This article aims to discuss the contemporary activities and roles that scientific associations play in science and society. It is based on a comprehensive study of scientific associations in Portugal, relying on a multi-method, quantitative and qualitative approach. After a brief review of the literature on associations in the social studies of science, we provide an outline of the expanding field of scientific associations in Portugal. We then proceed to present and discuss the five main roles of associations identified through (...) the research: communication among peers, promotion of research, science dissemination, representation of professional interests and policy advice. We conclude that the external roles of associations have become more important than the internal ones. Whereas the internationalisation of science has moved the communication, collaboration and competition between researchers into the transnational sphere, the links that associations forge between science and other social spheres are still deeply rooted in national settings and much dependant on specific configurations and practices by government, business and other social actors. (shrink)

RÉSUMÉ : Afin de circonscrire lescepticisme qui lui paraît miner l'entreprise métaphysique des Lumières, il est apparu nécessaire au Kant de la période critique de répondre à trois formes de scepticisme : au scepticisme baylien, qui s'interroge sur la capacité de la raison à parvenir à définir une vérité en rapport avec les idées de cette même raison; au scepticisme humien, ce qui le conduit à distinguer la question soulevée par Hume de son scepticisme pour parvenir à dégager la possibilité (...) de jugements synthétiques a priori; et au scepticisme cartésien, qui met en jeu le lien entre concepts empiriques et choses du monde extérieur. L,'analyse du traitement qu'il en propose montre que le scepticisme joue un rôle fondamental au sein de l'entreprise critique si bien qu'il peut être considéré comme un allié possible afin de rabattre les prétentions du dogmatisme idéaliste.ABSTRACT: In his critical period, Kant thought that scepticism was a threat to the metaphysical enterprise of Enlightenment. He consequently tried to tackle three of its species: Baylean scepticism, which doubts that reason could establish any truth concerning its ideas; Humean scepticism, which must be distinguished from Hume's formulation of the problem if we want to show that synthetic a priori judgements are possible; and Cartesian scepticism, which puts in doubt the reference of empirical concepts to things in the external world. Kant's treatment reveals the fundamental role played by scepticism in his critical enterprise not only as a tripIe challenge to the critical project, but also as an ally against idealist dogmatism. (shrink)

Sumário. Apresentação. PARTE I. 1. O legado filosófico de P. F. Strawson, Itamar Luís Gelain e Jaimir Conte; 2 . Strawson e o caso dos metafísicos descritivos, Itamar Luís Gelain; 3. Metafísica e linguagem comum: sobre uma conturbada herança wittgensteiniana de Strawson, Jônadas Techio; 4. Strawson e Descartes, Albertinho Luiz Gallina; 5. Strawson: sobre Kant e Berkeley, Robert Calabria; 6. O empirismo pós-kantiano de Strawson, Wenceslao J. González; 7. Reabilitando Strawson, Marco Antonio Franciotti; 8. Strawson e o ceticismo (...) em Individuals, Plínio Junqueira Smith; 9. Strawson e a causação visível, João Paulo Monteiro; 10. A verdade dos fatos, Susana Badiola; 11. Estabelecer limites: implicações epistemológicas da lógica, Roberta Corvi; 12. Referência e termos singulares, Carlos E. Caorsi; 13. Strawson: da experiência possível para a ação possível, Márlon Henrique Teixeira; 14. Atitudes reativas e responsabilidade moral, Cristina de Moraes Nunes; 15. Strawson e Hume: uma comparação a propósito de “Moralidade social e ideal individual”, Amán Rosales Rodríguez; PARTE II. 16. Liberdade e ressentimento, P. F. Strawson. Tradução: Jaimir Conte; 17. Moralidade social e ideal individual, P. F. Strawson, Tradução: Jaimir Conte. Seleção bibliográfica. (shrink)

