The concept of disease is deeply rooted in medical practice, and one can hardly conceive of caring for patients without this tool. Nevertheless, under this seemingly uncontroversial idea there are some highly polemical axioms that we usually take for granted, even though they often lead us to some uncomfortable inconsistencies and contradictions. Some of the conceptual issues derived from our traditional view of disease, which condition the way we conceive and practice medicine, include:We conceive of disease as a real entity (...) that affects a previously healthy person, thus making him ill. The purpose of medicine is to identify and fight this entity. If it succeeds, the patient is cured; otherwise, the patient will .. (shrink)

Sin duda, hoy en día el uso de los manuales escolares en clase de lenguas extranjeras sigue siendo un apoyo importante en el proceso de aprendizaje de otras lenguas. Sin embargo, debemos prestar atención a los conceptos y a los valores éticos que pueden transmitir a nuestro alumnado. Nos centraremos en los estereotipos de género que, aún a día de hoy, siguen presentes en muchos de los libros de texto que usamos a diario en las aulas. Por tanto, resulta esencial (...) su actualización para contribuir con el proceso de desarrollo social de la mujer desde la etapa escolar. (shrink)

The COVID-19 global health emergency has greatly impacted the educational field. Faced with unprecedented stress situations, professors, students, and families have employed various coping and resilience strategies throughout the confinement period. High and persistent stress levels are associated with other pathologies; hence, their detection and prevention are needed. Consequently, this study aimed to design a predictive model of stress in the educational field based on artificial intelligence that included certain sociodemographic variables, coping strategies, and resilience capacity, and to study the (...) relationship between them. The non-probabilistic snowball sampling method was used, involving 337 people from the university education community in south-eastern Spain. The Perceived Stress Scale, Stress Management Questionnaire, and Brief Resilience Scale were administered. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used to design the architecture of artificial neural networks. The results found that stress levels could be predicted by the synaptic weights of coping strategies and timing of the epidemic, with a predictive capacity of over 80% found in the neural network model. Additionally, direct and significant associations were identified between the use of certain coping strategies, stress levels, and resilience. The conclusions of this research are essential for effective stress detection, and therefore, early intervention in the field of educational psychology, by discussing the influence of resilience or lack thereof on the prediction of stress levels. Identifying the variables that maintain a greater predictive power in stress levels is an effective strategy to design more adjusted prevention programs and to anticipate the needs of the community. (shrink)

Little has been studied on the relationship between affect and school problems related with attendance. This study aims to identify different affective profiles and to determine whether these profiles differ from each other based on the four functional conditions of school refusal behavior. Participants comprised 1,816 Spanish adolescents aged 15–18 years. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children-Short Form and the School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised for Children were administered. Latent profile analysis revealed five affective profiles: low affective profile, self-fulfilling (...) profile, low positive affect profile, self-destructive profile, and high affective profile. The self-destructive profile revealed the highest average scores in the first three factors of the SRAS-R-C, whereas the high affective profile reached the highest average score in the fourth factor. On the contrary, the self-fulfilling profile obtained the lowest average scores in the first two factors of the SRAS-R-C, whereas the low affective profile revealed the lowest average scores in the last two factors. Findings suggest the relevance of developing more adaptative affective profiles, such as the self-fulfilling profile, which would contribute to diminishing school attendance problems. (shrink)

Artificial intelligence is a useful predictive tool for a wide variety of fields of knowledge. Despite this, the educational field is still an environment that lacks a variety of studies that use this type of predictive tools. In parallel, it is postulated that the levels of self-esteem in the university environment may be related to the strategies implemented to solve problems. For these reasons, the aim of this study was to analyze the levels of self-esteem presented by teaching staff and (...) students at university and to design an algorithm capable of predicting these levels on the basis of their coping strategies, resilience, and sociodemographic variables. For this purpose, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Brief Resilience Scale were administered. The results showed a relevant role of resilience and stress perceived in predicting participants’ self-esteem levels. The findings highlight the usefulness of artificial neural networks for predicting psychological variables in education. (shrink)

