Estuda as matrizes conceituais da Educação. Aborda as epistemologias que sustentam as históricas concepções de educação e suas respectivas teorias educacionais. Define a concepção de dialética e aproxima esse conceito da prática educativa. Considera a Educação como uma expressão da prática social e afirma que tal derivação dispõe o caráter político e crítico dessas constituições educacionais históricas. Na sociedade de classes a Educação é, hegemonicamente, a produção e a reprodução das condições materiais e ideológicas do capital. Para uma abordagem contra-hegemônica (...) da Educação requer-se a recuperação do conceito de dialeticidade e de integração da Educação na prática social e política. Define, ao final, o conceito de educação emancipadora e aponta a prática social e política, em dinâmica histórica, como o foro no qual se deverá constituir uma proposta de Educação como Direito e Formação para a plenitude da vida, subjetiva e social. (shrink)

In quest’articolo, articolo prenderò in esame i passi in cui Kant descrive la monadologia leibniziana come un “concetto platonico” del mondo, ossia come una descrizione del mondo intelligibile che non ha nulla a che vedere con la spiegazione del mondo fenomenico. In generale, vorrei mostrare che quest’interpretazione non va contrapposta a quella che lo stesso Kant aveva dato nella prima Critica, dove la monadologia era caratterizzata come un “sistema intellettuale del mondo”. Per fare ciò, risponderò a due domande. La prima (...) riguarda le ragioni che possono aver indotto Kant, in diverse occasioni, a presentare Leibniz come un precursore della teoria della soggettività dello spazio. La seconda riguarda il motivo per cui Kant associa costantemente la monadologia alla teoria platonica delle idee, mostrando come, in entrambi i casi, Kant intenda criticare qualsiasi possibilità di un transito dal mondo sensibile a quello intelligibile. Infine, cercherò di mostrare che, dietro questa lettura deflazionista della monadologia, c’è anche un’implicita autocritica alle tesi che Kant stesso ha sostenuto nella Dissertatio del 1770. (shrink)

O artigo reflete sobre os modos como os discursos constituem realidades sociais e subjetividades nos processos de lutas simbólicas e materiais por imposição de significados e discute os modos como uma professora negra organiza microlutas discursivas na tentativa de constituir-se enquanto sujeito. Para tanto, utilizam-se os estudos foucaultianos para analisar o fenômeno do poder e as técnicas de resistência a esses fenômenos.

Resumo: A partir de um raciocínio equivocado acerca do significado dos teoremas de completude e incompletude de Gödel, apresentamos alguns importantes conceitos de lógica matemática e, com base em uma análise dos teoremas acima, concluímos mencionando a existência de modelos não standard da Aritmética de Peano.Palavras-chave: Completude. Incompletude. Teoremas de Gödel: From a mistaken reasoning about the completeness and incompleteness Gödel's theorems, we show important concepts of mathematical logic and, based on above theorems, we conclude showing the existence of non (...) standard models for Peano's Arithmetic.Keywords: Completeness. Incompleteness. Gödel's theorems. (shrink)

Cet article propose une contribution théorique afin de penser la paix dans le champ de l’économie. Nous mettons en exergue que les conditions de pacification des relations socio-économiques demeurent en partie impensée par la discipline économique qui a pourtant consacré une part de ses analyses à la question de l’harmonie sociale. Codes JEL : A1, B13, B15, N01.

Este artículo explora el potencial persuasivo de los imperativos y las preguntas en los discursos de Esquines y Demóstenes. Los imperativos tienen una fuerza directiva volitiva en que invitan a la audiencia a tomar medidas, ya sea bloqueando al adversario del orador para que no haga una declaración o votando en contra de él. El uso de una alta concentración de preguntas retóricas en momentos específicos en los discursos se convierte en una herramienta poderosa: tanto al articular un ataque implacable (...) contra el oponente, como al no dar al público un respiro en el cual considere defectos en la posición del hablante. (shrink)

