Soberanía y obediencia fueron dos nociones clave en las discusiones que se dieron en los albores de la modernidad. Parte de los debates se centró en la cuestión de la legitimidad del poder político y, en consecuencia, en por qué debemos obedecer, qué beneficios trae la obediencia y cuáles son sus límites. En todos estos casos, la noción de violencia aparece con diferentes rostros, y principalmente con la fisonomía de la guerra —punto de máxima expresión de la violencia explícita—, problema (...) que la autoridad política viene, de alguna manera, a resolver. El Estado soberano, sin embargo, lejos está de ser la representación del irenismo, se convierte en monopolio legítimo de la violencia. Este trabajo pretende abordar tales cuestiones desde las teorías de Hobbes y Harrington. Ambos justificaron la obligación de los súbditos a acatar la ley que se impone y que garantiza, por sobre todas las cosas, su vida. (shrink)

This theoretical paper proposes a new perspective to understand the moral distress of nurses more fully, using virtue ethics. Moral distress is a widely studied subject, especially with respect to the determination of its causes and manifestations. Increasing the theoretical depth of previous work using ethical theory, however, can create new possibilities for moral distress to be explored and analyzed. Drawing on more recent work in this field, we explicate the conceptual framework of the process of moral distress in nurses, (...) proposed by Ramos et al., using MacIntyrean virtue ethics. Our analysis considers the experience of moral distress in the context of a practice, enabling the adaptation of this framework using virtue ethics. The adoption of virtue ethics as an ethical perspective broadens the understanding of the complexity of nurses’ experiences of moral distress, since it is impossible to create a ready model that can cover all possibilities. Specifically, we describe how identity, social context, beliefs, and tradition shape moral discomfort, uncertainty, and sensitivity and how virtues inform moral judgments. Individuals, such as nurses, who are involved in a practice have a narrative history and a purpose ( telos) that guide them in every step of the process, especially in moral judgment. It is worth emphasizing that the process described is supported by the formation of moral competence that, if blocked, can lead to moral distress and deprofessionalization. It is expected that nurses seek to achieve the internal good of their practice, which legitimizes their professional practice and supports them in moral decision-making, preventing moral distress. (shrink)

Many studies have examined clinical and institutional moral problems in the practice of nurses that have led to the experience of moral distress. The causes and implications of moral distress in nurses, however, have not been understood in terms of their implications from the perspective of virtue ethics. This paper analyzes how nurses reach for the telos of their practice, within a context of moral distress. A qualitative case study was carried out in a private hospital in Brazil. Observation and (...) semi‐semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 nurse participants. With the aid of ATLAS.ti software, the data were analyzed by using thematic content analysis using virtue ethics to theorize the findings. These nurses experienced a loss of their nursing identity as they encountered an ambiguous telos and the domination of institutional values. In their reach for the telos of their practice, nurses found an environment permeated by ethical challenges, which not only created moral distress but also created professional invisibility, a phenomenon referred to as ‘invisibility of the self’. (shrink)

Las fuentes de la revelación han afirmado siempre la presencia salvífica del Espíritu Santo más allá de los límites del antiguo y del nuevo Israel. Este artículo es un intento por percibirla en las ceremonias religiosas de los pueblos indígenas y mestizos del Sur Andino Peruano. Para alcanzar su objetivo, considera las circunstancias que acompañaron el anuncio del Evangelio en América y encuentra en la Carta a los Hebreos una clave para comprender e interpretar el proceso de inculturación del cristianismo (...) en los ritos dedicados a la Madre Tierra. Frente a la idolatría tributaria de la muerte, estos antiguos cultos aparecen como núcleos generadores de vida, que revelan la intervención providente de Dios en situaciones de sufrimiento injusto. (shrink)