The objective of this research study was to determine if psychological distress, anxiety, and academic self-efficacy predict satisfaction with studies in Peruvian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional and predictive design was used, in which 582 Peruvian university students participated, 243 men and 339 women, between the ages of 16 and 41. Student’s t-statistics were used to analyze the differences in scores of psychological distress, anxiety, academic self-efficacy, and satisfaction with studies based on the sex of the participants, (...) Pearson’s R was used for the analysis of correlations between variables, and multiple linear regressions were used to evaluate the predictive model. In the analyses, the significance level was set at 0.05. The results show that men have higher levels of psychological distress, anxiety, and academic self-efficacy than women do ; high levels of psychological distress correlate with high levels of anxiety and low levels of satisfaction with studies and academic self-efficacy ; high levels of anxiety correlate with low levels of satisfaction with studies and academic self-efficacy ; and high levels of academic self-efficacy correlate with high levels of satisfaction with studies. Academic self-efficacy was also found to predict satisfaction with studies. This concludes that, although there are significant correlations between psychological distress, anxiety, academic self-efficacy, and satisfaction with studies, academic self-efficacy is the variable that most predicts satisfaction with studies in Peruvian university students. (shrink)

Nietzsche identificó la filosofía como _arte de la transfiguración _en la edición de _La gaya ciencia_ de 1887. Esta expresión tiene un fuerte vínculo con la última obra de Rafael Sanzio, _La trasfigurazione_, comentada en _El nacimiento de la tragedia_, en donde el arte es considerado como transfigurador. Tanto la filosofía como el arte se relacionan con el acto de transfigurar y ambas deben ponerse en relación con la vida; la cual ha de ser transfigurada por el amor.

La evaluación es un aspecto que predomina en la educación, pero que necesita ser repensada. Este artículo reflexiona sobre la noción de evaluación en la sociedad actual y propone una alternativa a lo que ella podría y debería ser. Como resultado de un estudio crítico del papel de la evaluación en la educación actual, decidimos llevar a cabo un análisis hermenéutico de la influencia del concepto original de evaluación en la posibilidad de alejarse de la tributación del sujeto y su (...) actual pornificación. A través de una discusión sobre el papel de la evaluación en la sociedad contemporánea y su verdadera naturaleza, los autores proponen un cambio de mirada sobre la evaluación como un mero complemento al plan de estudios a otra que considere cómo una filosofía de la evaluación podría transformar profundamente la educación y la sociedad. (shrink)

Los estudios de géneros discursivos han prestado poca atención a las tesis o seminarios producidos para la obtención del grado de licenciatura. En este artículo se describe, desde el enfoque del genre analysis (Swales, 1990), la organización retórica del marco referencial de un conjunto de 30 tesis de pregrado elaboradas por estudiantes de la carrera de Trabajo Social de la UCSC. Se identifican cuatro movidas retóricas: teórico, conceptual, empírico y normativo. Se observa que cada una tiene propósitos diferentes sobre cuestiones (...) teóricas, prácticas y legales relacionadas con el problema social que aborda cada tesis. Se advierte la presencia de algunos pasos retóricos recursivo y, al mismo tiempo, un fuerte compromiso de la investigación con la resolución de un problema social real. Studies of discourse genre have paid little attention to graduation theses produced by undergraduate students. This article describes, from a genre analysis approach (Swales, 1990), the rhetorical organization of the reference framework of a set of 30 undergraduate theses prepared by social work students at the UCSC. The study identifies four rhetorical moves: theoretical, conceptual, empirical, and normative. It is observed that each move has different purposes on theoretical, practical, and legal issues related to the social problem addressed by each thesis. The presence of recursive rhetorical steps is apparent, along with a strong commitment to solving real social problems through research. (shrink)

Image has been considered an influential factor in tourists’ perceptions and evaluations of a destination. This paper analyzes the formation of the tourist destination image of Segóbriga Archaeological Park, a cultural destination of great heritage value, located in the province of Cuenca (Spain). The image is analyzed using a multidimensional approach, considering not only its cognitive and affective components, but also the unique-image component. The latter has received less attention in the literature and is a novelty in the context of (...) this type of cultural destination. The results show that this component is essential to the overall image of an archaeological destination and that it is not influenced by information sources. PLS-SEM was used. (shrink)