Este artículo busca identificar las razones que llevaron a Hume a adoptar lo que él llamó escepticismo mitigado. En primer lugar defiende que nadie empieza a filosofar siendo un escéptico, ni siquiera cuando adopta un escepticismo antecedente de tipo cartesiano. En segundo lugar arguye que Hume juzgó que los argumentos escépticos tradicionales, basados en el método de la antinomia, incluso los de Bayle, no son decisivos para convertir a alguien en un escéptico, ya que en general admiten respuesta y son (...) débiles. Después de establecer la confianza de Hume en su ciencia empírica de la naturaleza humana, muestra, en tercer lugar, que los buenos argumentos que pueden llevar a alguien a adoptar el escepticismo están basados en los descubrimientos de esa ciencia. Es fundamental percatarse de que esa ciencia denuncia los principios del entendimiento como imperfectos, involucrando errores, confusiones, falacias y contradicciones. Así, Hume revela la importancia que el empirismo y la doctrina de los ídolos de Bacon tuvieron para su escepticismo mitigado. Finalmente, una breve comparación entre la “Conclusión” del libro I con la “Conclusión” del libro III del Tratado confirma la interpretación de que los argumentos escépticos más fuertes dependen del descubrimiento de defectos constitutivos de la mente humana. (shrink)

Given a space in an elementary submodel M of H, define XM to be X∩M with the topology generated by . It is established, using anti-large-cardinals assumptions, that if XM is compact and its regular open algebra is isomorphic to that of a continuous image of some power of the two-point discrete space, then X=XM. Assuming in addition, the result holds for any compact XM satisfying the countable chain condition.

Resumo: Palavras-chave : Keywords : Teaching of reading. Teaching of literature. Practice of reading. Teacher training. We bring in the text part of our thinking about the literary reading and basal reading to build a reader, through the analysis of the data collected in research aimed at children of primary school. It is the understanding of the processes of receipt of literary texts from beginners readers at west of Sao Paulo. The discussion on the theme refers to the place where (...) literary reading and how it has been addressed in the school. : Ensino da leitura. Ensino da literatura. Práticas de leitura. Formação de professores. Buscamos neste texto refletir sobre a leitura literária e a leitura escolarizada do leitor em formação, mediante a análise de parte dos dados coletados em investigação realizada com crianças do Ensino Fundamental. Trata-se da compreensão dos processos de recepção de textos literários por parte de leitores-aprendizes do oeste paulista. A discussão sobre a temática remete ao lugar da leitura literária e como ela vem sendo acolhida na escola. (shrink)

O presente artigo nasce a partir do diálogo entre três pesquisadoras que têm dedicado parte expressiva de suas carreiras acadêmicas a olhar para a prática da leitura, em especial, a literária como possibilidade de uma participação pessoal e social mais crítica. Todavia, em um país que livro ainda custa caro e que a maioria das pessoas não têm poder aquisitivo para comprá-lo é inegável que a descontinuidade de políticas públicas de leitura venha no processo contrário a formação de leitores literários. (...) Ademais, esse rompimento, como será apresentando no corpo do artigo, atrasa as conquistas que foram alcançadas a curtos passos em nosso país, em especial, no final do século XX e início do século XXI. Desse modo, é importante olhar para a suspensão de importantes políticas públicas de leitura e as que estão sendo engendradas na contemporaneidade, uma vez que estamos vivendo um momento inverso ao que mostra a historicidade da leitura literária, pois com a perda da literatura nos documentos oficiais, como, por exemplo, não haver um componente específico na Base Nacional Comum Curricular - BNCC, e a não obrigatoriedade da literatura enquanto disciplina. Em contrapartida, existe um movimento não escolarizado sendo divulgado por amigos, por editoras, por clubes de livros e bibliotecas -, conhecido como os clubes de leituras que apesar de não ser uma prática recente, ganhou uma expressividade nos últimos seis anos no que corresponde ao Brasil e vem se fortalecendo no momento social que estamos atravessando em decorrência da pandemia. (shrink)

