentences and phrases that sound like rhymes are of this kind. Although some of the benefits (...) of repetitions in the Qur’ān have been described in our tradition, it has also been stated by some that this is tiresome for a good and faṣīh word, far from any benefit, one of the disasters and defects of words that do not correspond to a mūciz word. At the same time, it has also been suggested that this is one of the things that indicate the corruption and weakness of the Qur’ānic naẓm and the existence of confusion in its naẓm. For this reason, literary scholars, linguists and commentators have considered the absence of repetition in phrases as one of the conditions of its feṣāhat (eloquence). In addition to all these, some in our tradition have treated these repetitive expressions not as a problem, but as a divine, transcendental style, and have sought a wisdom, a literary wit and a secret related to meaning. On the contrary, some have argued that the Qur’ān was revealed in the patterns of language use of the Arabs of that period, that the divine meaning and message was formed according to the speech patterns and styles of their words, advice and addresses, that the similarities of the patterns repeated in the Qur’ān were also found in their poetry, and for this reason, they associated the repetitions with the customs and habits of language use and literary tastes of the Arabs of the Hijāz region in daily speech and types of literature. Therefore, as some scholars in our tradition have argued, are these repetitions really a defect of expression, an artistic beauty? or structures that the Arabs of the nuzūl period did not know, were not familiar with, and did not hear, and that contain various subtleties of meaning? or on the contrary, are these expression patterns that were present and well-known in daily speech patterns and uses, in the literary genres of the Arabs of that day, and that were formed and manifested within the framework of their linguistic customs and traditions and literary tastes? İn this article, within the framework of these questions and problems, the relationship of the repetitions in the Qur’ān with the language usage customs, literary tastes, and linguistic cultural anthropological structures of the Arabs of the period of its revelation is examined. Therefore, as a result of this research, which is thought to be different from the existing academic studies, original and authentic, and the literature review method is used, ıt is clearly understood that the repetitions in the Qur’ān are ‘expressive structures related to the literary tastes, linguistic customs and traditions of the Arabs of the nuzūl period’ in terms of address/textual structure. (shrink)

One of the most basic stylistic characteristics of the Qur’ān is the agree-ment between syllables, sounds, lines and rhymes repeated at the end of the verses and give the same harmony. The question/problem “Are these words that have pleasant melodic structures and superior arts something that the Arabs of the 7th century Hejaz Region did not know, were not familiar with and did not hear, or are they expressions that existed in oral and literary types in their daily vocabulary formed (...) and embodied within the framework of well-known lexical customs and literary tastes?” is discussed in this article. For this purpose, the study examines the seciʿ and rhyming word structures in the verbal and literary discourses of the Jahiliya period Arabs. Then, based on the data in the ancient Islamic Literature, it examines the dialectical relationship of the melodic structures at the end of the verses of the Qur’ān with the characteristics of the seciʿ and rhyming literary products in the poems of the Arab poets of ignorance, and for the choice that the Arab society made it a custom and habit at that time to observe at the end of the words, and whether some rules of comparison of the language were abandoned or not. Of course, although the dialectical relationship between the seciʿ expression structures of the Qur’ān and the literary tastes of the Arabs of that period was addressed in the former literature with a weak and feeble voice between the lines, unfortunately, this has not been examined in modern studies yet. For this reason, we hope that the present study, which we think is original and authentic, will contribute to this field and as a result of the study, in which the literature review method was used, whether the harmonious, rhythmic, melodic sound and meter structures of the Qur’ān at the end of the verses are related to the literary tastes, lexical customs and traditions of the 7th century Arabs, or rather, these expressions were unknown to the Arabs of that day, will be uncovered along with the question whether it existed in a wonderful, transcendent and transcendent language and style that they were not familiar with, or in a local, regional, cultural anthropological nature that was compatible and agreeable with their tastes and expectations in that time. (shrink)

In this article, Spain’s system of autonomous communities as a model of regionalisation in terms of subnational integration is analysed regarding its historical background, legal framework, and political context. Regionalism is examined with special emphasis on Bask nationalism and is also discussed with reference to the recent independence movement taking place in Catalonia. The contribution of the European Union’s encouragement of regional self-government to the development of regional democracy in Spain is stated in the mentioned as well. Regionalisation in Spain (...) is important as the discussion on 2017 independence referendum in Catalonia continues to be relevant. Being within unitary state level the regionalised state model strengthened the integration of the historical nationalities/regions with Spain and soothed the influence of the separatist movements; however, with the recent rally of Catalan nationalism this model became a controversial topic. (shrink)

In Economics Rules, Dani Rodrik (2015) argues that what makes economics powerful despite the limitations of each and every model is its diversity of models. Rodrik suggests that the diversity of models in economics improves its explanatory capacities, but he does not fully explain how. I offer a clearer picture of how models relate to explanations of particular economic facts or events, and suggest that the diversity of models is a means to better economic explanations.