Today the definition of Spain as a national, historical and sovereign entity is in crisis. This situation has been reached because the Spanish left has assumed as its own many of the ideas about the concept of the Spanish nation of peripheral nationalisms. In this article we try to discover the causes of this identification through the study of the propaganda texts that the opposition to the Franco regime had on the national concept, rescued in the rulings of the Public (...) Order Court. In them we will observe how the opposition to Francoism in the Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia and the Canary Islands mixed Marxist and nationalist ideologies in their messages, but with great fundamental differences in each of these regions. Furthermore, we certify that the "Burgos Process" was the turning point that cemented the identification of the Spanish left throughout the country with the nationalist movements. (shrink)

The global market for biologics and biosimilar pharmaceutical products is experiencing rapid expansion, primarily driven by the continuous discovery of new molecules. However, information regarding Latin America’s biological market remains limited.

En el presente trabajo se reflexiona sobre la situación de pobreza y desigualdad que asola al mundo en este nuevo siglo señalando el papel que desarrolla la Universidad en el cambio social y en la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Las Universidades se enfrentan a un gran desafío, contribuir a la creación de un mundo sostenible e igualitario. La Educación Superior se convierte en guía para una sociedad que necesita, hoy más que nunca, de una conciencia crítica que (...) les haga actuar desde la responsabilidad socy el compromiso ético. En esta investigación, se expone un caso concreto, la asignatura de Educación para Responsabilidad Social impartida en la Universidad Francisco de Vitoria como una materia que ayuda a los estudiantes a implicarse personalmente para lograr la justicia social y el bien común, trabajando activamente para incidir en el logro de los ODS. (shrink)

The gene regulation function (GRF) provides an operational description of a promoter behavior as a function of the concentration of one of its transcriptional regulators. Behind this apparently trivial definition lies a central concept in biological control: the GRF provides the input/output relationship of each edge in a transcriptional network, independently from the molecular interactions involved. Here we discuss how existing methods allow direct measurement of the GRF, and how several trade‐offs between scalability and accuracy have hindered its application to (...) relatively large networks. We discuss the theoretical and technical requirements for obtaining the GRF. Based on these requirements, we introduce a simplified and easily scalable method that is able to capture the significant parameters of the GRF. The GRF is able to predict the behavior of a simple genetic circuit, illustrating how addressing the quantitative nature of gene regulation substantially increases our comprehension on the mechanisms of gene control. (shrink)

Background:The high level of satisfaction of users of a health service is largely due to the fact that they receive excellent care from healthcare professionals. Compassionate care is an essential...

El presente artículo estudia un problema que aún no ha sido explorado en el campo de la historia de la sociología argentina: la centralidad que adquirió la sociología cordobesa comparada con la sociología porteña durante los años que van desde la Reforma Universitaria de 1918 hasta la fundación del Instituto de Sociología de Buenos Aires en 1940. La ausencia de textos redactados desde Buenos Aires que identifiquen problemas clave de este período es un indicador del tipo de historia que se (...) ha escrito sobre el desarrollo institucional de la sociología argentina, es decir, aquella que se centró en la capital del país luego de las fundaciones del departamento y la carrera en la Universidad de Buenos Aires en 1957. Por este motivo, el artículo se abocará a reconstruir las apuestas intelectuales que realizaron los dos titulares de “Sociología” de las principales universidades argentinas de la época: Ricardo Levene y Raúl Orgaz. Tomando en cuenta los aportes a la sociología del conocimiento de Karl Mannheim, Robert Merton y Pierre Bourdieu, podrá brindarse una explicación de los motivos por los cuales Orgaz se inclinó hacia la sociología, realizando una labor de actualización permanente de las novedades sociológicas a nivel internacional y, como correlato, de producción en torno a ellas, mientras Levene no mostró avances en este sentido, dando cuenta de una magra producción en relación con la sociología. (shrink)

