51 found
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  1. Holism, entrenchment, and the future of climate model pluralism.Johannes Lenhard & Eric Winsberg - 2010 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 41 (3):253-262.
    In this paper, we explore the extent to which issues of simulation model validation take on novel characteristics when the models in question become particularly complex. Our central claim is that complex simulation models in general, and global models of climate in particular, face a form of confirmation holism. This holism, moreover, makes analytic understanding of complex models of climate either extremely difficult or even impossible. We argue that this supports a position we call convergence skepticism: the belief that the (...)
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  2.  37
    Calculated Surprises: A Philosophy of Computer Simulation.Johannes Lenhard - 2019 - Oup Usa.
    Simulation modeling, the core thesis of Calculated Surprises, is transforming the established conception of mathematical modeling in fundamental ways. These transformations feed back into philosophy of science, opening up new perspectives on longstanding oppositions. The book integrates historical features with both practical case studies and broad reflections on science and technology.
  3. Computer simulation: The cooperation between experimenting and modeling.Johannes Lenhard - 2007 - Philosophy of Science 74 (2):176-194.
    The goal of the present article is to contribute to the epistemology and methodology of computer simulations. The central thesis is that the process of simulation modeling takes the form of an explorative cooperation between experimenting and modeling. This characteristic mode of modeling turns simulations into autonomous mediators in a specific way; namely, it makes it possible for the phenomena and the data to exert a direct influence on the model. The argumentation will be illustrated by a case study of (...)
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  4.  64
    Surprised by a Nanowire: Simulation, Control, and Understanding.Johannes Lenhard - 2006 - Philosophy of Science 73 (5):605-616.
    This paper starts by looking at the coincidence of surprising behavior on the nanolevel in both matter and simulation. It uses this coincidence to argue that the simulation approach opens up a pragmatic mode of understanding oriented toward design rules and based on a new instrumental access to complex models. Calculations, and their variation by means of explorative numerical experimentation and visualization, can give a feeling for a model's behavior and the ability to control phenomena, even if the model itself (...)
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  5.  34
    (1 other version)Boon and Bane: On the Role of Adjustable Parameters in Simulation Models.Hans Hasse & Johannes Lenhard - 2017 - In Martin Carrier & Johannes Lenhard (eds.), Mathematics as a Tool: Tracing New Roles of Mathematics in the Sciences. Springer Verlag.
    We claim that adjustable parameters play a crucial role in building and applying simulation models. We analyze that role and illustrate our findings using examples from equations of state in thermodynamics. In building simulation models, two types of experiments, namely, simulation and classical experiments, interact in a feedback loop, in which model parameters are adjusted. A critical discussion of how adjustable parameters function shows that they are boon and bane of simulation. They help to enlarge the scope of simulation far (...)
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  6.  70
    Climate Models: How to Assess Their Reliability.Martin Carrier & Johannes Lenhard - 2019 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 32 (2):81-100.
    The paper discusses modelling uncertainties in climate models and how they can be addressed based on physical principles as well as based on how the models perform in light of empirical data. We ar...
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  7.  40
    Disciplines, models, and computers: The path to computational quantum chemistry.Johannes Lenhard - 2014 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 48:89-96.
  8.  43
    Thought Experiments and Simulation Experiments: Exploring Hypothetical Worlds.Johannes Lenhard - unknown
    Both thought experiments and simulation experiments apparently belong to the family of experiments, though they are somewhat special members because they work without intervention into the natural world. Instead they explore hypothetical worlds. For this reason many have wondered whether referring to them as “experiments” is justified at all. While most authors are concerned with only one type of “imagined” experiment – either simulation or thought experiment – the present chapter hopes to gain new insight by considering what the two (...)
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  9. The Cost of Prediction.Johannes Lenhard, Simon Stephan & Hans Hasse - manuscript
    This paper examines a looming reproducibility crisis in the core of the hard sciences. Namely, it concentrates on molecular modeling and simulation (MMS), a family of methods that predict properties of substances through computing interactions on a molecular level and that is widely popular in physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering. The paper argues that in order to make quantitative predictions, sophisticated models are needed which have to be evaluated with complex simulation procedures that amalgamate theoretical, technological, and social factors (...)