Several developments for diverse scientific goals, mostly in physics and physiology, had to take place, which eventually gave us fMRI as one of the central research paradigms of contemporary cognitive neuroscience. This technique stands on solid foundations established by the physics of magnetic resonance and the physiology of hemodynamics and is complimented by computational and statistical techniques. I argue, and support using concrete examples, that these foundations give rise to a productive theory-ladenness in fMRI, which enables researchers to identify and (...) control for the types of methodological and inferential errors. Consequently, this makes it possible for researchers to represent and investigate cognitive phenomena in terms of hemodynamic data and for experimental knowledge to grow independently of large scale theories of cognition. (shrink)

This paper studies miniatures from two copies of Ibn Husam Husafi’s Haveranname. The first one is from the Tahran Gulistan Palace Library, which consists of four pages, and the one-paged work is from the Museum of Riza Abbasi. These miniatures have been produced by Ferhad of Shiraz School of Miniature and his apprentices, in which Ali is depicted in a fierce fight with a dragon. Four of these miniatures have been published but not thoroughly examined. No published information is available (...) about the other miniature, studied here. It is evident from the quality of the drawing that the miniature has been produced by Ferhad. In the miniature, Ali is portrayed on his horse, Duldul, in an open field, attacking a seven-headed dragon with his sword, Zulfikar. The miniature also contains some poetry as well as some depictions of people and imaginary creatures. The miniatures from Haveranname have been auctioned in various parts of the world. In the book of the record, there is no detail about how the museum has retrieved it. As a result of the analyses in the current research paper, it is proposed that the miniature originates from the copy of Haveranname of the Gulistan Palace Library and has been acquired in an auction. (shrink)

Moral pluralism of the kind associated with W. D. Ross is the doctrine that there is a plurality of moral principles, which in their application to particular cases can conflict, and that there is no further principle to determine which of these principles takes priority in cases of conflict. Two objections are commonly advanced against this kind of pluralism: that it proposes a rag-bag of moral principles lacking a unifying basis; and that it offers no way to adjudicate moral disputes (...) when our intuitions about what to do conflict. The present paper replies to both of these objections, in particular by responding to versions of them advanced by Brad Hooker. The tying together and justification of different moral principles may be achieved by a general rational justification procedure, rather than by a further moral principle; and such a rational justification procedure can help to adjudicate moral disputes. (shrink)

This is a work in the epistemology of functional neuroimaging (fNI) and it applies the error-statistical (ES) philosophy to inferential problems in fNI to formulate and address these problems. This gives us a clear, accurate, and more complete understanding of what we can learn from fNI and how we can learn it. I review the works in the epistemology of fNI which I group into two categories; the first category consists of discussions of the theoretical significance of fNI findings and (...) the second category discusses methodological difficulties of fNI. Both types of works have shortcomings; the first category has been too theory-centered in its approach and the second category has implicitly or explicitly adopted the assumption that methodological difficulties of fNI cannot be satisfactorily addressed. In this dissertation, I address these shortcomings and show how and what kind of experimental knowledge fNI can reliably produce which would be theoretically significant. I take fMRI as a representative fNI procedure and discuss the history of its development. Two independent trajectories of research in physics and physiology eventually converge to give rise to fMRI. Thus, fMRI findings are laden in the theories of physics and physiology and I propose how this creates a kind of useful theory-ladenness which allows for the representation of and intervention in the constructs of cognitive neuroscience. Duhemian challenges and problems of underdetermination are often raised to argue that fNI is of little, if any, epistemic value for psychology. I show how the ES notions of severe tests and error probabilities can be applied in epistemological analyses of fMRI. The result is that hemodynamic hypotheses can be severely tested in fMRI experiments and I demonstrate how these hypotheses are theoretically significant and fuel the growth of experimental knowledge in cognitive neuroscience. Throughout this dissertation, I put the emphasis on the experimental knowledge we obtain from fNI and argue that this is the fruitful approach that enables us to see how fNI can contribute to psychology. In doing so, I offer an error-statistical epistemology of fNI, which hopefully will be a significant contribution to the philosophy of psychology. (shrink)

In this important and impressive book, Gregory Currie tackles several fundamental topics in the philosophy of film and says much of general interest about the nature of imagination. The first part examines the nature of film representation, rejecting the view that spectators are subject to any kind of cognitive or perceptual illusions. Currie also argues against Walton’s transparency claim, which holds that when we look at a photograph we are literally seeing the object photographed. He instead defends perceptual realism, the (...) thesis that photographs resemble the objects they depict, where the resemblance is a matter of photographs triggering the same recognitional response as would the object photographed. He also argues convincingly that films should not be thought of as a language-like form of communication. (shrink)

Group creativity is vital in overcoming the numerous challenges that the world faces. Yet group creativity is deeply puzzling. It seems plausible that only agents can be creative, so group creativity requires group agency. But how could groups possess the mental states required to be agents, let alone the rich range of them required to be creative? It appears more reasonable to hold that group creativity is not a real phenomenon, but is merely the summed creativity of the individuals forming (...) the group. There is also much empirical evidence that groups are no more creative than their members. In this paper I examine the conceptual and empirical challenges to group creativity, defend its existence, and offer an explanation of how it is possible. (shrink)