Nos proponemos indagar y delimitar, un período determinado de producción fílmica de Raúl Ruiz, realizada en Chile durante la década recién pasada. Ruiz instalará un tipo de narración fílmica inspirado en el rescate de algunos cuentos populares, y de una cierta literatura chilena de fines del siglo xix y principios del xx. Si a mediados de los años 90, en su primera Poética del cine, insistió en resistir al modelo impuesto por el cine industrial, de que la narración (...) determina a la imagen, con esta serie de films que trabajaremos, dará cuenta de una singular manera de narración en que la imagen se convierte en un principio determinante. Es así, que la narración que promoverá Ruiz, es una búsqueda de los restos o vestigios de experiencias que no forman parte de ningún tipo de Historia nacional de carácter monumental, ya que pueden ser transmitidos no desde una imagen relatada del pasado, sino que a partir de su transmisión deviene una imagen permanente pero inactual. Esta imagen es nuestro objetivo, ya que es una construcción de un tipo de narración singular que posee un vínculo indisociable a una relación temática y estética con Chile. (shrink)

Se propone una interpretación del filme La expropiación de Raúl Ruiz, realizado en 1971-1973. Se analizan los distintos dispositivos que hacen alusión al tema de la “muerte” en la cinta y, desde una perspectiva cinematográfica comparada, se proponen las principales intervenciones que Ruiz hace con esta película al género del “muerto viviente”. Se argumenta que la muerte se constituye en un aspecto que permite movilizar una serie de ideas respecto del proceso político chileno. Los muertos vivientes se constituyen (...) en expresiones acerca de la manera en que el peso de la tradición se establece como una esfera relevante que va incluso más allá de la voluntad de los actores sociales vivos. La representación no-realista de la muerte de Vidal ubica al filme, no como una obra contra el Gobierno, sino como una crítica desde el interior del proyecto de la Unidad Popular. (shrink)

Raúl Dorra dedica, a lo largo de su obra, un lugar central al estudio de la escritura donde la lectura aparece como su correlato. Sin ser fenomenólogo, Dorra, no obstante, siempre plantea de modo intencional la relación entre lectura y escritura al considerar que en la segunda anida la presencia de un sujeto que la primera desentraña al hacer oír su voz. El presente artículo explora el intercambio entre la percepción visual de la escritura y la auditiva de la voz (...) mediante la lectura para avanzar hacia la propuesta vertebral de Raúl Dorra sobre los tres modos en que la lectura, desde su dimensión sensible, configura su poética, a saber, la búsqueda, la negociación y la distribución con las que aparece la presencia del sujeto mediante la voz. (shrink)

The cinematographic work of Raul Ruiz, filmmaker, writer, playwright and stage designer, chilean exiled in France since the late 70's and deceased in 2011, at first sight not appear as a political work. Usually classified with the labels of "neosurrealistic" or "fantasy film", his work, since not refer to a specific and identifiable reality from the positivist sociology standpoint, will have not most interest to analyze and think what the political "emergency" of our times requires. However, from a (...) philosophical analysis of what the political demise implies for the thinking of the community, of the event and the History, analysis that mark the question of spectrality as the key for the understanding what was then occurs, this work - which dilutes all limit between the real and the unreal - appear as one of the most important of our time. (shrink)

Esta investigación analiza la presencia del discurso eurocéntrico en los manuales de Historia del Arte de Bachillerato desde una dimensión sociogenética. La muestra se compone de ejemplares pertenecientes a editoriales españolas de alcance nacional (Anaya, ECIR, Ediciones Ruiz, SM, Teide y Vicens Vives) en una cronología que comprende los distintos periodos por los que ha atravesado la materia entre 1953 y 2006. El estudio deriva de la aplicación de un guion de análisis documental que contempla, entre sus variables, la (...) construcción de identidades. Los resultados muestran la presencia y resistencia sociohistórica del discurso eurocéntrico en los manuales de Historia del Arte analizados, tendiéndose con ello a la construcción, reproducción y esencialización de identidades etnocéntricas. De este modo, para ahondar en la formación de una ciudadanía crítica, se hace necesario replantear los enfoques y las finalidades que fundamentan el relato de la Historia del Arte escolar en recursos como el que nos ocupa en este trabajo. (shrink)

Desde una perspectiva teórica cercana al giro afectivo, estas páginas se proponen reflexionar sobre la construcción de la esperanza en parte del cine de la Unidad Popular chilena durante los primeros meses del gobierno de Salvador Allende. No se revisan en profundidad filmes sobre los que se ha dicho todo, sino que se rastrea en algunos lo que se da en llamar la imagen-esperanza. Para ello, se eligen tres filmes cuya única nota común es corresponderse de modos diversos con una (...) suerte de «año cero»: El primer año de Patricio Guzmán (1972), Voto + fusil de Helvio Soto (1971), y Palomita blanca de Raúl Ruiz, terminada en 1973 antes del golpe de Estado, y reeditada y estrenada en 1992. En los tres, es posible tematizar una esperanza que parece plantear más interrogantes que opciones tranquilizadoras aun cuando, como decía Guzmán en el diario de filmación de El primer año, «Chile era una fiesta». (shrink)

