The article takes Helmuth Plessner’s Political Anthropology from 1931 as a postfoundationalist theory of society avant la lettre - which is very similar to the later works of Claude Lefort, Ernesto Laclau, and Chantal Mouffe. Or, the article takes Plessner’s essay as an ‘ontology’ of the Political. After introducing remarks on the historical debates, in which Plessner aimed to intervene, his theory of the Political is reconstructed, within the three categories of ‘unfathomability’, of the constitutive outside, and of the vulnerability (...) of the human body. In a third and last step, Plessner’s most central and most problematic category for the Political - the ‘popular existence’ - is discussed: The ‘people’ is made visible as being a key notion of postfoundational theories of modern democracy, for it is - beneath the ‘Individual’ - one of the imaginary foundations, one of the foundational outsides of a democratically instituted collective. (shrink)

El artículo reactualiza y defiende la potencialidad filosófica de La metamorfosis de las plantas, de Johann Wolfgang Goethe. A partir de la reflexión sobre sus claves conceptuales se desplegarán, a continuación, otros momentos de talante epistemológico relativos a su reflexión sobre la naturaleza, entre otros: la morfología como teoría de la forma, su comprensión de la ciencia como experiencia viva de los fenómenos y su reivindicación de la metamorfosis del científico.

El artículo se aproxima al estatuto de Shakespeare en el pensamiento de Nietzsche a partir de tres calas en su obra. En primer lugar, se ofrecen algunas claves sobre la interpretación dionisíaca de Hamlet en _El nacimiento de la tragedia_ desde su contraste con la recepción previa de Shakespeare y el príncipe danés en el espacio cultural alemán. En segundo lugar, se abordará el tránsito nietzscheano de madurez hacia otras temáticas y motivos del universo shakespeariano, desembocando tanto en la figura (...) de Bruto en _Julio César_ como en la del propio personaje llamado “Shakespeare”. Por último, a modo de epílogo, se problematizará el encuentro final de estos espectros shakespearianos, tal como se escenificará en _Ecce homo_. (shrink)

Los cuidados paliativos deben manejar los diferentes problemas que los pacientes y las familias pueden tener al final de la vida. La sedación es una maniobra terapéutica utilizada con cierta frecuencia en cuidados paliativos y constituye una buena práctica médica cuando está bien indicada; sin embargo, presenta el riesgo de conculcar algunos principios éticos. Los principios de beneficencia y autonomía son posiblemente los principios éticos mayormente afectados cuando se considera la sedación. Se deben cumplir los siguientes requisitos: síntoma refractario, enfermedad (...) terminal y consentimiento, y en lo posible estar avalada por una segunda opinión médica. La sedación paliativa no es eutanasia y las diferencias están en el objetivo, el proceso y el resultado. En el presente trabajo se discuten algunos de los aspectos para prevenir la conculcación de los principios éticos, asimismo se proporcionan algunas sugerencias para ayudar en la toma de decisiones. Palliative care to the different problems encountered by patients and their families at the end of life. Sedation is a therapeutic manoeuvre frequently used in palliative medicine, that could eventually infringe some ethical principles. From our standpoint, beneficence and autonomy are probably the most affected principles when sedation is considered. The following conditions are required in order for it to be applied: refractory symptom, terminal illness and consent, and as long as possible, the decision must be supported by a second medical opinion Palliative sedation is different from euthanasia, and the differences lie in the objective, the pro- cess and the result. Some measures to prevent such violations to occur are discussed, and suggestions intended to guide in decision making are proposed. (shrink)

As it is well known, Lakatos divided Popper's philosophy into three stages; he also identified successive stages of falsificationism. A lesser-known fact is that the Hungarian philosopher systematized Feyerabend's philosophy, too. This tripartite division might have been a joke; Lakatos was perhaps trying to lighten Feyerabend's mood when his colleague was struggling wit h publishers in Minnesota and in New Left. Not quite successfully the publishers had tried to adjust Feyerabend's style to the standards of scientific literature. No matter what (...) motivated Lakatos when he analysed Feyerabend's philosophy, he appropriately captured differences between the 1970 and the 1975 edition of Against Method. Discussions of both philosophers concerning the division also reflect convolutions of their intellectual encounters. The presented paper takes up these issues. (shrink)

Philodemus' History of the Academy represents a valuable treatise on Greek philosophical schools containing much unique information on Plato and on the development of the Academy under his successors. The so called Index Academicorum is a draft version preserved in a Herculaneum papyrus, which has been reread and reedited on the basis of innovative papyrological criteria and pioneering imaging techniques. The text is now very different from former editions and reveals countless new facts on various Academic philosophers. The edition and (...) the commentary provide new insights of interdisciplinary relevance into ancient philosophy, biography, literature and the ancient process of writing a book. (shrink)