This article arises from the dialogue between three researchers who have dedicated an expressive part of their academic careers to look at the practice of reading, especially literary as a possibility for more critical personal and social participation. However, in a country where books are still expensive and most people do not have the purchasing power to buy them, it is undeniable that the discontinuity of public reading policies comes in the process contrary to the formation of literary readers. Furthermore, (...) this break, as it will be presented in the body of the article, delays the achievements that were achieved in short steps in our country, especially in the late 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Thus, it is important to look at the suspension of important public reading policies and those that are being engineered in contemporary times, since we are living in a moment opposite to that shown by the historicity of literary reading, because with the loss of literature in official documents, as, for example, there is no specific component in the National Common Curricular Base – BNCC, and the non-mandatory nature of literature as a discipline. On the other hand, there is an unschooled movement being disseminated by friends, publishers, book clubs and libraries – known as the reading clubs which, despite not being a recent practice, have gained expression in the last six years in terms of Brazil and has been strengthening in the social moment we are going through as a result of the pandemic. (shrink)

Buscamos neste texto refletir sobre a leitura literária e a leitura escolarizada do leitor em formação, mediante a análise de parte dos dados coletados em investigação realizada com crianças do Ensino Fundamental. Tratase da compreensão dos processos de recepção de textos literários por parte de leitores-aprendizes do oeste paulista. A discussão sobre a temática remete ao lugar da leitura literária e como ela vem sendo acolhida na escola.

Appellate Court Modifications Extraction consists of, given an Appellate Court decision, identifying the proposed modifications by the upper Court of the lower Court judge’s decision. In this work, we propose a system to extract Appellate Court Modifications for Portuguese. Information extraction for legal texts has been previously addressed using different techniques and for several languages. Our proposal differs from previous work in two ways: our corpus is composed of Brazilian Appellate Court decisions, in which we look for a set of (...) modifications provided by the Court; and to automatically extract the modifications, we use a traditional Machine Learning approach and a Deep Learning approach, both as alternative solutions and as a combined solution. We tackle the Appellate Court Modifications Extraction task, experimenting with a wide variety of methods. In order to train and evaluate the system, we have built the KauaneJunior corpus, using public data disclosed by the Appellate State Court of Rio de Janeiro jurisprudence database. Our best method, which is a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory network combined with Conditional Random Fields, obtained an \ score of 94.79%. (shrink)

In this novel account of global citizenship, Luis Cabrera argues that all individuals have a global duty to contribute directly to human rights protections and to promote rights-enhancing political integration between states. The Practice of Global Citizenship blends careful moral argument with compelling narratives from field research among unauthorized immigrants, activists seeking to protect their rights, and the 'Minuteman' activists striving to keep them out. Immigrant-rights activists, especially those conducting humanitarian patrols for border-crossers stranded in the brutal Arizona desert, are (...) shown as embodying aspects of global citizenship. Unauthorized immigrants themselves are shown to be enacting a form of global 'civil' disobedience, claiming the economic rights central to the emerging global normative charter while challenging the restrictive membership regimes that are the norm in the current global system. Cabrera also examines the European Union, seeing it as a crucial laboratory for studying the challenges inherent in expanding citizen membership. (shrink)

To most of us – believers and non-believers alike – the possibility of a perfect God co-existing with the kinds of evil that we see calls out for explanation. It is unsurprising, therefore, that the belief that God must have justifying reasons for allowing all the evil that we see has been a perennial feature of theistic thought. Recently, however, a growing number of authors have argued that the existence of a perfect God is compatible with the existence of gratuitous (...) evil. Given powerful, millenia-long sensibilities about power and love and justice, it isn’t hard to find that suggestion simply incredible. Nonetheless, in this paper I will argue that the most prominent theistic alternatives to what has seemed incredible to most of us throughout most of history are themselves patently unacceptable for the theist as well. On any of the most widely accepted accounts of how God could have justifying reasons for permitting some evils, God’s existence means that we have justifying reasons for perpetrating and allowing every evil that we see. That's hard to swallow too. If I’m right about all of this, then two competing outcomes seem to present themselves as a possible result. On the one hand, for the theist, the apparently outrageous suggestion that the existence of a perfect God is compatible with gratuitous evil no longer looks like it faces a formidable, hard-to-resist alternative. On the other hand, some like me might think that my arguments go no distance at all towards dispelling the incredibility of the gratuitous evil nouvelle vague. On this line, theism may seem now to be between the rock and the hard place: it seems hard to make sense of the existence of a perfect God whether or not He has justifying reasons for allowing all the evil that we see. (shrink)