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  10.  53
    Holism, or the Erosion of Modularity: A Methodological Challenge for Validation.Johannes Lenhard - 2018 - Philosophy of Science 85 (5):832-844.
    Modularity is a key concept in building and evaluating complex simulation models. My main claim is that in simulation modeling modularity degenerates for systematic methodological reasons. Consequently, it is hard, if not impossible, to accessing how representational structure and dynamical properties of a model are related. The resulting problem for validating models is one of holism. The argument will proceed by analyzing the techniques of parameterization, tuning, and kludging. They are – to a certain extent – inevitable when building complex (...)
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  11.  31
    Traveling with TARDIS. Parameterization and transferability in molecular modeling and simulation.Johannes Lenhard & Hans Hasse - 2023 - Synthese 201 (4):1-18.
    The English language has adopted the word Tardis for something that looks simple from the outside but is much more complicated when inspected from the inside. The word comes from a BBC science fiction series, in which the Tardis is a machine for traveling in time and space, that looks like a phone booth from the outside. This paper claims that simulation models are a Tardis in a way that calls into question their transferability. The argument is developed taking Molecular (...)
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  12.  20
    Mit Allem Rechnen - Zur Philosophie der Computersimulation.Johannes Lenhard - 2015 - De Gruyter.
    Im vorliegenden Buch geht es um die methodologische und epistemologische Charakterisierung der Computersimulation. Zu diesem Zweck werden Computermodelle vor der Kontrastfolie mathematischer Modelle betrachtet. Eine Strategie der Mathematisierung zielt darauf ab, komplexe Ph nomene in idealisierter Form zu modellieren und so die Komplexit t zu reduzieren. Die Simulation markiert das Ende dieser Strategie: Die Modelle werden nun selbst komplex und erhalten eine partielle Autonomie. Insbesondere der Prozess der Simulationsmodellierung erf hrt gegen ber traditioneller mathematischer Modellierung eine Transformation. Als zentrale Merkmale (...)
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  13.  39
    Mathematics as a Tool: Tracing New Roles of Mathematics in the Sciences.Martin Carrier & Johannes Lenhard (eds.) - 2017 - Springer Verlag.
    This book puts forward a new role for mathematics in the natural sciences. In the traditional understanding, a strong viewpoint is advocated, on the one hand, according to which mathematics is used for truthfully expressing laws of nature and thus for rendering the rational structure of the world. In a weaker understanding, many deny that these fundamental laws are of an essentially mathematical character, and suggest that mathematics is merely a convenient tool for systematizing observational knowledge. The position developed in (...)
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  14.  30
    Reproducibility and the Concept of Numerical Solution.Johannes Lenhard & Uwe Küster - 2019 - Minds and Machines 29 (1):19-36.
    In this paper, we show that reproducibility is a severe problem that concerns simulation models. The reproducibility problem challenges the concept of numerical solution and hence the conception of what a simulation actually does. We provide an expanded picture of simulation that makes visible those steps of simulation modeling that are numerically relevant, but often escape notice in accounts of simulation. Examining these steps and analyzing a number of pertinent examples, we argue that numerical solutions are importantly different from usual (...)
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  15. Holism and Entrenchment in Climate Model Validation.Johannes Lenhard & Eric Winsberg - 2011 - In M. Carrier & A. Nordmann (eds.), Science in the Context of Application. Springer. pp. 115--130.
  16.  30
    Proof, Semiotics, and the Computer: On the Relevance and Limitation of Thought Experiment in Mathematics.Johannes Lenhard - 2022 - Axiomathes 32 (1):29-42.
    This contribution defends two claims. The first is about why thought experiments are so relevant and powerful in mathematics. Heuristics and proof are not strictly and, therefore, the relevance of thought experiments is not contained to heuristics. The main argument is based on a semiotic analysis of how mathematics works with signs. Seen in this way, formal symbols do not eliminate thought experiments (replacing them by something rigorous), but rather provide a new stage for them. The formal world resembles the (...)