In this paper, I intend to explore three examples ofekphrasis– narrative scene painting – in Demosthenes 18 and 19: the first is Demosthenes' depiction of the announcement in Athens of the capture of Elatea by Philip, while the second and third are descriptions of Aeschines' failed theatrical performances. Scholars have paid insufficient attention to these descriptive accounts: there have been a few limited discussions of 18.169 in commentaries but, otherwise, the use and purpose of these accounts as part of Demosthenes' (...) rhetorical strategy have not been widely appreciated. This article aims to show thatekphrasis, when skilfully deployed as in Demosthenes 18 and 19, is a powerful weapon in the speaker's arsenal that merits thorough investigation. By instructing the audience as to what and how to think, imagine and remember, orators seek to engage the audience, elicit their verbal or non-verbal reaction in the law court, create a certain disposition in them towards the litigants, stir up and manipulate their emotions, and thus affect their verdict. (shrink)

El estudio de la paralingüística, esto es, los modos de comunicar sin recurrir al lenguaje, ya sea de manera consciente, intencional y voluntaria, o de algún otro modo, es un componente esencial de cualquier intento por reconstruir, comprender e interpretar los sistemas de comunicación cultural, social, institucional, moral e interpersonal en las sociedades modernas y antiguas. Tres aspectos específicos de la paralingüística, tal como son descritos en la oratoria ática, son examinados en este artículo: el rostro y los órganos faciales (...) (como la boca y la nariz), las manos y el modo de andar. La hipótesis es que las referencias a la paralingüística apuntan a ganarse al auditorio en el tribunal o en las asambleas políticas suscitando emociones e incitando una guerra entre los oponentes del orador y la comunidad ateniense, cuyos valores culturales y creencias, según son presentados, los oponentes transgreden. (shrink)

This paper is an attempt to solve the following problem: given a logic, how to turn it into a paraconsistent one? In other words, given a logic in which ex falso quodlibet holds, how to convert it into a logic not satisfying this principle? We use a framework provided by category theory in order to define a category of consequence structures. Then, we propose a functor to transform a logic not able to deal with contradictions into a paraconsistent one. Moreover, (...) we study the case of paraconsistentization of propositional classical logic. (shrink)

Some strategies to turn any logic into a paraconsistent system are examined. In the environment of universal logic, we show how to paraconsistentize logics at the abstract level using a transformation in the class of all abstract logics called paraconsistentization by consistent sets. Moreover, by means of the notions of paradeduction and paraconsequence we go on applying the process of changing a logic converting it into a paraconsistent system. We also examine how this transformation can be performed using multideductive abstract (...) logics. To conclude, the conceptual notion paraconsistent orbit of a logic is proposed. (shrink)

This chapter discusses the analogy between bare possibles and imaginary numbers, developed by Leibniz during his Paris years. In this period, he came to realize that imaginary quantities are not impossible in themselves, but they cannot be geometrically represented, for they cannot be ordered within the number line. Similarly, he regarded actual things as belonging to a single ‘series of things’, where each member is connected to every other by relations of position and succession. Bare possibles, on the contrary, can (...) be placed nowhere in the series and, therefore, must be regarded as fictions (though reference to them is in a sense unavoidable, like the use of imaginary quantities in algebra). The young Leibniz does not extend the model of a ‘series of things’ to possibles, thus in this period he seems to reject the very idea of a plurality of possible worlds. (shrink)

"Classée au sein de la morale et considérée à la fin du Moyen Âge comme une simple pratique, un art de gouverner, la politique ne pouvait prétendre proprement au titre de science, réservé aux savoirs purement théoriques. À la charnière entre les XIIIe et XIVe siècles, certains penseurs vont néanmoins chercher à donner un nouveau sens à la science civile en utilisant, à l'instar de Dante, des raisonnements démonstratifs dans leurs traités. Ce n'est pourtant qu'avec le Defénsor pacis de Marsile (...) de Padoue (1324) que cette discipline à la fois théorique et pratique parvient à s'extraire du domaine de l'art. En produisant un véritable discours de la méthode inspiré par la médecine, le Padouan rend ainsi possible la naissance de la science politique."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Leibniz considered the Cartesian version of the ontological argument not as an inconsistent proof but only as an incomplete one: it requires a preliminary proof of possibility to show that the concept of ‘the most perfect being’ involves no contradiction. Leibniz raised this objection to Descartes’s proof already in 1676, then repeated it throughout his entire life. Before 1676, however, he suggested a more substantial objection to the Cartesian argument. I take into account a text written around 1671-72, in which (...) Leibniz considers the Cartesian proof as a paralogism and a petition of principle. I argue that this criticism is modelled on Gassendi’s objections to the Cartesian proof, and that Leibniz’s early rejection of the ontological argument has to be understood in the general context of his early philosophy, which was inspired by nominalist authors, such as Hobbes and Gassendi. Then, I take into account the reconsideration of the ontological argument in a series of texts of 1678, showing how Leibniz implicitly replies to the kind of criticism to the argument he himself shared in his earlier works. (shrink)