My intention, in this paper, is to elaborate a conception of colors as part of a skeptical view of the world. In order to do that, I examine how some of the major skeptics throughout the history of philosophy conceived colors, in relation both to other sensible qualities and to the physical object. Next, in the light of the exchange between Barry Stroud and John McDowell, I describe what seems to me to be the common conception of color, which the (...) skeptic not only accepts, but goes even further claiming that he may know the color of objects through sense-perception. (shrink)

Could global government be the answer to global poverty and starvation? Cosmopolitan thinkers challenge the widely held belief that we owe more to our co-citizens than to those in other countries. This book offers a moral argument for world government, claiming that not only do we have strong obligations to people elsewhere, but that accountable integration among nation-states will help ensure that all persons can lead a decent life. Cabrera considers both the views of those political philosophers who say we (...) have much stronger obligations to help our co-citizens than foreigners and those cosmopolitans who say our duties are equally strong to each but resist restructuring. He then outlines his own position, using the European Union as a partial model for the integrated alternative and advocating instituting EU-style supranational government, development aid, and free movement of persons in the Americas and other regions. Over time, Cabrera argues that the transformation of the global system into a cohesive network of democratic institutions would help ensure that anyone born anywhere could lead a decent life. This book will appeal to all those interested in political philosophy and the processes and potential of globalization. (shrink)

O artigo traça, em primeiro lugar, uma distinção entre dois tipos de ceticismo, o terapêutico, em que a cura do dogmatismo é a idéia motriz, e o fenomenista, cuja preocupação central é a descrição da vida comum. Em seguida, examinam-se as noções de terapia e de vida comum, na tentativa de depurar ou aperfeiçoar o ceticismo, chegando-se a conclusão de que a terapia cética mais coerente deve restringir-se ao próprio caso e de que a descrição da vida mais conforme à (...) atitude cética confina-se à experiência pessoal. Por fim, formula-se uma posição cética, na qual predominam os aspectos terapêutico e autobiográfico. (shrink)

Ao evidenciar que as relações estabelecidas por homens e mulheres com o meio concreto engendram o real, a dialética torna exequível a revolução do status quo por possibilitar a compreensão de que o mundo é sempre resultado da práxis humana, seja ela marcada por relações de dominação que reificam e fetichizam a prática social, seja marcada por relações que operam a humanização dos homens e mulheres. Ao romper com os fetiches, ou seja, ao perceber que os objetos não devem sujeitá-los, (...) homens e mulheres avançam de encontro à reificação, alçando-se a possibilidade de revolucionar suas condições de existência. Assim, o rompimento da pseudoconcreticidade ocorre no momento em que se evidencia que a realidade social se concretiza por meio das condições de produção e reprodução da existência social das pessoas, que é em nossa sociedade marcada pela luta de classes. Este processo de rompimento exige um esforço construtor de uma interpretação do real que vá para além de uma representação caótica do todo, típico das vivências cotidianas. Este artigo postula que o método materialista histórico dialético pode auxiliar neste processo. Partindo desta constatação, elabora-se reflexão sobre este método de análise do real. By showing that the relationships established by men and women with the practical means to engender real, dialectic makes possible the revolution of the status quo by allowing the understanding that the world is always the result of human practice, it is marked by relations of domination that fetishize and reify the social practice or marked by relationships that operate at the humanization of men and women. By breaking with the fetishes, or to realize that objects should not expose them, men and women advance against reification, raising the possibility of revolutionizing his conditions of existence. Thus, disruption of pseudoconcreticity occurs at the moment is evident that social reality is concretized through the conditions of production and reproduction of social existence, which is in our society marked by class struggle. This process requires a breakout effort to construct an interpretation of reality that go beyond a representation of the whole chaotic, typical of everyday experiences. This article posits that the historical materialist dialectical method con help this process. Based on this observation, we undertake reflection on this method of analysis of the real. (shrink)

