Recenze: Vojtěch Hladký - Radim Kočandrle - Zděněk Kratochvíl, Evoluce před Darwinem. Červený Kostelec: Pavel Mervart 2012, 248 s.

The article focuses on the Russian film director Sergei M. Eisenstein’s intention to make a film of Marx’s Das Kapital according to its dialectical method, rather than its content. Eisenstein tried to find an appropriate method of visual expression with his own montage dialectics. The first part of the article analyzes Eisenstein’s intention to make the adaptation, considered in the historical context of interpretations of Marx’s main work. The second part of the article considers Eisenstein’s plans for a cinematographic rendition (...) of Das Kapital in an attempt to create a new, ‘individual’, historical style based on a single film. The visual realization of this work was meant as an attempt to transform Marx’s ironic writing style as political expression into a film paradigm. Another pertinent point in this context is the contiguity of Eisenstein’s intended approach to Marx’s text using some Russian cinematographic styles of the time, especially comedy, satire and slapstick. (shrink)

lnek se zabv kritickm rozborem hlavnch metod zkoumn rakousk ekonomick koly. Nejprve je pozornost vnovna metodologickmu individualismu a subjektivismu a monch problm, kter jsou spojeny s jejich pln konzistentnm uplatovnm. Dle je vysvtlena neoprvnnost kritiky ekonomie hlavnho proudu rakouskou kolou z hlediska praxeologickho zkona. Posledn kapitola se vnuje kritice axiomatickho chpn racionality jakoto nutnho pedpokladu pro metodologick individualismus a praxeologii.

Despite the size and thanks to the rich brown coal reserves, the Czech Republic is one of the leading energy producers in Europe, and the 7th biggest exporter of electricity in the world. However, following the climate change mitigation, the novel energy policy that enhances the reduction of coal mining is about to be implemented. A preliminary material flow analysis of the Czech energy sector was carried out. The data obtained confirmed that this government act would result in a dramatic (...) reduction of revenues from electricity sales. Conversely, increased costs would be necessary in order to modernize nuclear power plants and promote the production of renewable energy. In addition, the economic analysis revealed that the act might be prejudicial to economic relations in Central and Western-European countries as some of them are significantly dependent on the electricity imported from the Czech Republic. Disputes between engineers and politicians were highlighted. The aforementioned interrelations were subsequently analyzed and a conclusion was made stating that global interests should have the highest moral priority. (shrink)

El Banquete de Platón escenifica una subversión lúdica de la paiderastía por parte de la philosophía a través de sucesivos discursos interconectados. Fedro y Agatón elogian a Érōs como un dios que preside las relaciones homoeróticas, ya sea en la guerra o en la paz. Pausanias y Erixímaco distinguen entre dos Érōtes, ansiosos por supervisar estas comunidades pederásticas e incluso la armonía cósmica. Pero Aristófanes subvierte su perspectiva al introducir al Andrógino, una combinación de hombre y mujer, el cual, siendo (...) expuesto por Sócrates-Diotima, dará finalmente a luz al Érōs-Daímōn. Solo él nos asegurará una verdadera comunidad humana al permitirnos una verdadera comunión con lo divino, como atestigua el elogio final de Alcibíades a Sócrates. (shrink)

