Kantische und thomistische Erkenntnistheorie, von J. de Vries.--Die transzendentale Methode in Kants "Kritik der reinen Vernunft" und in der Scholastik, von J. B. Lotz.--Das Unbedingte in Kants "Kritik der reinen Vernunft" von W. Brugger.--Der Formalismus und die materialen Zweckprinzipien in der Ethik Kants, von J. Schmucker.--Heidegger und Kant, von E. Coreth.

Several lines of evidence suggest that children born via Cesarean section are at greater risk for adverse health outcomes including allergies, asthma and obesity. Vaginal seeding is a medical procedure in which infants born by C-section are swabbed immediately after birth with vaginal secretions from the mother. This procedure has been proposed as a way to transfer the mother's vaginal microbiome to the child, thereby restoring the natural exposure that occurs during vaginal birth that is interrupted in the case of (...) babies born via C-section. Preliminary evidence indicates partial restoration of microbes. However, there is insufficient evidence to determine the health benefits of the procedure. Several studies, including trial, are currently underway. At the same time, in the clinic setting, doctors are increasingly being asked to by expectant mothers to have their babies seeded. This article reports on the current research on this procedure and the issues it raises for regulators, researchers, physicians, and patients. (shrink)

Understanding how scientific activities use naming stories to achieve disciplinary status is important not only for insight into the past, but for evaluating current claims that new disciplines are emerging. In order to gain a historical understanding of how new disciplines develop in relation to these baptismal narratives, we compare two recently formed disciplines, systems biology and genomics, with two earlier related life sciences, genetics and molecular biology. These four disciplines span the twentieth century, a period in which the processes (...) of disciplinary demarcation fundamentally changed from those characteristic of the nineteenth century. We outline how the establishment of each discipline relies upon an interplay of factors that include paradigmatic achievements, technological innovation, and social formations. Our focus, however, is the baptism stories that give the new discipline a founding narrative and articulate core problems, general approaches and constitutive methods. The highly plastic process of achieving disciplinary identity is further marked by the openness of disciplinary definition, tension between technological possibilities and the ways in which scientific issues are conceived and approached, synthesis of reductive and integrative strategies, and complex social interactions. The importance – albeit highly variable – of naming stories in these four cases indicates the scope for future studies that focus on failed disciplines or competing names. Further attention to disciplinary histories could, we suggest, give us richer insight into scientific development. (shrink)

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has confronted us with constantly new challenges. We need to browse new inventories of scientific knowledge to reflect on previous experiences and thus facilitate societal learning. In line with the first volume on the COVID-19 pandemic in this series, contributions from different disciplines and fields of practice create an awareness of the complexity of this crisis and help us to understand the diversity of challenges it poses. The first part focuses on philosophical, sociological and psychological problem (...) diagnoses, the second on reactive strategies in the fields of medicine, nursing care, the economy and law. After taking a look at religious contexts and fields of practice, leading experts from the healthcare sector share their experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic. With contributions by Mahmoud Abdallah, Désirée Amschl-Strablegg, Cornelia Baptist-Kröpfl, Herbert Beiglböck, Ulrike Berdnik, Alois Birklbauer, Anneliese Derkits, Reinhold Esterbauer, Franziska Grossschädl, Katharina Heimerl, Andreas Heller, Marie-Christin Hinteregger, Hartmann Jörg Hohensinner, Elisabeth Horvath, Isabella Jonveaux, Anna-Christina Kainradl, Ulla Kriebernegg, Wolfgang Kröll, Ulrike Kylianek, Martin M. Lintner, Saskia Löser, Christa Lohrmann, Sandra Müller, Gerold Muhri, Manfred Novak, Sabine Petritsch, Eva Peyker, Michaela Pfadenhauer, Barbara Pichler, Johann Platzer, Lisa Pongratz, Maria Puntigam, Elisabeth Reitinger, Hans-Walter Ruckenbauer, Hellmut Samonigg, Walter Schaupp, Georg Tafner, Christa Tax, Wolfgang Toller and Jürgen Wallner. (shrink)