Foundational ontologies, central constructs in ontological investigations and engineering alike, are based on ontological categories. Firstly proposed by Aristotle as the very ur- elements from which the whole of reality can be derived, they are not easy to identify, let alone partition and/or hierarchize; in particular, the question of their number poses serious challenges. The late medieval philosopher Dietrich of Freiberg wrote around 1286 a tutorial that can help us today with this exceedingly difficult task. In this paper, I discuss (...) ontological categories and their importance for foundational ontologies from both the contemporary perspective and the original Aristotelian viewpoint, I provide the translation from the Latin into English of Dietrich's De origine II with an introductory elaboration, and I extract a foundational ontology–that is in fact a single-category one–from this text rooted in Dietrich's specification of types of subjecthood and his conception of intentionality as causal operation. (shrink)

Ontologies are some of the most central constructs in today's large plethora of knowledge technologies, namely in the context of the semantic web. As their coinage indicates, they are direct heirs to the ontological investigations in the long Western philosophical tradition, but it is not easy to make bridges between them. Contemporary ontological commitments often take causality as a central aspect for the ur-segregation of entities, especially in scientific upper ontologies; theories of causality and philosophical ontological investigations often go hand-in-hand, (...) and were essentially inseparable in medieval thought. This constitutes the foundation for a bridge, and this article analyzes the causality-based ontology of the late medieval philosopher Dietrich of Freiberg from the viewpoint of today's upper-ontology engineering. In this bridging attempt, it offers a translation into English of the first part of Dietrich's De origine (abbreviated title) that is a compromise between traditional scholarly translations of medieval Latin philosophical texts and contemporary ontology. (shrink)

Paul Silva has recently argued that doxastic justification does not have a basing requirement. An important part of his argument depends on the assumption that doxastic and moral permissibility have a parallel structure. I here reply to Silva's argument by challenging this assumption. I claim that moral permissibility is an agential notion, while doxastic permissibility is not. I then briefly explore the nature of these notions and briefly consider their implications for praise and blame.

Es frecuente buscar en Freud a un crítico de la Ilustración y, en particular, del modo de pensar la moral heredero del planteamiento kantiano. Sin embargo, Freud se limita a descubrir en la naturaleza humana un importante obstáculo del que el proyecto ilustrado no se podrá ya desentender. Este obstáculo, que afecta de un modo decisivo al modo como entender el paso a la mayoría de edad, remite a la existencia de un determinado reino de la heteronomía cuyo rasgo más (...) característico es su capacidad para suplantar la voz de la autonomía moral: al igual que la ley moral en Kant, el superyóuna vez ha interiorizado en la infancia y asumido como propios determinados contenidos de cultura. (shrink)

En el planteamiento de Kant, el estado civil de derecho debe regirse exclusivamente por los mandatos de una legislación jurídica. La facultad de coaccionar (indisociable del derecho) no puede estar mezclada con nada ético. Sin embargo, en el presente artículo se trata de defender que, desde el propio planteamiento de Kant, la política en general (y, por lo tanto, también el desarrollo legislativo ordinario de cualquier sistema de derecho) resultan imposibles si no se supone cierta virtud cívica.

