Palestra proferida pelo Prof. Leo Strauss no General Seminar of the Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science of the New School for Social Research in New York em fevereiro de 1941 editado pelos professores David Janssens e Daniel Tanguay e publicado na revista Interpretation A Journal of Political Philosophy Spring 1999 Volume 26 Number 3.

Schopenhauer afirma que uma ética não dogmática requer leis demonstráveis derivadas da experiência. Nesse sentido o fundamento de uma ética deve ser uma metafísica imanente, que sustente, na experiência possível, suas afirmações, e que seja, por isso mesmo, capaz de dar de uma vez por todas um fundamento legítimo à moral. A fundamentação da moral schopenhaueriana segue, portanto, uma argumentação muito próxima de uma metodologia científica. Para Schopenhauer a filosofia deve se aproximar mais de uma cosmologia do que da teologia. (...) Max Horkheimer em “O pensamento de Schopenhauer em relação à ciência e à religião” destaca a fecundidade de tal posição filosófica e atualiza a importância de Schopenhauer tanto para sua formação quanto para uma legítima interpretação da modernidade. Acompanhamos, neste artigo tanto os aspectos fundamentais da fundamentação schopenhaueriana da moral, quanto aspectos da interpretação de Horkheimer da empreitada do filósofo. (shrink)

Pretende-se neste artigo abordar o problema da relação entre o ressentimento e a formação dos juízos morais presentes na obra de Schopenhauer a partir de uma perspectiva crítica proposta por Nietzsche que tem suas bases na constatação de que existe na ética ocidental um enfraquecimento das posturas afirmativas da vida como resultado de uma decadência fisiopatológica que influencia a ordem dos juízos morais sobre a existência humana. A ética niilista de Schopenhauer seria um exemplo de uma desagregação dos instintos afirmativos (...) vitais configurando-se por isso como uma moral da fraqueza e, consequentemente um sintoma da decadência cultural europeia. (shrink)

Apresento aqui por que Schopenhauer entende a natureza como um conceito construído pelo homem, abstrata e conceitual: uma palavra. Schopenhauer reformulou o idealismo transcendental de Kant para que os conceitos do entendimento não fizessem referência à sensibilidade, porque animais tem experiência do mundo fenomênico, ao contrário do que a teoria kantiana nos leva a crer. Afinal, em Kant, animais teriam de lidar com conceitos para representar objetos, o que Schopenhauer nega. Na teoria schopenhaueriana nossas percepções não necessitam das categorias do (...) entendimento para elaborar o objeto da experiência possível e tornar-se representação. O entendimento kantiano será mostrado como um objeto híbrido: meio representação, meio coisa-em-si, pois Kant misturou o pensar e o intuir, tornado a experiência e o mundo objetivo dependentes do entendimento. Porém, para Schopenhauer o objeto individual, as percepções são independentes do pensamento abstrato. O pensamento se envolve com conceitos e abstrai o que é comum dos objetos, originando-os. Já o entendimento é irracional, intuitivo e perceptivo. (shrink)

This work aim to analyse relations between Arithmetic and Geometry indicated by Piero della Francesca in his treatise Libellus de quinque corporibus regularibus. Piero della Francesca was a painter and scholar of perspective, geometry and arithmetic, in his time. He carried out investigations on pictorial, geometric and architectural issues. Of the treatises he wrote, only three are preserved, on perspective, Geometry and Arithmetic. The central document selected for this research was the manuscript Libellus de quinque corporibus regularibus, deposited in the (...) Vatican Apostolic Library in digitized copy. Throughout this work we have tried to understand the Libellus de quinque corporibus regularibus as a result of the work of an artist and scholar who proposed ways of relating Arithmetic and Geometry using both his practical knowledge and the works of authors of antiquity. (shrink)

João Paulo II foi o papa que destacou a importância das Novas Comunidades Cristãs no seio da Igreja. Bento XVI deu continuidade à iniciativa de seu antecessor. Nós somos herdeiros de uma Teologia do Laicato bastante elaborada, porém pouco conhecida na prática. Desde o Concílio Vaticano II a Igreja tem promovido o protagonismo dos leigos. Nos dias atuais, nós vemos uma proliferação de Novas Comunidades cuja iniciativa, na maioria dos casos, parte dos fiéis leigos e não dos ministros ordenados.