The plurality of cultures and religions is one of the most difficult challenges our world has to face at present. Tensions in various forms have become daily news, which puts into question our ability and willingness to share this planet earth as our common place to live together. There is not only a need to develop the best strategy to live together, but also to find fundamental arguments for conviviality. This article presents the ideas of Johann Baptist Metz, (...) a German theologian, on a politic based on compassion. Memoria passionis, remembering the suffering, especially that of others, is the basis for constructing a new politics of peace. Keywords: Politics, compassion, plurality, victim, suffering, memory. Abstrak: Salah satu dari tantangan terbesar yang sedang dihadapi masyarakat dunia dewasa ini adalah ketidaksanggupan berbagai kelompok untuk menanggapi pluralitas kebudayaan dan agama. Kemajemukan bukanlah realitas baru. Yang baru adalah intensitas pengalaman kemajemukan itu. Berbagai ketegangan hingga konflik berdarah menjadi berita harian yang mempertanyakan kemampuan dan kesediaan kita untuk berbagi hidup di atas bumi ini dengan orang-orang yang berbeda budaya dan agama. Menghadapi masalah ini, kita tidak hanya perlu mengembangkan strategi yang paling baik untuk dapat hidup bersama secara damai dan adil, tetapi juga membutuhkan pengembangan argumen-argumen yang memberikan pendasaran bagi strategi tersebut. Artikel ini hendak memperkenalkan pandangan Johann Baptist Metz, seorang teolog berkebangsaan Jerman, tentang politik yang berbasiskan compassio. Memoria passionis, mengenang penderitaan, khususnya penderitaan orang lain, merupakan dasar untuk membangun sebuah politik perdamaian bagi dunia. Kata-kata Kunci: Politik, compassio, pluralitas, korban, penderitaan, kenangan. (shrink)

Die Philosophie Johann Baptist Schads – und für sie sei in dieser Untersuchung stellvertretend und ein wenig verkürzend sein Neuer Grundriss der transcendentalen Logik nach den Principien der Wissenschaftslehre aus dem Jahr 1801 herangezogen – beansprucht für sich keine vollständige, sondern nur partielle Eigenständigkeit, indem sie zwar v.a. auf das Gedankengut Fichtes zurückgreift, allerdings für sich reklamiert, die Hauptthesen der Wissenschaftslehre zu Ende zu denken, was in Schads Augen allein dadurch geschehen kann, daß das Übersinnliche, das Absolute, traditionell (...) gesprochen: Gott oder die Gottheit, mit den zu erarbeitenden, überformalen Mitteln der transzendentalen Logik als das gedacht wird, was nicht mehr eigentlich gedacht und nur noch in Negationsbezügen unzutreffend angesprochen zu werden vermag. Der eigenen Aufgabenstellung mit den in ihr zunächst nur enthaltenen, sich aber im Verlauf der folgenden systematischen Analysen bestätigenden Prämissen – etwa einer internen Logikdifferenz oder des grundsätzlichen Wahrheitsziels der Philosophie – folgend erarbeitet Schad eine transzendentale Logik, die diese wahre Philosophie sein soll, womit er sich einerseits dem Vernunftprogramm Kants anschließt, um andererseits die grundsätzlichen Bestimmungen der Wissenschaftslehre Fichtes aufzunehmen – in derjenigen Form, in der sie ihm allein bekannt sein konnten, was zwangsläufig bedeutet, daß Schad die späteren Versionen der Wissenschaftslehre und zumal die Logikausarbeitungen Fichtes in seinen Vorlesungen aus dem Jahr 1812 nicht berücksichtigen konnte, obwohl sie beim Rückvergleich mit Schads Werk sichtbar machen, daß die Wege Fichtes mit denen des Letztgenannten keinesfalls konvergieren, was jedoch nach der schon früh ablehnenden Haltung des Wissenschaftslehrers seinem selbsternannten Nachfolger gegenüber nicht zu erstaunen vermag. Daß hingegen trotz Fichtes negativer Bewertung den Ausführungen Schads durchaus ein Eigenwert sowie eine interessante Weiterführung der Wissenschaftslehre nicht abgesprochen werden können, mögen die folgenden Überlegungen beweisen. (shrink)

Reflecting on the fact of pluralism and the extent to which Christianity appeared to be fragmenting in the wake of the Second Vatican Council , the French Jesuit Michel de Certeau wrote that “in the past, everything that was not in agreement with the teaching of the magisterium was classed as ‘ignorance,’ ‘superstition,’ or even as ‘heresy.’ This state of absolute certainty is now wavering. An unknown world stands before us, which calls itself Christian and yet is quite unlike our (...) picture of what Christian is: ‘another country,’ one that is huge and many-sided beneath the forms of expression (whether…. (shrink)