Plutarch’s Dialogue on Love (Erōtikos), certainly one of his most sublime and intriguing masterpieces, has for a long time puzzled many readers and commentators, concerning both its attitude towards Plato and its precise political and metaphysical scope. At a first level, some have argued that the main theme of the dialogue, from beginning to end, is the praise of conjugal love, and that Plutarch’s revolutionary conception of marriage departs from Plato’s one. At a second level, some have objected that the (...) main point is rather the central praise of the god of Love, which ensures the possibility for true human love, by rekindling the Thespian tradition of the Erōtideia. As regards politics and religion, Plutarch seems therefore to distance himself from Plato. Still, at a third level, many have noticed the great literary and philosophical debt of the Chaeronean towards his acknowledged model, for the dialogue is constantly borrowing from the Symposium and the Phaedrus. Whilst the reference to the latter is clearer, the influence of the former is much more problematic. All scholars have then struggled with the extraordinary absence in the text of the well‑known Erōs‑Daimōn, especially since Plutarch makes direct use of and explicit allusions to Diotima’s speech. How can we plainly explain such an enigmatic absence? And does it necessarily mean any departure from the essence of Platonic philosophy? We propose an entirely new reading of the Dialogue on Love based upon the general hypothesis that it dramatically and symbolically represents the birth through the text of the Erōs‑Daimōn. The whole dialogue reveals itself as being a staging of the locus classicus of Plato’s Symposium, the familial triad Plutarch‑Timoxena‑Autoboulos reflecting the philosophical triad Socrates‑Diotima‑Erōs‑Daimōn, which is further supported by the harmonization of the Egyptian triad Osiris‑Isis‑Horus with the Platonic triad Poros‑Penia‑Erōs in the Isis and Osiris. Thus, the birth of the philosophical love in the soul of the reader is finally happening. (shrink)

A revived figure of teenage Albert Einstein is confronted at the threshold of the second millennium with a problem of a graphical likeness of the Lambert W function-based cosmological equations to a logarithmic-exponential discontinuous function that he has just plotted. To puzzle the issue out his mind is put onto an imaginary mathematical-philosophical-physical trail ride around the Universe. Euler’s identity that he invited to ride pillion on his Pegasus of Imagination spanks the cavalier’s horse to carry him on wings of (...) Leibniz’ zero-nothingness unity-infiniteness array towards a non-Euclidean landscape of novel cosmological equations – which describe behaviour of principal cosmological parameters as an exclusive function of the scale factor. Zero, unity, p, and Euler’s number become in the rider’s eyes a quaternion of linesmen – and the imaginary unit the one who as a chief referee opens and controls on the space-time playground a collective mass-energy game. And while the young cavalier observes from a horseback of his mount that within the playground expansion the cosmic match is running into the order of timelessness and spacelessness the Universe with all of its ever existing forms and events, thoughts and memories, unveils to him its all-encompassing face of eternity and immortality attributable to God. (shrink)

Příspěvek poukazuje na současnou pozici (roli) transdisciplinárního přístupu ve vědě, kdy upozorňuje na potřebu, důvody a význam inter- a transdisciplinární spolupráce napříč humanitními i přírodními vědami. Výklad se opírá o zásadní ideové fundamenty filosofie a metodologie vědy a zasazuje problematiku do širšího kontextu informatizace, respektive takzvané informační společnosti, která vytváří nové (virtuální) světy (jako produkty konstruktivního typu racionality). Dále je představen obecný postup při výzkumu nových fenoménů stavějících na transdisciplinární platformě. Popsaný vývoj v oblasti vědy s sebou nese také změnu (...) přístupu ke vzdělanosti (potřebu změny). Do popředí se v současné době (opět) dostává otázka multioborově vzdělaného člověka. (shrink)

Recenze knihy:Matti Eklund, Choosing Normative Concepts. Oxford University Press, 2017, 224 s.

This chapter contains sections titled: The Term “Philosophy of History” The Terms “Philosophy” and “History” Historiographical Production Critical Theory of Historiography vs. Substantive Philosophy of History The Meaning and Function of History The Evolution of Substantive Philosophies of History The Poetics of the Substantive Philosophy of History The Arrival of the Philosophy of Historiography References Further Reading.