Felsefe tarihi, Heidegger’e göre, varlık sorusu etrafında inşa edilmiştir. Büyük filozofların neredeyse tamamı yüzeydeki tüm farklılıklara rağmen esasında bu ontolojik soruyla ilgilenmişlerdir. Bununla birlikte özellikle özgün düşünce geleneğinde bir kırılmanın yaşandığı Platon’la birlikte “varlık sorusu”, gitgide sahihliğinden uzaklaşmış ve Descartes’ın modern felsefenin de başlangıcı olmak bakımından tepe noktasını oluşturduğu bir çizgide, özne ile nesnenin karşılıklı konumlandırılarak yorumlandığı bir epistemolojik soru haline dönüşmüştür. Epistemolojik yaklaşımın öne çıkan özelliği, özne-nesne ilişkisinde bilginin koşullarını belirleyerek öznenin bilme sınırlarını saptamaya çalışmaktır. Bu yaklaşımda nesne özneye (...) aşkındır; dolayısıyla öznenin nesneyi bilmesi ancak kendinden yola çıkmasıyla olanaklıdır; çünkü öznenin kendisine ilişkin bilgisi doğrudan gerçekleşen, içkin bir bilgidir. Dolayısıyla bu yaklaşımdaki temel varsayım, özne ile nesnenin birbirini dışladığı, nesnenin özneye tâbi kılındığı ikili bir dünya varsayımıdır ve bu varsayımda ortaya çıkan karakteristik sorun, dış dünyanın varlığının kanıtlanması/bilinmesi sorunudur. Sonuç olarak bu makalede Heidegger’in bu problemi “varlık sorusu” bağlamında nasıl bir çözüme kavuşturduğu gösterilmeye çalışılacaktır. (shrink)

The long debate -- Aesthetics and ethics : basic concepts -- A conceptual map -- Autonomism -- Artistic and critical practices -- Questions of character -- The cognitive argument : the epistemic claim -- The cognitive argument : the aesthetic claim -- Emotion and imagination -- The merited response argument.

Ruchkin et al. use brain-activity data from healthy subjects to assess the physiological validity of a cognitive working memory model and to propose modifications. The conclusions drawn from this data are interesting and plausible, but they have limitations. Much of what is known about the neural mechanisms of working memory comes from single neuron recordings in animals, and it is currently not fully understood how these translate to scalp recordings of EEG.

Postmodern dönemde tüketim ilişkilerindeki rasyonel bağın koptuğu görülmektedir. Ürünlerin tüketilmesinde kullanım değerlerinin yerine, örgütler tarafından oluşturulan simgeler, semboller ve “anlamlar” geçmiştir. Örgütler tarafından halkla ilişkiler, reklam ve pazarlama aracılığıyla oluşturulan “anlamlar”, bireylerin tüketim kararlarını etkilemektedir. Birey ürünle birlikte, ürüne yüklenen anlamları da satın almaktadır. Hikaye anlatımı, bu anlamların oluşturulması için önemli bir araç olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Hikâyeler duyguları yaymakta ve insanların birbiriyle bağ kurmasını sağlamaktadır. Makalenin amacı, hikaye anlatımının yeni bir yolu olan “manifesto hikayeciliğinin” yeni tüketim anlayışı içinde nasıl bir (...) işleve sahip olduğunu tartışmaktır. Bu bağlamda, Dove’un “Gerçek Güzellik”, Diesel’in “Aptal Ol”, Axe’ın “Erkekler de Ağlar” ve Nike’ın “Sınırsız Ol” kampanyaları çoklu vaka analizi çerçevesinde, betimsel analiz yoluyla incelenmiştir. “Manifesto hikayeciliği”nin yeni tüketim anlayışı içinde örgütler tarafından “bir amacın parçası olma” duygusunu yaratmak ve tüketiciyle duygusal bağ kurmak için bir araç olarak kullandıkları sonucuna varılmıştır. (shrink)

A wide-ranging and accessible study of cinema as an art form, discussing traditional photographic films, digital cinema, and videogames.

This paper surveys some of the central issues in the philosophy of creativity and argues that an adequate treatment of them requires attention to the rich psychological literature on creativity. It also shows that the range of interesting philosophical questions to be raised about creativity is much wider than concerns its role in art. Issues covered include the definition of ‘creativity’; the relation of creativity to imagination; whether the creative process is rational; whether it is teleological; the relation of creativity (...) to knowledge; whether creativity can be explained; computational and Darwinian theories of creativity; whether creativity is a virtue; the relation of creativity to tradition; the aesthetic value of creativity; and whether creative activity is different in science and art. (shrink)

Three new versions of Wason’s 2-4-6 rule discovery task incorporating error rates or feedback of uncertainty reduction, inspired by the error-statistical account in philosophy of science, were employed. In experiments 1 and 2, participants were instructed that some experimenter feedback would be erroneous (control was original 2-4-6 without error). The results showed that performance was impaired when there was probabilistic error. In experiment 3, participants were given uncertainty reduction feedback as they generated different number triples and the negative effects of (...) probabilistic error were not observed. These findings are informative not only about rule discovery tasks in general but also about contexts of inference under uncertainty. (shrink)