BackgroundHappiness is becoming increasingly relevant in recent research, including adolescents. Many studies are using the single-item measure for adolescent happiness, however, its validity is not well known. We aimed to examine the validity of this measure among adolescents in three countries from distinct European regions – Eastern, Southern, and Western.Materials and MethodsThe analysis included data from Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study from three countries and three last surveys. The total sample comprised 47,439 schoolchildren. For validity, the indicators reflecting subjective (...) health, life satisfaction, quality of life, well-being, social support, health complaints, bullying, and self-directed violence were assessed. The calculations were conducted in the total sample and by gender, age, survey year, and country.ResultsThe different indicators of concurrent and convergent validity revealed consistent correlations with happiness, with better well-being, health, and subjective perceptions being related to higher happiness. Meanwhile, health complaints, bullying behaviors, and self-directed violence were related to lower happiness. The subgroup differences were consistent across gender, age groups, countries, and survey rounds. The extent of differences was more expressed among girls.ConclusionThe single item for adolescent happiness measurement features a consistent pattern of validity concerning indicators of concurrent and convergent validity. Higher self-reported happiness is associated with better mental and physical health and well-being, and less expressed negative factors. In addition, among girls the correlations tend to be stronger than boys. (shrink)

Building on critical approaches that understand algorithms in terms of communication, culture and organization, this paper offers the supplementary conceptualization of algorithms as organizational figuration, defined as material and meaningful sociotechnical arrangements that develop in spatiotemporal processes and are shaped by multiple enactments of affordance–agency relations. We develop this conceptualization through a case study of a Danish fintech start-up that uses machine learning to create opportunities for sustainable pensions investments. By way of ethnographic and literary methodology, we provide an in-depth (...) analysis of the dynamic trajectory in and through which the organization gives shape to and takes shape from its key algorithmic tool, mapping the shifting sociotechnical arrangements of the start-up, from its initial search for a viable business model through the development of the algorithm to the public launch of its product. On this basis, we argue that conceptualizing algorithms as organizational figuration enables us to detail not only what algorithms do but also what they are. (shrink)

El artículo muestra la importancia de la amistad en el contexto de la filosofía política aristotélica. Esta importancia se verifica en su peso específico en comparación con la justicia, puesto que Aristóteles mismo sostiene que la amistad cívica es incluso un objetivo superior al de la búsqueda de la justicia. En concreto, el artículo se centra en la función de la concordia, como tipo especial de amistad cívica, en términos de conservación de la unidad y estabilidad de la polis. Para (...) captar su significación, se plantea el papel de la concordia como complemento a la condición política del ser humano. La concordia es necesaria a la luz de la tendencia a la lucha entre las partes de la ciudad, entre el demos y los oligarcas. Puesto que esta lucha pone en peligro la continuidad de la polis, la concordia entre ciudadanos se convierte en un antecedente privilegiado del principio de fraternidad republicana, el cual todavía no ha gozado de una atención suficiente en el campo de la historia de la filosofía política. (shrink)

The article comprises a conceptual framework to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of a global health convention. The analyses are inspired by Lawrence Gostin's suggested Framework Convention on Global Health. The analytical model takes a starting-point in events tentatively following a logic sequence: Input (global health funding), Processes (coordination, cooperation, accountability, allocation of aid), Output (definition of basic survival needs), Outcome (access to health services), and Impact (health for all). It then examines to what degree binding international regulations can create (...) order in such a sequence of events. We conclude that a global health convention could be an appropriate instrument to deal with some of the problems of global health. We also show that some of the tasks preceding a convention approach might be to muster international support for supra-national health regulations, negotiate compromises between existing stakeholders in the global health arena, and to utilize WHO as a platform for further discussions on a global health convention. (shrink)

El siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar e interpretar la teoría del fin de la historia en Alexandre Kojève. El contexto de esta investigación se basa fundamentalmente en la nota a pie de la página añadida por Kojève en la segunda edición de su libro Introduction à la lecture de Hegel. Esta nota a pie de página ha dado lugar a intensos debates e interrogantes filosóficos importantes. En ella, se toma como paradigma el esnobismo japonés como alternativa a la animalización (...) definitiva del hombre posthistórico. En el trabajo, concretamente, se valorará la rectificación kojeviana sobre el fin de la historia a la luz de la obra de Kojève en su conjunto, sus debates con autores de su tiempo y las referencias a la tradición filosófica. Todo ello con la finalidad de desentrañar las implicaciones éticas de la supervivencia de lo humano en el fin de la historia y su relación con los planteamientos postmetafísicos contemporáneos. (shrink)

De la triada revolucionaria francesa, la libertad y la igualdad han recibido mucha más atención teórica que la fraternidad. El autor arguye que la fraternidad es una obligación moral prepolítica y los otros dos principios, en cambio, son institucionales y políticos. Se argumenta que la fraternidad es un principio que ahonda en la igualdad y la libertad y, por lo tanto, activa la idea de una ciudadanía insurgente que promueve cambios institucionales para universalizar los derechos. La fraternidad sería un dispositivo (...) permanentemente institucionalizable, pero nunca institucionalizado; esto es, una fuerza moral que conduce a la emancipación de los colectivos subalternos. (shrink)

Summary As a divinatory device based on the numerical values of names, onomancy requires a system of letter-number equivalents. In Greek and the Semitic languages, a unique system is used, which consists of ascribing the first nine letters of the alphabet to the units (1–9), the following nine letters to the tens (10–90), and the remaining letters to the hundreds (100-). Given the structural similarities between those languages, the transfer of onomancy between Greek and Semitic cultures does not pose particular (...) problems. Difficulties arise when onomancy is translated into Latin, where there is no such system of letter-number equivalents. This article examines the various solutions put forward by the translators and authors of the earliest Latin onomantic texts of Arabic origin, the so-called Alchandreana. (shrink)

We give a simplified proof of the main lemma in “Ramsey filters and the reaping number—Con” by Goldstern and Shelah.