Siguiendo las reflexiones de M.-D. Chenu en Une école de théologie: Le Saulchoir, este artículo se pregunta por la legitimidad del uso del leguaje filosófico en teología. Para ello distingue el campo epistemológico propio de cada disciplina y establece el modo en que razón y fe se relacionan. Aunque es un hecho que en la historia de occidente la teología se expresó en un lenguaje filosófico, en el marco de la cultura contemporánea globalizada, se constata la emergencia de otras racionalidades (...) en la articulación de los discursos sobre Dios. Following the reflections of M-D. Chenu in Une ecole de theologie: Le Saulchoir, this article poses the question of the legitimacy for the use of philosophical language in theology. For this he distinguishes the proper epistemological field of each discipline and establishes the way in which reason and faith are related. Although it is a fact that in the history of the West theology is expressed in a philosophical language, in the framework of globalized contemporary culture, one can confirm the emergence of other forms of reasoning in the articulation of discourse about God. (shrink)

Pensar el problema general de la continuidad de las propuestas pedagógicas en el campo de las prácticas docentes durante el contexto de emergencia sanitaria (Covid-19), y el problema específico de las herramientas pedagógico-didácticas necesarias para poder acompañar y garantizar efectivamente la formación de los estudiantes, exige una mirada transdisciplinaria, respetuosa, dinámica e integradora de los cambios, avances y retrocesos sucedidos en el campo educativo en nuestro país. En Argentina, hemos asistido a un escenario inédito en el que se ha puesto (...) en evidencia no solo la complejidad de la realidad educativa, sino también la necesidad de construir marcos de acción colectivos que permitan repensar las estrategias y los modos de enseñanza. (shrink)

Neste artigo apresento como objetivo a divulgação de um conjunto de debates que se cruzam nos feminismos, evidenciando, neste caso, a multiplicidade de formas de entender o feminismo e o ser feminista. Parto da ideia de um mundo em transformação pautado em um contexto de rupturas de pensamentos e modelos universais. Sendo assim, quatro críticas ao movimento feminista são apresentadas em diálogo com uma autocrítica que transforma o feminismo universal em feminismos múltiplos, com características mais humanas, de equidade e de (...) inclusão. Por fim, o texto leva a crer na importância do reconhecimento do lugar de fala para todas as pessoas, diferenciando-se em lugares de falas de privilégios ou lugares de falas marginalizados, sendo que tais lugares são flexíveis a partir da espacialidade e das identidades. (shrink)

Este artículo examina en clave de resiliencia la historia del protagonista de la obra mencionada de C.S. Lewis. Sus experiencias de vida muestran las muchas maneras en las que una persona puede experimentar un cambio radical y tener una actitud resiliente. Los objetivos de nuestro análisis literario son varios. Definir y actualizar el concepto de resiliencia, poner de relieve el funcionamiento de la teoría aristotélica de la mímesis y la metanoia, y analizar el proceso resiliente del protagonista literario. Con todo, (...) se llega a la conclusión de que la novela constituye un paradigmático ejemplo de historia y personaje resilientes. (shrink)

Providing a novel multi-disciplinary theorization of memory politics, this insightful Handbook brings varied literatures into a focused dialogue on the ways in which the past is remembered and how these influence transnational, interstate, and global politics in the present. With case studies from Africa, East and Southeast Asia, Europe, South America, and the United States, the Handbook focuses on the political features of historical memory in international relations. Chapters examine key concepts of memory politics, including accountability, commemoration and memorialization, the (...) Europeanization of memory, and the politics of trauma and victimhood, as well as analyzing different sites of memory, from the human body and memorial sites to media, film, and television. It also answers essential questions such as who and what determines the relevance of the past in the present; how does memory become a political question; and what are the political effects and ethical implications of its mobilization? Exploring the links between the politics of memory, international ethics, law, and diplomacy, this stimulating Handbook will be essential reading for students and scholars of politics and international relations, cultural studies, history, and transitional justice. Its discussion of notable agents and practices of memory politics will also be beneficial for practitioners working in human rights, politics, and public policy. (shrink)