Zájem současné sociologie a dalších společenských věd o výzkumy spokojenosti a štěstí zatemňuje skutečnost, že původně právě sociologie chtěla „štěstí" poskytovat a nahrazovat tak náboženské přístupy ke světu. Tento implicitně nábo- ženský charakter je patrný i v rané české sociologii v dílech prvních propagátorů sociologie, jako byl především Emanuel Makovička, a později u některých následovníků a epigonů T. G. Masaryka, v meziválečném období zejména u Ladislava Kunteho, R. I. Malého, Alexandra Sommera-Batěka, Jindřicha Fleischnera a Jana Duška. Z hlediska vývoje české (...) sociologie šlo o zcela okrajové postavy, ačkoli mnohé z nich vynikly v jiných oblastech, jako celek jsou nicméně vyjádřením jednoho z aspektů dobových teoretických úvah o společnosti, jejím uspořádání a vývoji, na který by nemělo být zapomínáno. Zatímco T. G. Masaryka a pozdější akademické sociology „omezoval" vědecký charakter jejich práce, a i pokud směřovali k sociálnímu reformismu, oddělovali jej od teoretické sociologie, „sociologie vedoucí ke štěstí" nalezla plné uplatnění ve vizích a ambiciózních projek- tech těchto amatérských takésociologů - třebaže skončily faktickými nezdary nebo ani nedošly praktického naplnění, ostatně stejně jako v případě jejich pravzoru, Comtova pozitivistického apoštolátu. (shrink)

The essay investigates the possibility of a closer connection of Husserlian phenomenology and that tradition in semiotics of art which originates mainly withSchelling and Goethe. The affinity between semiotically approached tropology and phenomenology is supported if a symbol is conceived not only as an analogy of the designated, but also as its direct grasping. This grasping shows some features of rational contemplation as understood by phenomenology. Modelling symbol as a synthetic trope enables us to proceed to the model of an (...) "artistic situation" as a square generated by a decomposition of the triangle of reference. The complexity of the processes within the "square" results from a fusion of the effects of the linear, natural circuit and the feedback, culturally historical circuit. (shrink)

A survey is presented showing an above-average performance by candidates of several Central/Eastern European countries in the world-wide competition for the Alexander von Humboldt fellowships in the period before 1989, in spite of various administrative obstacles imposed by their countries. The success rate can be linked to the traditionally relatively high level of educational standards there. The administrative obstacles are illustrated by taking the former Czechoslovakia as an example, and also by way of a personal case study.

It was Hume's concept of knowledge that marked Masaryk's philosophy more than influential Kant. Masaryk devoted Hume his inaugural lecture The Probability Calculus and Hume's Scepticism at Prague University in 1882. He tried to face his scepticism concerning causation and induction by a formula P = n: or P = : where P means the increasing probability that an event that had happened n times in the past will happen again. Hume stresses that there is an essential difference between probability (...) and certainty, and we have no logical reason to presuppose that the past experience is legitimate for expectation that the future will resemble to the past. Only our belief, not knowledge, leads us to that. Although Masaryk did not accept Hume's scepticism, he had deep understanding for his way of thinking. Reflection of Hume's influence on Masaryk in Czech philosophy is unsatisfactory, which is stated in this article. (shrink)

Cet article se penche sur une figure de l’imaginaire collectif, à savoir Mickey Mouse. Cette souris sympathique qui a fait le tour du globe dans les années 1930 est devenue l’animal héraldique du triomphe des économies pulsionnelles et d’une mercantilisation du rêve de bonheur. En partant d’une réflexion sur la contiguïté entre l’activité ludique et l’art de l’animation, l’article tente d’aborder la question de « l’esthétisation de la politique » par le biais du jeu. Une référence constante à la fonction (...) du conte dans le monde enfantin nous permet d’articuler quelques enjeux de ce que W. Benjamin analyse, dans son essai sur L’Œuvre d’art à l’époque de sa reproductibilité technique, sous le terme de « seconde technique ». (shrink)

Dílo Hélène Metzgerové tvoří významný zdroj informací o dějinách chemie. Cílem tohoto textu je však představení jeho epistemologického rozměru. Na základě zkoumání dějin vědy Metzgerová formuluje epistemologické teze o vědeckém poznání obecně, ale vztahuje je i na práci historiků vědy. Vytváří tak epistemologii historiografie vědy, která má být alternativou k historiografii pozitivistické. Akceptuje duhemovský holismus i tezi o nedourčenosti teorie fakty, což vztahuje i na interpretace starých textů. Rozpracovává tak filosofickou metodu historiografie vědy, která se svými principy blíží hermeneutice.