The _Alchandreana_ are of considerable historical importance. They constitute not only the earliest Latin texts of the Middle Ages dealing systematically with astrology but also the earliest Latin scientific texts based on Arabic sources.

La perspectiva de convertirse en rey de Escocia según la predicción de tres criaturas sobrenaturales conduce a Macbeth y a Lady Macbeth a cometer crímenes inefables con el solo propósito de satisfacer su ciega ambición. Ahora bien, para llevar a cabo si proyecto, ambos son condenados a padecer alucinaciones e insomnios. Dichos fenómenos se toman como síntomas de una patología profunda. Pese a que el inicio de estos desórdenes mentales parecería deberse a un fenómeno sobrenatural, la propia enfermedad no es (...) expresión de poder demoniaco alguno sino antes bien de un desorden psico-patológico. Nos hallamos ante una deliberada oscilación entre las apariencias causadas por la enfermedad y aquellas causadas por un supuesto poder sobrenatural. Así pues, lo patológico en Macbeth se antoja inseparable de su carácter simbólico. Lo patológico se invoca a modo de metáfora de una decadencia moral que, en Macbeth y Lady Macbeth, cobra progresivamente la forma de una decrepitud mental y luego física. La anomalía de Macbeth, que se describe al principio como aureolada por connotaciones positivas, terminará, al hilo de la obra, por trocarse en una locura profunda que le hará imposible toda adaptación a su entorno. En la obra Macbeth, lo patológico subraya la evolución de Macbeth hacia la figura del tirano como resultado de una serie de actos inmorales. (shrink)

An abridgement and Revision of the author's thesis, Heidelberg, 1973, presented under title: Die Frage nach dem Sinn religiöser Sprache in der analytischen Philosophie der Gegenwart.

Essay Review: Cora Diamond on Ethics (ed. Maria Balaska).

Work in Western modernity is production of more than is needed, and regardless of whether the surplus is regulated by the state or reinvested by individual entrepreneurs, the social space that modern work brings to being is inseparable from alienated labor. Paradoxically, work has been also the preferred means for curing alienation. A crucial component of political ideologies, work has played a central role in various totalitarianisms, their social ideas, and political organizations. Fascism, for example, posited work as the essence (...) of man, and with the vision of community in fusion, implemented work as a tool of self-appropriation, collective strength, and expulsion of otherness. Work retained its .. (shrink)

Against the background of intellectual and political debates in France during the 1950s and 1960s, Daniel Just examines literary narratives and works of literary criticism arguing that these texts are more politically engaged than they may initially appear. As writings by Roland Barthes, Maurice Blanchot, Albert Camus, and Marguerite Duras show, seemingly disengaged literary principles - such as blankness, minimalism, silence, and indeterminateness - can be deployed to a number of potent political and ethical ends. At the time the main (...) focus of this activism was the escalation of violence in colonial Algeria. The poetics formulated by these writers suggests that blankness, weakness, and withdrawal from action are not symptoms of impotence and political escapism in the face of historical events, but deliberate literary strategies aimed to neutralize the drive to dominate others that characterized the colonial project. (shrink)

Analisi critica d'opera, incentrata sulla recezione dell'opera di Tolomeo durante il Medioevo e sul pensiero scientifico-filosofico dell' Età Medievale e Rinascimentale.

Quel est le secret de Pythagore? On pourrait avancer que, par défi nition, s'il y a secret, il est caché et n’est pas dévoilable, ou ne sera pas dévoilé. Le vrai secret est celui dont on ne soupçonne même pas l’existence. On peut toutefois approcher tangentiellement le coeur du pythagorisme à partir d’un idéal qui a traversé les âges.

Is solidarity in bioethics or public health ethics necessary? If so, why? Is there room for a principle of obligatory solidarity in bioethics or in public health ethics? In the first part of this paper, I assess the meaning of the value of solidarity in ethics. In the second part, I propose insights into the republican interpretation of solidarity, or, more correctly, “civic” solidarity. This is crucial to be able to distinguish between different sources of, and justifications for, solidarity, some (...) legitimate and some not legitimate. In the third part of the paper, I apply the republican concept of civic solidarity to the field of bioethics and public health ethics. This is intended to show how civic republicanism can correct both liberal deficiencies and communitarian excesses in bioethics. Civic solidarity is essential to finding this middle way. It is a key concept, considering the challenges that we face as citizens, health professionals and patients. Finally, the paper concludes with a summary and a plan for further research in this area. (shrink)