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  17.  22
    Epistemologie der Iteration. Gedankenexperimente und Simulationsexperimente.Johannes Lenhard - 2011 - Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie 59 (1):131-145.
    Thought experiments and simulation experiments are compared and contrasted with each other. While the former rely on epistemic transparency as a working condition, in the latter complexity of model dynamics leads to epistemic opacity. The difference is elucidated by a discussion of the different kinds of iteration that are at work in both sorts of experiment.
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  18.  25
    Computersimulationen: Modellierungen 2. Ordnung.Günter Küppers & Johannes Lenhard - 2005 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 36 (2):305-329.
    Es soll ein Beitrag zur epistemischen Charakterisierung von Computersimulationen als jenseits von Experiment und Theorie geleistet werden. Es wird argumentiert, dass die in der Simulationstechnik eingesetzten Verfahren nicht numerische Lösungen liefern, sondern deren Dynamik mittels generativer Mechanismen imitieren. Die Computersimulationen in der Klimatologie werden als systematisches wie historisches Fallbeispiel behandelt. Erst "Simulationsexperimente" gestatten es, mittels Modellen eine Dynamik zu imitieren, ohne deren Grundgleichungen zu "lösen". /// Computer simulations will be characterized in epistemic respect as a method between experiment and theory. (...)
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  19. Computation and simulation.Johannes Lenhard - 2010 - In Robert Frodeman, Julie Thompson Klein & Carl Mitcham (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 246.
     
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  20.  97
    Autonomy and Automation: Computational Modeling, Reduction, and Explanation in Quantum Chemistry.Johannes Lenhard - 2014 - The Monist 97 (3):339-358.
    This paper discusses how computational modeling combines the autonomy of models with the automation of computational procedures. In particular, the case of ab-initio methods in quantum chemistry will be investigated to draw two lessons from the analysis of computational modeling. The first belongs to general philosophy of science: Computational modeling faces a trade-off and enlarges predictive force at the cost of explanatory force. The other lesson is about the philosophy of chemistry: The methodology of computational modeling puts into doubt claims (...)
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  21.  13
    How Does Holism Challenge the Validation of Computer Simulation?Johannes Lenhard - 2019 - In Claus Beisbart & Nicole J. Saam (eds.), Computer Simulation Validation: Fundamental Concepts, Methodological Frameworks, and Philosophical Perspectives. Springer Verlag. pp. 943-960.
    Designing and building complex artifacts like simulation models often rely on the strategy of modularity. My main claim is that the validation of simulation models faces a challenge of holismHolism because modularityModularity tends to erode over the process of building a simulation model. Two different reasons that fuel the tendency to erosion are analyzed. Both are based on the methodologyMethodology of simulation, but on different levels. The first has to do with the way parameter adjustment works in simulation; the second (...)
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  22.  48
    Coal to Diamonds.Johannes Lenhard - 2013 - Foundations of Science 18 (3):583-586.
    In this commentary to Napoletani et al. (Foundations of Science 16:1–20, 2011), we put agnostic science in a wider historical context of philosophy of mathematics. Secondly, the parallel to Tukey’s “exploratory data analysis” will be discussed. Thirdly, it will be argued that what is new is the mutually interdependent dynamics of data (on which Napoletani et al. focus) and of computational modeling—which puts science closer to engineering and vice versa.
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  23.  46
    The Applicability of Mathematics as a Philosophical Problem: Mathematization as Exploration.Johannes Lenhard & Michael Otte - 2018 - Foundations of Science 23 (4):719-737.
    This paper discerns two types of mathematization, a foundational and an explorative one. The foundational perspective is well-established, but we argue that the explorative type is essential when approaching the problem of applicability and how it influences our conception of mathematics. The first part of the paper argues that a philosophical transformation made explorative mathematization possible. This transformation took place in early modernity when sense acquired partial independence from reference. The second part of the paper discusses a series of examples (...)
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  24.  29
    A child of prediction. On the History, Ontology, and Computation of the Lennard-Jonesium.Johannes Lenhard, Simon Stephan & Hans Hasse - 2024 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 103 (C):105-113.