L’idée de l’article est de mettre en exergue l’approche critique et matérialiste de Benjamin à travers sa lecture de Proust. Benjamin dispose d’une série de concepts plus ou moins définis qui permettent d’établir une critique transversale des œuvres choisies dans l’histoire. La remémoration et la présentification, la peinture et la photographie, l’aura et l’expérience du choc façonnent une volonté qui produit de façon artificielle l’expérience de la durée. Or, la réussite de cette entreprise artistique dépend également de l’évolution historique des (...) moyens techniques qui sont à son service. (shrink)

Augustu Comtovi bývá vyčítáno, že nezahrnul psychologii do své klasifikace věd, případně že psychologii redukuje na fyziologii. V tomto článku se pokusím ukázat na některé důvody, jejichž souhra Comta k tomuto kroku vedla. Nejdříve bude třeba projasnit, jaký význam pojem „psychologie“ v jeho době měl a jakou výhodu oproti této disciplíně Comte viděl ve frenologii. Poté bude ukázáno, že Comte nebyl nekritickým příznivcem frenologie. Rozhodující dimenzí se ukáže být pojímání vztahu jedince a společnosti. Comtův nábožensky motivovaný anti-individualismus bude ukázán jako (...) příčina jeho odmítání psychologie i frenologie. (shrink)

Augustu Comtovi bývá vyčítáno, že nezahrnul psychologii do své klasifikace věd, případně že psychologii redukuje na fyziologii. V tomto článku se pokusím ukázat na některé důvody, jejichž souhra Comta k tomuto kroku vedla. Nejdříve bude třeba projasnit, jaký význam pojem „psychologie“ v jeho době měl a jakou výhodu oproti této disciplíně Comte viděl ve frenologii. Poté bude ukázáno, že Comte nebyl nekritickým příznivcem frenologie. Rozhodující dimenzí se ukáže být pojímání vztahu jedince a společnosti. Comtův nábožensky motivovaný anti-individualismus bude ukázán jako (...) příčina jeho odmítání psychologie i frenologie. (shrink)

This article investigates whether editorial board members of selected economic journals publish their research papers in their ‘own’ journal. Journals were selected from the Journal Citation Report® from the categories Business; Business, Finance; and Economics. Only research articles published between 2012 and 2015 were included in the analysis. We recorded ratios concerning the share of articles authored by editorial board members, the share of editorial board members publishing in their own journals and ratios representing their publication output. The average share (...) of articles authored by editorial board members ranges from 0.6 to 17.5%. The average share of editorial board members publishing in their own journals ranges from 5.6 to 24.4%. Considering only editorial board members publishing in their own journals, the share of their articles in their journals ranges from 8.2 to 71.4%. While the share of board members publishing only in their own journals, to the number of board members publishing in their own journals, the ratio in a quarter of journals is equal to zero, with a maximum reach of 85.7%. All observed ratios are significantly positively correlated with the gap between impact factor and impact factor without Journal Self Cites; and negatively correlated with the Article Influence Score. A cluster of journals in which a high proportion of editorial board members publish and simultaneously these members publish in their own journal at a high rate was identified. (shrink)

When the first edition of Pediatric Psychopharmacology published in 2002, it filled a void in child and adolescent psychiatry and quickly establishing itself as the definitive text-reference in pediatric psychopharmacology. While numerous short, clinically focused paperbacks have been published since then, no competitors with the scholarly breadth, depth, and luster of this volume have emerged. In the second edition, Christopher Kratochvil, MD, a highly respected expert in pediatric psychopharmacology, joins the outstanding editorial team led by Dr. Martin and Dr. (...) Scahill. In the new edition, the editors streamline the flow of information to reflect the growth in scientific data since the first edition appeared. The overall structure of the book remains the same, with major sections on underlying biology; somatic interventions; assessment and treatment; and special considerations. (shrink)