En el curso dictado en Collège de France sobre la institución y la pasividad, Merleau-Ponty le otorgó una importancia particular a las problemáticas freudianas. La sexualidad y muy especialmente el Complejo de Edipo, es presentado como ejemplo de la institución humana en un doble sentido: en cuanto clase de institución que se diferencia de la institución vital y como una institución antropomórfica. Sus momentos –sexualidad prepuberal, periodo de latencia, pubertad– ejemplifican la estructura de toda institución: la anticipación, el desvío y (...) la reanudación y ponen de manifiesto su temporalidad propia. En vistas a la importancia del Complejo de Edipo en la arquitectura general del curso, el presente trabajo tiene por objetivo reponer la interpretación realizada por Merleau-Ponty a los efectos de comprender la especificidad de la institución humana. De este modo, se pretende realizar una aproximación al vínculo entre temporalidad e institución tal como Merleau-Ponty lo considera en el curso en cuestión.In the course dictated in Collège de France on the institution and the passiveness, Merleau-Ponty granted a particular importance to the Freudian problematics. The sexuality and very specially the Complex of Oedipus, is presented as example of the human institution in a double meaning: regarding a type of institution that differs from the vital institution and as an anthropomorphic institution. Its moments – prepuberal sexuality, period of latency, puberty –exemplify the structure of any institution: the anticipation, the detour and the resumption and they reveal his own temporality. In conference to the importance of the Complex of Oedipus in the general architecture of the course, the present work has for aim re-put the interpretation realized by Merleau-Ponty to the effects of understanding the specificity of the human institution. Thus, one tries to realize an approximation to the link between temporality and institution as Merleau-Ponty considers it in the course in question. (shrink)

Queen pheromones, which signal the presence of a fertile queen and induce daughter workers to remain sterile, are considered to play a key role in regulating the reproductive division of labor of insect societies. Although queen pheromones were long thought to be highly taxon‐specific, recent studies have shown that structurally related long‐chain hydrocarbons act as conserved queen signals across several independently evolved lineages of social insects. These results imply that social insect queen pheromones are very ancient and likely derived from (...) an ancestral signalling system that was already present in their common solitary ancestors. Based on these new insights, we here review the literature and speculate on what signal precursors social insect queen pheromones may have evolved from. Furthermore, we provide compelling evidence that these pheromones should best be seen as honest signals of fertility as opposed to suppressive agents that chemically sterilize the workers against their own best interests. (shrink)

In this Chapter, Maria Kronfeldner discusses whether psychological essentialism is a necessary part of dehumanization. This involves different elements of essentialism, and a narrow and a broad way of conceptualizing psychological essentialism, the first akin to natural kind thinking, the second based on entitativity. She first presents authors that have connected essentialism with dehumanization. She then introduces the error theory of psychological essentialism regarding the category of the human, and distinguishes different elements of psychological essentialism. On that basis, Kronfeldner connects (...) historical, socio-psychological, and philosophical insights in order to show that although essentialism can act as a catalyst for dehumanization, it is not necessary for it. Examples relate to dehumanization in the context of colonialism and evolutionary thinking, to the history of dehumanizing women from Aristotle to 19th-century craniology, and to contemporary self-dehumanization and ‘lesser mind’ attribution. (shrink)

Corporations perform actions that can inflict harm with different levels of intensity, from death to material loss, to both companies’ internal and external stakeholders. Research has analysed corporate harm using the notions of corporate social irresponsibility and corporate crime. Critical management studies have been subjecting management and organizational practices and knowledge to critical analysis, and corporate harm has been one of the main concerns of CMS. However, CMS has rarely been deployed to analyse CSIR and corporate crime. Thus, the aim (...) of this paper is to critically analyse the perspectives of CSIR and corporate crimes on corporate harm via CMS in general and postcolonial studies in particular. The paper contributes by arguing that research on CSIR and corporate crime could be perceived as producing research that does not challenge the essence of contemporary corporation profit-seeking activities that ultimately produces corporate harm. We argue that CSIR and corporate crime are ideologies that assist in disguising the contradiction between producing shareholder value and the social good that is at the heart of the modern corporation system and the current economic system. Furthermore, the postcolonial view of CSIR and corporate crime highlights how they are based on a Western-centric view of corporate harm that ignores the realities and perspectives of the Global South, especially in situations where corporate harm leads to death in the Global South. (shrink)