La discussion sur la doctrine trinitaire d'Origène entraîne nécessairement des questions sur sa pneumatologie. Comme en ce qui concerne le Fils, Origène considère l'Esprit à partir de l'invisible Déité. Il s'appuie sur une logique du Logos : la théologie du Fils est normative pour celle de l'Esprit. Comme l'Eglise pré-nicéenne en général, Origène a un vocabulaire hérétique qui subordonne les trois personnes de la Trinité mais les textes en question sont davantage économiques qu'ontologiques. Selon lui, l'Esprit a-t-il un rôle inférieur (...) au Logos ? Sa pneumatologie est-elle trinitaire ? L'article tente une réponse à ces questions. (shrink)

Deux assomptions ont été faites au sujet du refus du Pape Pie XII à aller au-delà de condamnations génériques de l'Holocauste Nazi. 1. La politique était dictée par peur de représailles contre les Catholiques et les Juifs. 2. La peur de représailles contre les Juifs était essentiellement une excuse pour ne rien faire ou rester au niveau de condamnations génériques. Mais les organisations juives elles-mêmes ont souvent cité la peur de représailles contre les Juifs comme la raison d'une restrainte dans (...) les déclarations publiques. Bien que la peur des représailles fut un élément formatif de la politique diplomatique du Vatican, la politique n'est pas venue de la peur, comme on peut le voir de l'histoire de condamnations génériques en d'autres contextes de guerre où les atrocités furent en jeu, entre autres en Arménie sous Benoît XV, en Espagne et Abyssinie sous Pie XI, de même qu'en Pologne et en Russie sous Pie XII. Deux fois Benoît XV fit un appel direct au Sultan de Turquie, mentionnant les Arménians spécifiquement trois fois, parlant de «souffrances indicibles», mais sans mentionner des noms personnels, des noms de lieu, des dates, des batailles. Bien que la condamnation resta générique, Benoît XV est considéré un héro national Arménien. Pendant la guerre civile en Espagne les républicains «incontrôlables» ont assassiné plus de cinq mille prêtres, moines et séminaristes pendant les trois premiers mois de la guerre et à la fin de. (shrink)

In den bisherigen Auseinandersetzungen hat der Schriftsteller eine besondere Hierarchie des Denkens angewandt, nämlich ontologisch... anthropologisch... pädagogisch. Ontologisches Denken in der Pädagogik ist heutzutage an der Tagesordnung. Die Fundamentalpädagogik soll in der ersten Linie eine Ontologie der Erziehung sein: “Als Strukturanalyse der Seinsweise von Erziehung erscheint die Erziehungsphilosophie also zunächst Ontologie der Erziehung...”27 Fundamentalpädagogik als ontologisch-anthropologische Pädagogik ist daher eine Suche nach ontischen Strukturen als Seinsbedingungen für das In-Erscheinung-Treten des Pädagogischen. Klafki erklärt, dass es dem Pädagogen als Wissenschaftler der Seinsweise (...) von Erziehung unmöglich ist, wissenschaftliche Aussagen zu geben, wenn sie nicht fortfliessen aus einer ontologischen Bestimmung der Erziehungswirklichkeit: “Es gibt kein pädagogisches Sein ohne pädagogisches Denken, aber auch kein pädagogisches Denken, das abgelöst wäre vom pädagogischen Sein.”28 In diesem pädagogischen Aufsatz hat der Schriftsteller einen Versuch gemacht, pädagogische Kategorien und Kriterien ontologisch-anthropologisch zu fundieren. (shrink)

Die Studien und Texte zur Sozialgeschichte der Literatur (STSL)veröffentlichen seit 1975 herausragende literatur-, geschichts- und kulturwissenschaftliche Arbeiten zur vornehmlich deutschen Literatur vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. Schwerpunkt der literaturgeschichtlichen und theoretischen Abhandlungen sowie der Quellen- und Materialienbände ist das Verhältnis von literarischem Text und gesellschaftlich-historischem Kontext. Als maßgebliche Publikationsreihe einer seit den 1960er Jahren einflussreichen Sozialgeschichte der Literatur prägt STSL zugleich die literaturwissenschaftliche Diskussion über mögliche Austauschbeziehungen zwischen Literatur-, Geschichts- und Sozialwissenschaften.

The only known epigram by Speusippus is preserved in Philodemus’ Index Academicorum (PHerc. 1021, col. 6,34-38) and was written on the occasion of his dedication of statues of the Charites to the Muses. A rereading of a crucial word in the papyrus reveals the true reason for Speusippus’ gift: The gifts of the Muses. Furthermore, the new reading leads to a second polyptoton in the epigram so that it now sounds much more polished and sophisticated.

Journal Name: Philologus Issue: Ahead of print.