Ecological Immunology assumes that immunological defenses must be minimized in terms of cost (energy expenditure). To reach this goal, a complex and still largely unexplored strategy has evolved to assure survival. From invertebrates to vertebrates, an integrated immune–neuroendocrine response appears to be crucial for the hierarchical redistribution of resources within the body according to the specific ecological demands. Thus, on the basis of experimental data on the intimate relationship between stress and immune responses that has been maintained during evolution, we (...) argue that a broader perspective based on the integration of immune and neuroendocrine responses should be adopted to describe the comprehensive strategy that the body utilizes to adapt to dynamic environmental conditions. We discuss the hypothesis that a bow‐tie architecture might be suitable to describe the variety of immune–neuroendocrine inputs that continuously target cells and organs while, at the same time, fulfilling the basic requirement of minimizing the cost of immune–neuroendocrine responses. Bow‐tie architectures are able to convert a variety of stimuli (fan in) into a wide range of fine‐tuned responses (fan out) by passing through the integrating activity of a core (knot) constituted by a limited number of elements. Finally, we argue that the ecologically negotiated immune–neuroendocrine strategies may have deleterious effects in the post‐reproductive period of life when, at least in humans, chronic, low‐grade, systemic inflammation develops, in accordance with the antagonistic pleiotropy theory of aging. BioEssays 30:868–874, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

The idea of economic peace is a “counterpoint” to a warlike view of the economy. Viewing things in terms of economic peace makes it possible to develop a different economic anthropology. The idea of economic peace is used to think about a fundamental revision of the relationships to self and between actors. It sits at the intersection of peace studies, social and cognitive psychology, institutional conventionalist approaches, postmodernist philosophy and sinology. By employing the inchoate concept of economic peace, this article (...) explores the opportunity to extend and deepen the relationship between individual and collective responsibility. The article describes individual and collective practices or avenues which could be useful when reacting to complex situations. (shrink)

This paper proposes a critical edition of Leibniz's "Annotatiunculae subitaneae ad librum de Christianismo Mysteriis carente" (1701), together with an Italian translation, and an introductory essay where I discuss the genesis of the text on the background of Leibniz's criticism of Locke's "way of ideas", and focus on Leibniz's taxonomy of the different meanings of "natural" and "supernatural".

Le problème de l'embryon constitue au Moyen âge un paradigme problématique capable de "migrer" d'un domaine thématique à l'autre. L'embryologie transmise par la double tradition galénique et aristotélicienne étudie les rôles respectifs de la matière féminine et de la forme masculine dans la génération, posant le problème d'une matière capable de développer elle-même ses propres changements de forme, et suscitant les débats entre les positions d'Albert le Grand et de saint Thomas. La question strictement biologique du développemet de l'embryon s'enrichit (...) ainsi d'enjeux logiques (la continuité de la génération est indispensable pour penser l'unité du genre), métaphysiques (si la matière est genre, le principe masculin n'est plus qu'une différenciation du genre, ce qui conduit à renverser le primat de la forme). Enfin ce déplacement de paradigme peut également se poursuivre en politique, comme au siècle suivant avec Marsile de Padoue : l'embryon est une question mobile. (shrink)

We present a kind of logic named multideductive logic and outline an application of it in the problem of theoretic-formal unification of physical theories dealing with the Bohr atom theory. This is just a preliminary study that will be developed in future papers.

We present a kind of logic named multideductive logic and outline an application of it in the problem of theoretic-formal unification of physical theories dealing with the Bohr atom theory. This is just a preliminary study that will be developed in future papers.