O presente artigo detém o intuito de analisar a implementação do sistema de precedentes judiciais adotado pelo Brasil no Novo Código de Processo Civil, diante da teoria de Ronald Dworkin. O Brasil historicamente adota o sistema denominado de Civil Law, o qual adota a lei como fonte principal do Direito, dando ao precedente judicial um caráter secundário e não vinculante. Ante a nova atualização legislativa do Código de Processo Civil de 2015, que vislumbra a adoção de um sistema de precedentes, (...) o Brasil deve superar diversas dificuldades para adequar este sistema ao ordenamento jurídico, pois a maior dificuldade provém do fato da ausência de costume ao observar os precedentes como fonte do Direito. O texto faz uma análise sobre os sistemas judiciais de Civil Law e Common Law trazendo a diferença entre os sistemas e as fontes do Direito que cada um adere, bem como disserta sobre as teorias relativas à Interpretação e Integridade de Ronald Dworkin. Por fim, investiga as alterações legislativas no Código de Processo Civil, bem como a fundamental importância das teorias de Dworkin para implementar no Brasil de maneira correta o sistema de precedentes judiciais. A metodologia utilizada foi o método indutivo de abordagem e o método de procedimento foi o método monográfico. As fontes de pesquisa utilizadas foram as mais diversificadas, tais como livros, artigos, pesquisas em sites, consulta de outras monografias, consulta de tese de mestrado e jurisprudências. (shrink)

Gianni Vattimo associa a metafísica com a violência. Pretendemos demonstrar que a tese do pensamento fraco de Gianni Vattimo surge como agente redutor desta violência metafísica. Tal ontologia fraca entende que o cristianismo pós-moderno fundamenta-se na herança da kenosis¸ no esvaziamento-despojamento do Filho de Deus, o que indica a presença de elemento secularizante na raiz mesma do cristianismo. Com isso, o retorno do religioso percebido por Vattimo, não aparece como algo acidental, mas traz consigo a grave responsabilidade de pensar o (...) cristianismo na pós-modernidade não em regime de estrutura forte, verdade estável e absoluta, senão que em termos da caritas-caridade. Este movimento seria, para ele, a realização do tempo do Espírito preconizado pelo abade medieval Joaquim de Fiore. (shrink)

Peroxisomal matrix proteins are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes and rapidly transported into the organelle by a complex machinery. The data gathered in recent years suggest that this machinery operates through a syringe-like mechanism, in which the shuttling receptor PEX5 − the “plunger” − pushes a newly synthesized protein all the way through a peroxisomal transmembrane protein complex − the “barrel” − into the matrix of the organelle. Notably, insertion of cargo-loaded receptor into the “barrel” is an ATP-independent process, whereas extraction (...) of the receptor back into the cytosol requires its monoubiquitination and the action of ATP-dependent mechanoenzymes. Here, we review the main data behind this model. The peroxin PEX5 is the peroxisomal matrix protein receptor. It shuttles between the cytosol and the organelle membrane, where it gets inserted into the docking/translocation module, thus pushing the cargo-protein into the peroxisome lumen. Resetting the system involves PEX5 monoubiquitination and its extraction from the membrane by the AAA-ATPases, PEX1/PEX6. (shrink)