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  25.  8
    The most important thing: Wittgenstein, engineering, and the foundations of mathematics.Johannes Lenhard - forthcoming - British Journal for the History of Philosophy:1-23.
    This paper revisits Wittgenstein’s heavily criticized claims about the admissibility of inconsistencies in mathematics. It argues from the perspective of mathematics as a tool and combines material from the history and practice of engineering that makes Wittgenstein’s claims about contradiction and inconsistency look much more plausible. Against this background, the paper interprets passages from Wittgenstein, including his exchange with Alan Turing where he highlights that basic laws of thought are at issue and that reflecting on them would be “the most (...)
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  26. (1 other version)Introduction: Mathematics as a Tool.Martin Carrier & Johannes Lenhard - 2017 - In Martin Carrier & Johannes Lenhard (eds.), Mathematics as a Tool: Tracing New Roles of Mathematics in the Sciences. Springer Verlag.
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  27.  17
    Sachindex.Johannes Lenhard - 2015 - In Mit Allem Rechnen - Zur Philosophie der Computersimulation. De Gruyter. pp. 210-212.
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  28. Grenzen der Mathematisierung: Von der grundlegenden Bedeutung der Anwendungen.Johannes Lenhard & Michael Otte - 2005 - Philosophia Naturalis 42 (1):15-47.
     
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  29. Dispositional versus epistemic causality.Paul Bohan Broderick, Johannes Lenhard & Arnold Silverberg - 2006 - Minds and Machines 16 (3).
    Noam Chomsky and Frances Egan argue that David Marr’s computational theory of vision is not intentional, claiming that the formal scientific theory does not include description of visual content. They also argue that the theory is internalist in the sense of not describing things physically external to the perceiver. They argue that these claims hold for computational theories of vision in general. Beyond theories of vision, they argue that representational content does not figure as a topic within formal computational theories (...)
     
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  30. Autonomija i automatizacija.Johannes Lenhard - 2024 - Synthesis Philosophica 39 (1):31-45.
    Dieser Aufsatz stellt zwei Optionen dar, wie sich die Technikphilosophie positionieren kann, um das Verhältnis von Autonomie und Automation zu thematisieren. Die beiden Optionen können kurz mit „Möglichkeit“ und „Wirklichkeit“ bezeichnet werden. Beide sind in der Technikphilosophie wohlbekannt. Der Hauptteil des vorliegenden Beitrags argumentiert, dass der Technikphilosophie durch die sogenannte autonome Technik eine (neue) Anforderung erwächst, weil jetzt die Autonomie der Modelle eine besondere Rolle spielt. Diese macht den Autonomiebegriff für den Entwicklungsprozess von Technik relevant und trägt so eine neue (...)
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  31.  22
    A transformation of Bayesian statistics:Computation, prediction, and rationality.Johannes Lenhard - 2022 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 92 (C):144-151.
  32.  33
    Analyse und Synthese oder von Leibniz und Kant zum axiomatischen Denken.Johannes Lenhard & Michael Otte - 2002 - Philosophia Naturalis 39 (2):259-292.
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  33.  14
    Einleitung.Johannes Lenhard - 2015 - In Mit Allem Rechnen - Zur Philosophie der Computersimulation. De Gruyter. pp. 1-12.
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  34.  18
    5. Ein neuer Typ mathematischer Modellierung.Johannes Lenhard - 2015 - In Mit Allem Rechnen - Zur Philosophie der Computersimulation. De Gruyter. pp. 111-122.
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  35.  28
    4. Epistemische Opazität.Johannes Lenhard - 2015 - In Mit Allem Rechnen - Zur Philosophie der Computersimulation. De Gruyter. pp. 82-110.
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  36.  13
    1. Experiment und Artifizialität.Johannes Lenhard - 2015 - In Mit Allem Rechnen - Zur Philosophie der Computersimulation. De Gruyter. pp. 15-37.
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  37.  16
    8. Epistemologie und Simulation – Fazit und Ausblick.Johannes Lenhard - 2015 - In Mit Allem Rechnen - Zur Philosophie der Computersimulation. De Gruyter. pp. 175-190.