Film Theory addresses the core concepts and arguments created or used by academics, critical film theorists, and filmmakers, including the work of Dudley Andrew, Raymond Bellour, Mary Ann Doane, Miriam Hansen, bell hooks, Siegfried Kracauer, Raul Ruiz, P. Adams Sitney, Bernard Stiegler, and Pier Paolo Pasolini. This volume takes the position that film theory is a form of writing that produces a unique cinematic grammar; and like all grammars, it forms part of the system of rules that govern (...) a language, and is thus applicable to wider range of media forms. In their creation of authorial trends, identification of the technology of cinema as a creative force, and production of films as aesthetic markers, film theories contribute an epistemological resource that connects the technologies of filmmaking and film composition. This book explores these connections through film theorisations of processes of the diagrammatisation of cinematic matters of the filmic world. (shrink)

Pensar en el cine como ocasión y potencia del pensamiento significa en efecto, en primer lugar, sustraer la imagen contemporánea del dominio de los estudios especializados y, en segundo lugar, pensar a partir de aquello que el cine crea (como recordaba Deleuze): esto es, las imágenes mismas. El cine redescubre su potencia a través de sus propias formas. Entrevistas de la revista italiana Fata Morgana con: Jacques Rancière, Roberto Esposito, Jean-luc Nancy, Slavoj Zizek, Julia Kristeva, Werner Herzog, Raúl Ruiz, (...) Yervant Gianikian, Ángela Ricci Lucchi, Edgar Reitz, Paul Schraoer, Georges Didi-Huberman, Jean-Louis Comolli, Nuccio Ordine. (shrink)

Overview The evolution of multicellularity raises questions regarding genomic and developmental commonalities and discordances, selective advantages and disadvantages, physical determinants of development, and the origins of morphological novelties. It also represents a change in the definition of individuality, because a new organism emerges from interactions among single cells. This volume considers these and other questions, with contributions that explore the origins and consequences of the evolution of multicellularity, addressing a range of topics, organisms, and experimental protocols. Each section focuses on (...) selected topics or particular lineages that present a significant insight or challenge. The contributors consider the fossil record of the paleontological circumstances in which animal multicellularity evolved; cooptation, recurrent patterns, modularity, and plausible pathways for multicellular evolution in plants; theoretical approaches to the amoebozoa and fungi (cellular slime molds having long provided a robust model system for exploring the evolution of multicellularity), plants, and animals; genomic toolkits of metazoan multicellularity; and philosophical aspects of the meaning of individuality in light of multicellular evolution. Contributors Maja Adamska, Argyris Arnellos, Juan A. Arias, Eugenio Azpeitia, Mariana Benítez, Adriano Bonforti, John Tyler Bonner, Peter L. Conlin, A. Keith Dunker, Salva Duran-Nebreda, Ana E. Escalante, Valeria Hernández-Hernández, Kunihiko Kaneko, Andrew H. Knoll, Stephan G. König, Daniel J. G. Lahr, Ottoline Leyser, Alan C. Love, Raul Montañez, Emilio Mora van Cauwelaert, Alvaro Moreno, Vidyanand Nanjundiah, Aurora M. Nedelcu, Stuart A. Newman, Karl J. Niklas, William C. Ratcliff, Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo, Ricard Solé . (shrink)

ABSTRACT:Ethical research on consumption has focused mainly on the obligations, principles and values guiding consumers' actions and reasons for action. In doing so, it has concerned itself mostly with such bounded contexts as voluntary simplifiers, anti-consumption movements or so-called ‘ethical consumers,’ thereby fostering an artificial opposition between ethical and non-ethical consumption. This paper proposes virtue ethics as a more apt conceptual framework for the ethical analysis of consumption because it takes into account the developmental dynamic triggered by engagement in consumption (...) practices. We build on MacIntyre's goods-virtues-practices-institutions framework and Beabout's concept of a domain-relative practice and argue that when engaging in consumption activities, agents may pursue goods internal to practices, further their individual life narratives and contribute to the good of their communities, thus developing virtues that perfect themselves both as consumers and as ethical agents. (shrink)