Anthropogenic changes in the biosphere, driven mainly by human cultural habits and technological advances, are altering the direction of evolution on Earth, with ongoing and permanent changes modifying uncountable interactions between organisms, the environment, and humankind itself. While numerous species may go extinct, others will be favored due to strong human influences. The Bio-Evolutionary Anthropocene hypothesizes that directly or indirectly human-driven organisms, including alien species, hybrids, and genetically modified organisms, will have major roles in the evolution of life on Earth, (...) shifting the evolutionary pathways of all organisms through novel biological interactions in all habitats. We anticipate that, in future scenarios, novel organisms will be continuously created, and contemporary native organisms with no obvious economic use will decline—while anthropogenic-favored and novel organisms will spread. The Bio-Evolutionary Anthropocene hypothesis therefore predicts that humankind and novel organisms will interact within a strong evolutionary bias that will lead to unexpected, and probably irreversible, outcomes for the evolution of life on our planet. (shrink)

Anthropogenic changes in the biosphere, driven mainly by human cultural habits and technological advances, are altering the direction of evolution on Earth, with ongoing and permanent changes modifying uncountable interactions between organisms, the environment, and humankind itself. While numerous species may go extinct, others will be favored due to strong human influences. The Bio-Evolutionary Anthropocene hypothesizes that directly or indirectly human-driven organisms, including alien species, hybrids, and genetically modified organisms, will have major roles in the evolution of life on Earth, (...) shifting the evolutionary pathways of all organisms through novel biological interactions in all habitats. We anticipate that, in future scenarios, novel organisms will be continuously created, and contemporary native organisms with no obvious economic use will decline—while anthropogenic-favored and novel organisms will spread. The Bio-Evolutionary Anthropocene hypothesis therefore predicts that humankind and novel organisms will interact within a strong evolutionary bias that will lead to unexpected, and probably irreversible, outcomes for the evolution of life on our planet. (shrink)

The prestigious French publisher Presses Universitaires de France has recently brought out (November 1995) a new French edition of Elie Halévy's well known book "The Growth of Philosophical Radicalism", first published in France in three volumes as "La formation du radicalisme philosophique" (1901-1904) and translated into English in 1926. The prevailing opinion on this book is that it gives an excellent account of English utilitarianism. Thus, in the International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, Talcott Parsons speaks of it as the ‘virtually (...) definitive analysis of utilitarianism’. More recently Donald Winch, in his introduction to the Penguin edition of John Stuart Mill's Principles of Political Economy, describes Halévy's book as: ‘Still the best study of the ideas and activities of the school taken as a whole’. In this short essay I express a very different opinion. I show that Halévy, who qualifies utilitarianism (with obvious disgust) as ‘a plebeian or rather bourgeois morality’, as ‘much too simple’, completely misunderstood the writings of the English and Scottish utilitarian philosophers. (shrink)

O pensamento político de Francisco Pinto da Cunha Leal (1880-1970) sofreu uma constante evolução ao longo da sua vida pública. A emergência do Estado Novo, nos anos 30 e 40 do século XX, tornou-o num oposicionista, levando-o a denunciar as suas violências e a desconstruir os seus mitos numa intransigente defesa da democracia. Nos inícios dos anos 60, confrontado com as novas realidades políticas, nascidas da Guerra Fria (1947-1991) e da crise do sistema colonial português (1961), aproveitando a relativa (...) tolerância do Salazarismo a nível editorial, esforça-se por fornecer, nos livros que publica, uma alternativa democrática ao pensamento dominante. O presente texto procura analisar a sua reflexão política numa época caracterizada pelo aparecimento de uma nova geração de contestatários do regime. (shrink)