A noção de intensidade é de extrema importância para o pensamento deleuziano, fazendo-se presente não apenas na elaboração de sua própria filosofia da diferença, como também nas leituras que faz dos outros filósofos que lhe são caros, especialmente na sua reconstrução do espinosismo. Deleuze concebe a essência singular espinosana em termos intensivos. Sendo assim, este artigo procura reunir elementos para mostrar a importância da noção de intensidade no projeto deleuziano de unificação dos dois sentidos de estética e o papel do (...) uso de concepções de extração espinosista na empresa deleuziana. Estes apontamentos deixam implícito um outro tema: o da possibilidade de elaborar uma Estética a partir de Espinosa, vale dizer, uma Estética atenta a sua ancoragem corporal. (shrink)

O texto aproxima certas concepções de Deleuze e Guatarri relativas ao que poderíamos aqui chamar provisoriamente de uma “teoria do desejo”, tal como esboçada no Anti-Édipo, da teoria dos afetos formulada na Ética de Espinosa, mostrando assim mais uma etapa da crítica da tradição psicanalítica na obra conjunta dos filósofos franceses.

O texto investiga a dança como modalidade de produção de subjetividades privilegiada para dar a ver a potência do corpo. Procura equacionar o problema da sobrevivência de um vocabulário mental para tratar daquilo que exprime com a máxima intensidade aquilo de que os corpos são capazes, a saber, os corpos dançantes. Esta pesquisa segue uma trilha espinosista, para encontrar um vocabulário inteiramente corporal para descrever a potência dos corpos na dança em termos inteiramente corporais.

O objetivo deste artigo consiste em propor uma leitura acerca da necessária relação entre corpo e alma na elaboração do desejo, tal como exposto em obras como o Filebo e o Banquete de Platão. Na medida em que esses textos versam, dentre seus assuntos principais e de modo mais específico, sobre temas como o prazer e o amor respectivamente, ambos discutem o componente do desejo na gênese tanto da sensação prazerosa, quanto na afecção amorosa. Assim, o que se pretende demonstrar (...) aqui é em que medida o corpo e a alma, de modo indissociável, participam da ação de desejar. Palavras-chave: Platão; Desejo: Corpo; Alma. (shrink)

Maria Kronfeldner’s Preface and Introduction to the Routledge Handbook of Dehumanization maps the landscape of dehumanization studies. She starts with a brief portrayal of the history of the field. The systematically minded sections that follow guide the reader through the resulting rugged landscape represented in the Handbook’s contributions. Different realizations, levels, forms, and ontological contrasts of dehumanization are distinguished, followed by remarks on the variety of targets of dehumanization. A discussion on valence and emotional aspects is added. Causes, functions, and (...) consequences of dehumanization, and the prospects for reducing or undoing it, are introduced. The systematic overview closes with a discussion of some important theoretical complexities that arise in studying dehumanization. After these systematic sections, the scholarly work on dehumanization gets situated in the broader intellectual landscape of debates about the ‘human’ in the humanities and social sciences. The Introduction ends with some notes on scope, limitations, and intended readership of the Handbook. (shrink)

Orígenes de Alejandría fue un importante referente de la Iglesia oriental, destacado por su enorme saber. Se lo ubica y valora como el primer exégeta que hizo obra científica y como uno de los más grandes pensadores del cristianismo antiguo, ya que en todos los dominios fue capaz de marcar un momento decisivo para el pensamiento contemporáneo suyo y posterior. Maestro de Alejandría y de Cesarea, realizó la primera gran síntesis de teología especulativa y conocimiento de la realidad.En sus reflexiones, (...) fue amplio en la introducción de elementos de la sabiduría de otras tradiciones, entre las que se cuentan la cristiana y judía, así como también la griega y bárbara. Todas estas tradiciones espirituales han coincidido en la afirmación de que el alma humana vive y persiste después de separarse del cuerpo, constituyéndose –nuevamente, según el alejandrino- en un cuerpo etéreo que abandona el cuerpo material. De este modo, alega la supervivencia del alma a la muerte física y la posibilidad de desplazarse en diferentes dimensiones o planos.En este caso, nos detendremos en estudiar, a partir de ciertos pasajes de su obra, aquellos contenidos que posibilitan la comprensión de los tópicos fundamentales para nuestra investigación en torno a los elementos antropológicos que aporta en sus trabajos. Se pondrá especial atención en las nociones de principio, preexistencia, el cuerpo etéreo de la preexistencia, sus transformaciones y su relación con la materia, el hombre en su totalidad y en su trascendencia, y finalmente su vinculación con la restauración final o ἀποκατάστασις. (shrink)