It is usual to read Freud as a critic of Enlightenment, specialy of the kantian way of thinking moral autonomy. However, all Freud did was discover in human nature a great difficulty that enlightenes philosophy just cannot ignore. This difficulty, which directly affects conceptions about the age of majority, refers to certain heteronomy mechanisms which main characteristic is the skill to supplant the voice of moral autonomy: exactly the same as moral law in Kant, super-ego -once internalized during childhood and (...) once culture imperatives have been assumed as one's own - orders without promising anythig or threatening anything . So, the political project of enthroning reason as the top authorithy depends on the existence of a republican organization that guarantees a pedagogical program for which "age of majoriry" does not mean any more naming "ego" to ancient customs internalized but the capacity of being ruled by one's own reason .Es frecuente buscar en Freud a un crítico de la Ilustración y, en particular, del modo de pensar la moral heredero del planteamiento kantiano. Sin embargo, Freud se limita a descubrir en la naturaleza humana un importante obstáculo del que el proyecto ilustrado no se podrá ya desentender. Este obstáculo, que afecta de un modo decisivo al modo como entender el paso a la mayoría de edad, remite a la existencia de un determinado reino de la heteronomía cuyo rasgo más característico es su capacidad para suplantar la voz de la autonomía moral: al igual que la ley moral en Kant, el superyó -una vez ha interiorizado en la infancia y asumido como propios determinados contenidos de cultura - también ordena poderosamente sin prometer nada ni amenazar con nada . En estas condiciones, el proyecto de investir a la razón como autoridad suprema depende de la existencia de una organización republicana que garantice un programa pedagógico para el que "mayoría de edad" no signifique llamar "yo" a la cristalización interior de las costumbres de los ancestros sino a la capacidad efectiva de guiarse por la propia razón. (shrink)

The “transformation problem” in Marx’s Capital (how to make compatible the labour theory of value from the first book with “prices of production” from the third book) has been one of the main reasons to refute the marxist theory and, at the same time, a privileged matter in order to analyze the method question. In this paper, we try to analyze the sense and foundation of the labobour theory of value discussing with any attempt of reading Marx Capital as the (...) development of a supposed “dialectic method”. Analyzing the manuscripts and drafts that Marx did not finish, we try to defend that, contrary to what Engels thought (because it had been anounced by Marx himself), it is not possible to find in the third book a trace of the so expected “dialectic solution” to the “transformation problem”. That demands, of course, a different interpretation to explain the sense of the “transformation” of value into “production prices”. (shrink)

The goal of this article is to discuss several critical positions published recently in academic journals on the book The order of ‘Capital’, which aim is to lay the foundations for a republican reading of Marx’s major work. The core of the argument focuses against any attempt to derive normative proposals from scientific discoveries. From here, clarifying some key concepts and positions of the republican tradition is a necessary condition in order to show the close solidarity between Marx and Kant (...) about the formal and institutional conditions of any possible theory of justice. (shrink)

El sistema neuronal, máquinas triviales y no triviales - La empresa como tejido conversacional - Conversaciones que transforman el mundo - Conversaciones responsables - Tejiendo la red - Conversaciones que completan la conversación - Reabriendo conversaciones.

Cosmopolitanism is said by many critics to be arrogant. In emphasizing universal principles and granting no fundamental moral significance to national or other group belonging, it wrongly treats those making non-universalist claims as not authorized to speak, while treating those in non-Western societies as not qualified. This book works to address such objections. It does so in part by engaging the work of B.R. Ambedkar, architect of India's 1950 Constitution and revered champion of the country's Dalits (formerly "untouchables"). Ambedkar cited (...) universal principles of equality and rights in confronting domestic exclusions and the "arrogance" of caste. He sought to advance forms of political humility, or the affirmation of equal standing within political institutions and openness to input and challenge within them. This book examines how an "institutional global citizenship" approach to cosmopolitanism could similarly advance political humility, in supporting the development of input and challenge mechanisms beyond the state. It employs a grounded normative theory method, taking insights for the model from field research among Dalit activists pressing for domestic reforms through the UN human rights regime, and from their critics in the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party. Insights also are taken from Turkish protesters challenging a rising domestic authoritarianism, and from UK Independence Party members demanding "Brexit" from the European Union-in part because of possibilities that predominantly Muslim Turkey will join. Overall, it is shown, an appropriately configured institutional cosmopolitanism should orient fundamentally to political humility rather than arrogance, while holding significant potential for advancing global rights protections and more equitable rights specifications. (shrink)

Given plausible assumptions about the nature of evidence and undercutting defeat, many believe that the force of the evidential problem of evil depends on sceptical theism’s being false: if evil is...