O pintor tem espaço nos retábulos maneiristas, diminuindo o seu desempenho a favor do entalhador, à medida que o programa do Barroco Nacional se impõe na arte da talha. Em Portugal, nos séculos XVII e XVIII, definem-se os ofícios com fronteiras frágeis. Entalhador pode significar escultor, imaginário ou ensamblador – assim como o dourador é mencionado, muitas vezes, como pintor e estofador, numa polivalência artística notável. Cabe ao imaginário, na gramática barroca, apropriar-se dos espaços intercolúnios, entre outros, para cumprir as (...) encomendas dos santos em concordância com as determinações do Concílio de Trento.Os inventários, as Memórias Ressuscitadas de Entre-Douro-e-Minho (Francisco Craesbeeck, 1726), as Memórias Paroquiais de 1758 (A.N.T.T.) e um levantamento fotográfico privilegiam o percurso escultórico dos oragos e das invocações retabulares de templos no Baixo Tâmega e no Vale do Sousa. Neste sentido, pretende-se desenhar uma matriz dos espécimes mais recorrentes, estabelecendo assim a mancha das devoções nacionais nos concelhos de Amarante, Marco de Canaveses, Felgueiras e Penafiel. (shrink)

O presente artigo analisa a visão dos Estados Unidos da América por D. Francisco d’Assis Almeida Portugal (1796-1870), ao longo do século XIX. Diplomata, ministro e parlamentar da monarquia constitucional portuguesa, foi um arguto observador da evolução da política externa da república americana no relativo à América Central, África Ocidental e Europa. D. Francisco d’Assis Almeida Portugal dedicou especial atenção à escravatura, ao federalismo e à guerra civil americana (1861-1865). Nas suas reflexões não acredita na viabilidade dos EUA, (...) considerando-o um estado falhado. (shrink)

In his thesis 'Para uma Teoria Geral dos Homomorfismos' (1944) the Portuguese mathematician José Sebastião e Silva constructed an abstract or generalized Galois theory, that is intimately linked to F. Klein’s Erlangen Program and that foreshadows some notions and results of today’s model theory; an analogous theory was independently worked out by M. Krasner in 1938. In this paper, we present a version of the theory making use of tools which were not at Silva’s disposal. At the same time, we (...) tried to keep in mind, so much as possible, the gist of his standpoint. (shrink)

_Objetivo:_ conocer las opiniones de los ancianos sobre la vacuna anti-covid y su posible rechazo. _Metodología:_ se trata de un estudio exploratorio y cualitativo, realizado en un pequeño municipio, en el extremo Norte de Mato Grosso, Brasil. La recolección de datos ocurrió en marzo de 2021, a través de una entrevista semiestructurada. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó el software ATLAS.ti®. _Resultados:_ la mayoría de los ancianos mostró aceptación y deseo de ser inmunizados, pero aquellos con baja escolaridad mostraron (...) mayor rechazo a la vacuna, lo que fue percibido por los demás ancianos como una irresponsabilidad. Los participantes mencionan que toda persona tiene derecho a elegir. _Conclusiones:_ aunque los ancianos tenían una opinión positiva sobre la vacuna, se deben intensificar las acciones educativas, especialmente entre aquellos con baja escolaridad, para que la conducta de rechazo, si prevalece incluso después de diálogos y aclaraciones, no influya a terceros y ponga en peligro la salud de la comunidad. (shrink)

Jiren (畸人), literally translated as irregular (Ji) person (ren), is a critical concept in the classical Daoist text the Zhuangzi (5th–3rd century BC.).1 The concept refers to individuals with atypical body shapes. Some of them lack body parts of the standard human body, like a leg or toes. Some others have an atypical anatomy, like having a chin stuck down their navel; and some of them are, by social standards of the time, considered to be extremely ugly.1 These individuals are (...) described as incredibly virtuous. The description of Jiren individuals as virtuous does not simply aim to show there may be hidden virtues that social conventions blur. The point is not to show that we should also care for those with atypical bodies who have a hidden virtue. Rather, the point is to show that all human beings have an unconditional intrinsic value and moral worth. So, Jiren prescribes that an atypical body shape does not reflect inferiority. The variation of body anatomies should be understood as how the world is, not a value hierarchy. The concept of Jiren encourages, therefore, to consider one’s own and others’ value beyond their physical appearance. What’s more, Jiren encourages individuals to resist social pressures to fit a standard and to search inward for who they really are and accept it. This ethical groundwork set by the Jiren aims at freeing people from existing physical and mental boundaries to their well-being and helping them rethink …. (shrink)