The Divine Names explores the different names and metaphoric expressions used in the Bible to refer to God. Dionysius the Areopagite is known as an exponent of positive theology, in the sense that he offers an argumentative and explicit account of the nature of God, relying on the Scripture as a source of knowledge and truth, in contrast to the declared inability of apophatic or negative theology to communicate any knowledge of the divine. Indeed, the Areopagite resorts to the study (...) of biblical terms and to the coinage of hapax, neologisms often derived of known terms with added privative prefixes, in order to refer in some way to the sacred. Our research aims at showing that, for Dionysius, the purpose of pursuing the knowledge of God is not only to grasp the order of the different spheres of existence—present across the Corpus Dionysiacum—but also to connect with Him in hénosis, a living experience of permanent tension towards the Supreme. By focusing in the study of the names of God through exegesis, this paper aims at clarifying eutony, a constant tension towards God, as the central theme of the Byzantine theologian’s thought. (shrink)

There is a metaphysical affinity among beings that can be called ontological principle of continuity. According to this principle, the lowest level of being has its origin in the attenuation of higher grade, and the reality is understood as an analogy hierarchical of beings, which are arranged in cascades descending to the last degree. In this paper consign the most important passages related to De Veritate in which this argument is present.

Ao longo da leitura do Simpósio de Platão, é possível compreender a estreita relação entre o apetite (ἐπιθυμία) e o amor (ἔρως), enquanto este se manifesta, em última instância, como um apetite de imortalidade (ἐπιθυμία τῆς ἀθανασίας). Entretanto, este mesmo amor, que potencializa a alma na descoberta do belo em si mesmo (τὸ καλόν), também pode aprisionar o homem na sedução do sensível, levando-o a crer que nada é mais real do que a experiência amorosa pura e simples que se (...) esgota na apreciação de um belo corpo. É, pois, nessa tensão entre as coisas físicas e aquelas verdades eternas que as sustentam que se inscreve a ambivalência de eros. Nossa análise pretende, através de uma leitura do mito-alegoria de Poros e Penia, contado pela sacerdotisa de Mantinéia, Diotima, a partir do passo 203a do Simpósio, demonstrar como a ambivalência constituinte do amor já se encontra, tout court, nas próprias características dos progenitores de eros, tais como delineadas por Platão nesse trecho. Penia, a deusa da Pobreza, seria essencialmente responsável pela precariedade e passividade de Eros perante as coisas sensíveis ou, também de modo ambivalente, já na descrição da deusa encontram-se indícios de uma potência criativa capaz de planejamento e de atividade? E o que dizer de Poros, pai do amor? Ele explicaria suficientemente bem este apetite incessante de Eros que deseja ir sempre mais além do objeto já experimentado? (shrink)

En el canto V del infierno de la Divina Comedia, el autor presenta diferentes ejemplos de condenados por la lujuria. En este trabajo se propone la clasificación de dichos personajes en dos categorías, por un lado, aquellos que someten la razón a la pasión erótica y, por el otro, aquellos que la someten a la pasión afectiva. Así mismo, se cuestionan los motivos por los cuales el autor florentino considera estas aproximaciones como transgresiones graves contra «el orden del amor». A (...) continuación, se lleva a cabo un análisis comparativo de estos dos tipos de amor presentes en dos obras que establecen una clara relación de intertextualidad con la Divina Comedia, a saber, la No-Divina Comedia de Zygmunt Krasinski y Don Juan en el infierno de Carlos Fisas. Se demuestra de este modo la amplitud de la influencia de este autor en diferentes épocas y espacios culturales, así como, su asombrosa universalidad. (shrink)