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  38. Iteration Unleashed. Computer Technology in Science.Johannes Lenhard - 2015 - In Sven Ove Hansson (ed.), The Role of Technology in Science: Philosophical Perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag.
     
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  39.  59
    (1 other version)Kants Philosophie der Mathematik und die umstrittene Rolle der Anschauung.Johannes Lenhard - 2006 - Kant Studien 97 (3):301-317.
    Einleitung Die Kantische Philosophie der Mathematik ist nach einer weitverbreiteten Meinung in ihren Grundzügen überholt. Die moderne Mathematik gilt, ganz unkantisch, als analytisches Denken. Im folgenden soll für eine partielle Verteidigung von Kants Philosophie der Mathematik argumentiert werden. Sie hat nämlich den Gegenstandsbezug der Mathematik und deren Anwendungsrelation zu ihrem zentralen Problem gemacht. Für Kant war es die Anschauung, die den gegenständlichen Bezug ermöglichen sollte und in dieser Funktion ist sie, wie von einem anwendungsorientierten Standpunkt aus argumentiert wird, keineswegs überholt. (...)
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  40.  17
    Literatur.Johannes Lenhard - 2015 - In Mit Allem Rechnen - Zur Philosophie der Computersimulation. De Gruyter. pp. 191-205.
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  41.  12
    6. Lösung oder Imitation?Johannes Lenhard - 2015 - In Mit Allem Rechnen - Zur Philosophie der Computersimulation. De Gruyter. pp. 125-144.
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  42.  13
    Namenindex.Johannes Lenhard - 2015 - In Mit Allem Rechnen - Zur Philosophie der Computersimulation. De Gruyter. pp. 206-209.
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  43.  11
    3. Plastizität.Johannes Lenhard - 2015 - In Mit Allem Rechnen - Zur Philosophie der Computersimulation. De Gruyter. pp. 59-81.
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  44.  26
    Paul Humphreys, Extending Ourselves: Computational Science, Empiricism, and Scientific Method, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.Johannes Lenhard - 2006 - Minds and Machines. Journal for Artificial Intelligence, Philosophy and Cognitive Science 16.
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  45.  45
    Scepticism and Mathematization: Pascal and Peirce on Mathematical Epistemology.Johannes Lenhard - 2004 - Philosophica 74 (2).
    In his Pensées, Pascal introduced the very influential distinction between the subtle intelligence and the geometrical intelligence. In the first part of the present paper Pascal’s distinction is considered by looking at his famous wager argument where Pascal acts as a skeptical philosopher and at the same time as an applied mathematician. This argument employs the esprit de finesse in a way that is of fundamental significance for the epistemology of mathematics. This claim will be backed up in the second (...)
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  46.  36
    Simulation, Representation, and Cartography: Compiling a Virtual Atlas.Johannes Lenhard - 2015 - Perspectives on Science 23 (4):386-404.
    It is a commonplace that “the map is not the territory.” The phrase goes back to Alfred Korzybski, while the insight—formulated by insisting on an apparent triviality—is surely older and has received poetical expressions from Lewis Carroll and Jorge Luis Borges among others. The difference between map and territory is a difference of categories and is at the base of the representation relation. Hence maps play a prominent role in the discourse about representation which takes place in a number of (...)
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  47.  15
    (1 other version)Vorwort.Johannes Lenhard - 2015 - In Mit Allem Rechnen - Zur Philosophie der Computersimulation. De Gruyter.
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  48.  9
    2. Visualisierung und Interaktion.Johannes Lenhard - 2015 - In Mit Allem Rechnen - Zur Philosophie der Computersimulation. De Gruyter. pp. 38-58.
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  49.  10
    7. Validierung und Grenzen der Analyse.Johannes Lenhard - 2015 - In Mit Allem Rechnen - Zur Philosophie der Computersimulation. De Gruyter. pp. 145-172.
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  50.  13
    Book review. [REVIEW]Johannes Lenhard - 2006 - Minds and Machines 16 (1):95-100.
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