This article aims to propose some connections between the conceptions of poetry of the Mexican poet Octavio Paz and the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. Both see in poetry the element of recognition of the original condition of the human being, not as an interpretation, but as a perception and affectation of the existential reality of human beings. So that the event of the "poetic saying" is configured as a call to the possibility of glimpsing the being of each entity, inhabiting (...) oneself and, thus, learning to be with others, establishing the poetic field as the clearing of perception and of existential affectation. Poetic speech goes beyond the limits of language, creating and establishing meanings and representations to the affectations that poetry provides. Thus, through poetry man recognizes himself in his worldliness, in search of his own being and in his relationship with other beings. (shrink)

This article attempts to elucidate the Deleuzian philosophy of the event between The Logic of Sense and A Thousand Plateaus, where it acquires clearly political nuances. With regard to The Logic of Sense, I show that (i) it takes up the definition of the event of Difference and Repetition, identifying it with that redistribution of pre-individual singularities or individuating differences at the level of the univocal being which defines the conditions of problems; (ii) the event is henceforth also the instance (...) that makes possible the “communication” of the heterogeneous series of bodies and propositions from which the production of sense in language follows; and (iii) the counter-effectuation should be understood in this book as an ethics of the event. With regard to A Thousand Plateaus, I emphasize (i) the “return” to The Logic of Sense that the concept of assemblage entails, (ii) the reformulation of the notion of event that takes place in the new theoretical framework, and (iii) that of the counter-effectuation, which must henceforth be understood as a politics of the event. (shrink)

Percepciones de los docentes universitarios sobre el entorno laboral Professors’ Perceptions of the Work Environment Descriptive-interpretive study with a qualitative approach, conducted at a public university in Brazil. Its aim is to explore professors’ perceptions of the work environment. The study used an interview guided by a semi-structured survey. Data analysis was based on content analysis. The work environment was found to be degraded either by unhealthy labor relations or problems with the management of work dynamics and activities. This poses (...) a risk for professors’ health and demands more attention from managers, especially in terms of promoting a more equal and fairer workplace. Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigo Nascimento VF, Daibem AML. Percepções de docentes universitários sobre o ambiente de trabalho. Pers Bioet. 2020;24:28-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2020.24.1.3 Recibido: 18/08/2019 Aceptado: 05/02/2020 Publicado: 07/05/2020. (shrink)

Editorial para o dossiê Nietzsche e a Educação.

Nosso objetivo aqui é apresentar o vocabulário com o qual Nietzsche debate a possibilidade da educação, analisar os vocábulos alemães utilizados pelo filósofo, e também o contexto de sua utilização, e assim detectar até que ponto o filósofo acreditava na possibilidade da educação e o que é necessário para que esta ocorra. Para tal será necessário analisar ainda, toda uma rede conceitual na qual o debate sobre a educação se enquadra no pensamento de Nietzsche, dando ênfase a duas chaves conceituais (...) antagônicas no pensamento do filósofo: a educação para a cultura e a educação para a civilização. Nietzsche segue certa tradição filosófica alemã que distingue civilização e cultura, tal divisão tem papel preponderante nas suas concepções acerca da educação. (shrink)

Introduction générale à la philosophie des sciences du 20e siècle.

Two main claims are defended in this paper: first, that typical disputes in the literature about the ontology of physical objects are merely verbal; second, that the proper way to resolve these disputes is by appealing to common sense or ordinary language. A verbal dispute is characterized not in terms of private idiolects, but in terms of different linguistic communities representing different positions. If we imagine a community that makes Chisholm's mereological essentialist assertions, and another community that makes Lewis's four‐dimensionalist (...) assertions, the members of each community speak the truth in their respective languages. This follows from an application of the principle of interpretive charity to the two communities. (shrink)

. Introductory Remarks THEODOSIUS DOBZHANSKY The problems of reduction in biology are currently of considerable theoretical interest and practical ...