A multidimensional measure of ethical culture was examined for its relationship to person–organization fit, ethical intent and organizational citizenship behavior, using a sample of 525 employees from the financial industry in Spain. As hypothesized, relative to studies using unidimensional assessments, our measure of EC was more strongly related to ethical intent and organizational citizenship. Also, significant differences were found in the degree to which each the EC dimensions related to both ethical intent and OCB. Finally, in a first for the (...) literature, we demonstrated the important role of overall P–O fit in connection with EC, ethical intent, and organizational citizenship. Specifically, as hypothesized, P–O fit moderated positively the association between EC and ethical intent, but mediated the EC–OCB relationship. (shrink)

In this short contribution we explore the historical roots of recent synthetic approaches in biology and try to assess their real potential, as well as identify future hurdles or the reasons behind some of the main difficulties they currently face. We suggest that part of these difficulties might not be just the result of our present lack of adequate technical skills or understanding, but could spring directly from the nature of the biological phenomenon itself. In particular, if life is conceived (...) as autonomy in open-ended evolution, which would help to explain the highly complex and dynamic organization of the simplest known organisms (i.e., genetically-instructed cellular metabolisms), external synthetic implementations of such systems, or interventions on them, are bound to interfere with some of their characteristic transformation processes, both at the ontogenetic and phylogenetic scales. In any case, this will prove very revealing and productive, technologically and scientifically speaking, since the knowledge gathered from those implementations/interventions will be extremely valuable in establishing our capacities and limitations to fully comprehend, utilize, and expand the living domain as we know it today. (shrink)

El hombre mediocre está integrado por las lecciones sobre psicología del carácter que dio José Ingenieros en la cátedra de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de Buenos Aires, durante el año 1910. En ellas se proponía comprender cómo funcionan las sociedades humanas. Para ello establecía y describía tres tipos o caracteres que según él era posible reconocer en cualquier comunidad de seres humanos: el idealista, el hombre mediocre y el inferior. Ingenieros no ocultaba su admiración hacia el primer tipo (...) pero, más allá de los juicios morales. Hizo el esfuerzo de entender en clave psicológica las particularidades de cada tipo y su función específica en nuestras sociedades. Así, dedicaba una parte importante de El hombre mediocre al segundo tipo, porque él constituye el grueso de las sociedades: «¿La continuidad de la vida social sería posible sin esa compacta masa de hombres puramente imitativos, capaces de conservar los hábitos rutinarios que la sociedad les transfunde mediante la educación? El mediocre no inventa nada, no crea, no empuja, no rompe, no engendra; pero, en cambio, custodia celosamente la armazón de automatismos y prejuicios y dogmas acumulados durante siglos, defendiendo ese capital común contra la asechanza de los inadaptables. Su rencor a los creadores compénsase por su resistencia a los destructores.». (shrink)

Resumen: Este artículo pretende abordar aspectos esenciales del pensamiento de Henri Bergson en la dimensión de las prácticas políticas. Específicamente, esta indagación se centrará en un análisis del sentido de la democracia en Les Deux Sources de la morale et de la religion, en las escuetas, pero decisivas porciones de texto donde esta es abordada. Bajo este objetivo, se podrá extender una discusión de fondo, de carácter ontológico, en torno al rendimiento de una noción de Acontecimiento que pretende servir de (...) reflexión basal en torno al dominio de un concepto de lo político atribuible a este filósofo francés.: This article aims to address essential aspects of Henri Bergson’s thought in the dimension of political practices. Specifically, this inquiry will focus on an analysis of the meaning of democracy in Les Deux Sources de la morale et de la religion, in the succinct, but decisive portions of the text where it is focussed. Under this point, it will be possible to extend a substantive discussion, of an ontological nature, around the performance of a notion of Event that aims to serve as a basal reflection on the domain of a concept of the political attributable to this French philosopher. (shrink)

Entrevista a Miguel Valderrama por Raúl Rodríguez Freire.