The article argues that the genuine first name of Philo of Larissa was in fact ‘Philio’. This claim is based on two new readings ‘Philio’ in our earliest (certain) source for the name, Philodemus’ Index Academicorum, which put other early evidence into perspective. Three other essentially independent and reliable witnesses have the reading ‘Philio’ too. Furthermore, several Cicero manuscripts preserve various examples of the alternative reading ‘Philio’. The reading ‘Philo’ in some other sources might be a mistake or a kind (...) of nickname. (shrink)

From a new reading in Philodemus’ Index Academicorum (PHerc. 1021, col. XXXVI) emerges that Phanostratos, pupil of Charmadas, stems from the Carian city of Tralleis and enjoyed good reputation for psychagogy of masses, both hitherto unknown facts.

Considering the fair amount of ancient authors who compiled works on the subject of the ‘History of Philosophy’, it is remarkable—and regrettable—that there is no solid basis for a comparative analysis of their structures. Most ancient histories of philosophy are only preserved in a few fragments or excerpts and hardly allow any meaningful non-trivial comparison of the structure and order of the philosophers and schools discussed. The only more or less entirely preserved ‘History of Philosophy’ is Diogenes Laertius’ famous treatise. (...) Although his work seems to offer an idiosyncratic rendering in some respects, and is hardly representative of the genre, some structural similarities with Sotion's Διαδοχαί (Successions) can be identified. Generally, a crucial question concerning the structure is how the philosophers and their schools were arranged in these works. Did the works basically follow a chronological order? How were the Διαδοχαί arranged? Were certain schools or philosophers dealt with together in a single book or in more than one book, or were they presented in a certain order? (shrink)

Church authority is a vicarious, sacramental, grace-communicating operation implying both service of the people of God and mutual responsiveness in a creative and ceaseless dialogue.

Without questioning the objective priority of the magisterium in teaching and passing judgment, the author argues that its function is to elicit community consciousness rather than to enforce conformity.

It has been proposed that the design of robots might benefit from interactions that are similar to caregiver-child interactions, which is tailored to children's respective capacities to a high degree. However, so far little is known about how people adapt their tutoring behaviour to robots and whether robots can evoke input that is similar to child-directed interaction. The paper presents detailed analyses of speakers' linguistic behaviour and non-linguistic behaviour, such as action demonstration, in two comparable situations: In one experiment, parents (...) described and explained to their nonverbal infants the use of certain everyday objects; in the other experiment, participants tutored a simulated robot on the same objects. The results, which show considerable differences between the two situations on almost all measures, are discussed in the light of the computer-as-social-actor paradigm and the register hypothesis. Keywords: child-directed speech (CDS); motherese; robotese; motionese; register theory; social communication; human-robot interaction (HRI); computers-as-social-actors; mindless transfer. (shrink)

Fast and effective detection of the causative agent of malaria in humans, protozoan Plasmodium parasites, is of crucial importance for increasing the effectiveness of treatment and to control a devastating disease that affects millions of people living in endemic areas. The microscopic examination of Giemsa‐stained blood films still remains the gold‐standard in Plasmodium detection today. However, there is a high demand for alternative diagnostic methods that are simple, fast, highly sensitive, ideally do not rely on blood‐drawing and can potentially be (...) conducted by the patients themselves. Here, the history of Plasmodium detection is discussed, and advantages and disadvantages of diagnostic methods that are currently being applied are assessed. (shrink)

The exhibition is proposing a different reading of the legal text, reading against the grain of pre-conceived structures in order to re-chart the system of our relations with ourselves and with various communities; both territorial communities as well as those constructed ad hoc, based not on blood or territorial ties, but on shared values and beliefs. The exhibition raises the question of how the law literally produces us: both as individuals and as citizens, establishing a framework of our presence in (...) public space as well - its legality or illegality. It also questions the different meanings of a 'civil body', a 'legal thing', or a 'legal slave'. How do legal rituals and narratives influence and shape our existence? Exhibition: Neue Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst, Berlin, Germany (09.03. - 07.05.2017). (shrink)

Graphical AbstractVarious diagnostic methods are available to detect the six human pathogenic Plasmodium species that replicate within host erythrocytes and cause different types of malaria. Every currently available diagnostic method has distinct advantages and disadvantages. There is still a high demand for simple, fast, and highly sensitive alternative diagnostic methods that ideally do not rely on blood drawing and might be applied by the patient at home. In article number 1900138, Brian Gitta and Nicole Kilian discuss the history of (...) Plasmodium detection and assess advantages and disadvantages of diagnostic methods that are currently being applied. (shrink)

The examination of the complex cell biology of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum usually relies on the time‐consuming generation of transgenic parasites. Here, metabolic labeling and click chemistry are employed as a fast transfection‐independent method for the microscopic examination of protein S‐palmitoylation, an important post‐translational modification during the asexual intraerythrocytic replication of P. falciparum. Applying various microscopy approaches such as confocal, single‐molecule switching, and electron microscopy, differences in the extent of labeling within the different asexual developmental stages of P. (...) falciparum and the host erythrocytes over time are observed. (shrink)