Discovering laws of nature was a way to worship a law-giving God, during the Scientific Revolution. So why should we consider it worthwhile now, in our own more secularized science? For historical perspective, I examine two competing early modern theological traditions that related laws of nature to different divine attributes, and their secular legacy in views ranging from Kant and Nietzsche to Humean and ‘governing’ accounts in recent analytic metaphysics. Tracing these branching offshoots of ethically charged God-concepts sheds light on (...) how our ethical ideals and ideas of natural order can still be valuably integrated. Early modern intellectualists valued the law-governed order of nature as a sign of divine Reason. In turn, Reason traditionally ascribed to God has now been partly reclaimed for humans, reframing the value of natural order anthropocentrically, in terms of the value of our own intelligence. Alternatively, Reason may be reclaimed for nature itself, as in an ‘objective’ idealism or metaphysical rationalism. However, beyond divine Reason, an influential voluntarist tradition in theology stressed a connection between laws of nature and God’s Power or free Will. Tracking how divine Power has been reinvested in human beings provides a broader context for instrumentalism and related lineages of empiricism. But secularization can also transfer Power from God to the impersonal natural world. In this light, current scientific interest in lawlike order may also reflect the inherent value of brute necessity or inhuman causal power in nature: this is a deeper way to reject anthropocentrism and to show our respect for the environment. (shrink)

When philosophers consider factors compromising autonomy in consent, they often focus solely on the consent-giver’s agential capacities, overlooking the impact of the consent-receiver’s conduct on the consensual character of the activity. In this paper, I argue that valid consent requires justified trust in the consent-receiver to act only within the scope of consent. I call this the Trust Condition (TC), drawing on Katherine Hawley’s commitment account of trust. TC constitutes a belief that the consent-receiver is capable and willing to act (...) as we expect from them. If such trust is not warranted, I argue, consent lacks the appropriate normative grounds. After establishing TC, I explore its application in the sexual arena, asserting that due to the non-contractual dimensions of sexual activity — such as the dynamic nature of sexual desires and the absence of external factors effectively binding sexual partners to the terms of consent—trust is warranted in sexual consent by means of care. I define care as a special sensitivity and attention toward the partner’s will and discuss how this approach leads to safer intimate relationships in practice. (shrink)

A sense of unity -- Basic objects : a reply to Xu -- Objectivity without objects -- The vagueness of identity -- Quantifier variance and realism -- Against revisionary ontology -- Comments on Theodore Sider's four dimensionalism -- Sosa's existential relativism -- Physical-object ontology, verbal disputes, and common sense -- Ontological arguments : interpretive charity and quantifier variance -- Language, ontology, and structure -- Ontology and alternative languages.

Scientists often diverge widely when choosing between research programs. This can seem to be rooted in disagreements about which of several theories, competing to address shared questions or phenomena, is currently the most epistemically or explanatorily valuable—i.e. most successful. But many such cases are actually more directly rooted in differing judgments of pursuit-worthiness, concerning which theory will be best down the line, or which addresses the most significant data or questions. Using case studies from 16th-century astronomy and 20th-century geology and (...) biology, I argue that divergent theory choice is thus often driven by considerations of scientific process, even where direct epistemic or explanatory evaluation of its final products appears more relevant. Broadly following Kuhn’s analysis of theoretical virtues, I suggest that widely shared criteria for pursuit-worthiness function as imprecise, mutually-conflicting values. However, even Kuhn and others sensitive to pragmatic dimensions of theory ‘acceptance’, including the virtue of fruitfulness, still commonly understate the role of pursuit-worthiness—especially by exaggerating the impact of more present-oriented virtues, or failing to stress how ‘competing’ theories excel at addressing different questions or data. This framework clarifies the nature of the choice and competition involved in theory choice, and the role of alternative theoretical virtues. (shrink)