“¿Cómo habría vivido el género humano si Adán no hubiera pecado?”. Este es el tema desarrollado por Francisco Suárez en el quinto libro del Tractatus de opere sex dierum. Según el pensamiento del Doctor Eximius, la pregunta encierra en sí misma la solución, o sea, que el arquetipo Adán y el hombre inmerso en el tiempo no difieren entre ellos y que, como directa consecuencia, para ambos, agregarse a otros semejantes, permite que cada individuo alcance una finalidad y una mayor (...) perfección. El hombre arquetipal no es único sino múltiple y, en su multiplicidad, se diferencia, lo mismo que ocurre con el hombre pre-caída. Francisco Suárez, por eso, analiza tanto el antecedente teológico, según el acto creacional divino, como el fundamento político de la comunidad humana, consecuencia necesaria para el hombre formado de tal manera. (shrink)

This article will address the right to intercultural health, based on conceptualizing access to health and the respectful interaction between various cultures in the different areas that constitute a complex society. The objective is focused on defining the concept of interculturality and intercultural dialogue from an epistemic justice approach. The situated analysis of intercultural health care is expected to promote public policies, aimed at building an intercultural perspective, which fosters a horizontal dialogue and a respected interaction in all areas of (...) society. (shrink)

A paper about cross-cultural and cross-racial loving that emphasizes the need to understand and affirm the plurality in and among women as central to feminist ontology and epistemology. Love is seen not as fusion and erasure of difference but as incompatible with them. Love reveals plurality. Unity–not to be confused with solidarity–is understood as conceptually tied to domination.

"Dr. Montessori was par excellence the great interpreter of the child; and though she herself has passed on from the scene of her labours her work will still go on."-- Westminster Cathedral Chronicle One of the landmark books in the history of education--and one of the least expensive editions now available--this volume describes a new system for educating youngsters. Based on a radical concept of liberty for the pupil and highly formal training of separate sensory, motor, and mental capacities, the (...) system enabled youngsters to master reading, writing, and arithmetic rapidly and substantially. Included are discussions of scientific pedagogy; discipline; the importance of proper diet, gymnastics, and manual labor; and many other topics. Unabridged reprint of the classic 1912 edition. (shrink)

Within cognitive and developmental psychology, it is commonly argued that perception is the basis for object concepts. According to this view, sensory experiences would translate into concepts thanks to the recognition, correlation and integration of physical attributes. Once attributes are integrated into general patterns, subjects would become able to parse objects into categories. In this article, we critically review the three epistemological perspectives according to which it can be claimed that object concepts depend on perception: state non-conceptualism, content non-conceptualism, and (...) content conceptualism. We show that the three perspectives have problems that make perception inadequate as a conceptual basis. We suggest that the inquiry about the origin and development of object concepts can benefit from a pragmatic perspective that considers objects’ cultural functions as a conceptual foundation. We address this possibility from the theoretical framework of the pragmatics of the object, considering the importance of objects’ functional permanence. (shrink)

Desde un esquema epistemológico sujeto-sujeto y desde un planteo feminista decolonial, nos acercará narrativas de mujeres mapuce que versan sobre la precarización de sus vidas y salud como parte de las violencias instituidas por la cultura hegemónica, poniendo sobre relieve la resiliencia de las culturas subalternizadas a partir de la lucha y re-existencia de estas mujeres.

O artigo procura mostrar alguns elementos da análise deleuziana da pintura de Francis Bacon, concentrando-se nos aspectos que permitem considerar tal pintura como visceralmente anti-representativa. A pintura de Bacon figura sensações, promovendo, ao mesmo tempo, a experimentação e novas corporeidades por meio dessa produção figural. Pensando as relações entre os corpos e as forças que atuam sobre eles, provocando as ondas sensoriais, Deleuze concebe a pintura em geral, e a de Bacon em particular, como paradoxal experiência histérica do pensamento, experiência (...) em que corpo e pensamento encontram-se maximamente articulados. (shrink)