El autor recorre los diversos mundos de la espiritualidad, desde sus manifestaciones en la vida cotidiana expresadas en las ideas fuerza de amor, de paz, de libertad, hasta su relación con lo trascendente; y nos propone una espiritualidad existencial y un cambio de mentalidad colectiva conducente a ecología del yo que se ancla en la necesidad humana de sentido. Postula finalmente una espiritualidad llevada en una militancia en la vida, que nos sitúa en la profundización interior y la integración, el (...) encuentro de lo individual y lo social, lo inmanente y lo trascendente, el misterio y el compromiso imperativo de cambiar la vida. (shrink)

Espirales que nos rondan: La llave de la confianzaVivimos con la sensación de estar perdiendo algo muy esencial. No alcanzamos a conversar en profundidad con la persona más significativa, llegamos tarde a los amaneceres y a los crepúsculos, cerramos rápido el periódico saturado de crímenes y de noticias de dolorosos enfrentamientos, nos sentimos secos, fantasmales, después de ver el programa frívolo de la televisión o el mensaje comercial que encontramos en el computador. Una vivencia de de..

***Al principio fue la poesía,Antes del caos,Antes de la palabra.Poesía de ser,Del nacer,Del compadecer.Poéticamente vive el sentidoEn el secreto del mar,En las galerías de miradas,En el asombroso afán por alcanzar al ser humano,En la certeza de no estar solos en el universo,En el coraje de confiar en el misterio.Poéticamente vive el sentidoVolando en el mensaje soñador de los pájaros,Atónito, abisal, en la llegada al otro,Atento a la lujuria del crepúsculoAbrazando sus estrellas al amanec..

El autor plantea la validez de interpelarse en estos tiempos como bolivarianos, afirmando que el Bolívar esencial no ha muerto; y recuerda un verso de Neruda en que Bolívar dice: “Despierto cada cien años...” . El sueño de Bolívar se llamaba integración; era el llamado a su identidad auténtica de formar una gran nación. A esto subyace una emoción, señala el autor, y postula que ellas sean el cimiento necesario para la gran utopía de fondo, la de la especie, la (...) humanitaria: una política de humanización. (shrink)

El libro y el autor(. Una obra ante nosotros y un autor fecundo, generoso, el cual todavía joven, ha hecho sorprendentes aportes. Hay textos, son los menos, que necesitan el conocimiento del autor. Otros en que el autor es más grande o más pequeño que su trabajo. Estamos ante un creador y un libro relativamente autónomos, los dos muy relevantes.Horacio, psiquiatra cultural, exiliado en Alemania, que alcanza allí estatus de docente e investigador, junto con proyectarse hacia América Latina co..

The van Wijngaarden grammars are two-level grammars that present many interesting properties. In the present article I elaborate on six of these properties, to wit, (i) their being constituted by two grammars, (ii) their ability to generate (possibly infinitely many) strict languages and their own metalanguage, (iii) their context-sensitivity, (iv) their high descriptive power, (v) their productivity, or the ability to generate an infinite number of production rules, and (vi) their equivalence with the unrestricted, or Type-0, Chomsky grammars.

Apresentamos aqui sucintamente o volumoso dicionário filosófico de Mário Santiago de Carvalho. Ademais, demos a entender a razão pela qual o potencial leitorado ultrapassa largamente as expectativas do próprio autor.