The Legacy of Aristotelian Enthymeme provides a historical-logical analysis of Aristotle's rhetorical syllogism, the enthymeme, through its Medieval and Renaissance interpretations. Bringing together notions of credibility and proof, an international team of scholars highlight the fierce debates around this form of argumentation during two key periods for Aristotle's beliefs.Reflecting on medieval and humanist thinkers, philosophers, poets and theologians, this volume joins up dialectical and rhetorical argumentation as key to the enthymeme's interpretation and shows how the enthymeme was the source of (...) a major interpretive conflict. As a method for achieving the standards for proof and credibility that persist across diverse fields of study today including the law, politics, medicine and morality, this book takes in Latin and Persian interpretations of the enthymeme and casts contemporary argumentation in a new historical light. (shrink)

Often, when Seneca wants to defend a thesis that seems original to him in relation to the Stoic school, he claims to enjoy distracting himself with subtle games that quickly become boring puzzles....

L’article se propose de montrer que le principe d’équité, formulé dans le cadre de l’hermeneutica generalis du XVIIe et du XVIIIe siècle, a été anticipé par la pratique philologique des humanistes italiens du XVe siècle, et notamment par les stratégies élaborées pour combattre le mauvais interprète, le « calomniateur ». Toutefois on met en avant les différences théoriques majeures entre l’humanisme et l’hermeneutica generalis, entre une perspective historique et grammaticale, soulignant le caractère individuel de tout acte de parole, et une (...) perspective logique, fondée sur la conviction du caractère universel de la raison. (shrink)

Depuis la philosophie ancienne, notamment avec Aristote, la dialectique et la rhétorique se partagent le domaine de l’argumentation plausible et crédible, mais leurs stratégies de preuve aussi bien que leurs buts diffèrent. Une fois ces différences mises en lumière, il est possible de suggérer que l’humanisme n’a pas été tant un moment marqué par le renouveau de la rhétorique que d’une multiplicité de formes de décomposition et de recomposition des modalités rhétoriques et dialectiques. Cet article cherche à montrer en particulier (...) la nature dialectique du projet de l’humaniste Lorenzo Valla dans sa « Repastinatio dialectice et philosophie », en soulignant la reprise réfléchie et novatrice de la réflexion grecque et latine sur les arts du discours. (shrink)

English summary: The monograph-length study of Marsilio Ficino examines the Renaissance Neoplatonists philosophy from a metaphysical and anthropological point of view. Ficino was not only the first Latin translator of Platos entire works, but also a creative thinker in his own right whose religious and philosophical program troubled his native Florence and agitated his Christian contemporaries. French description: Marsile Ficin ne fut pas seulement le traducteur et le commentateur de Platon et des neoplatoniciens, comme Plotin et Proclus. Ce fut un (...) philosophe a part entiere, qui puisa de maniere creative aux ressources de la tradition platonicienne pour resoudre les questions agitees dans la Florence de son temps ou heritees de discussions universitaires medievales. Il elabora sa pensee a partir des possibilites conceptuelles inedites offertes par la philosophie de l'Un pour repenser l'ontologie. Cette monographie analyse l'originalite et la coherence de sa philosophie aussi bien sur le plan metaphysique qu'anthropologique, repondant ainsi a l'exigence d'une etude systematique qui fait defaut depuis longtemps. On y examine autant la specificite du projet ficinien de renouvellement philosophique et religieux que les aspects qui devoilent sa profonde incompatibilite avec le christianisme. (shrink)

On voudrait interroger ici le propos de Cicéron, selon lequel l ’ argument est « rationem quae dubiae faciat fidem », afin d ’ étudier le lien particulier qui est établi entre la preuve et la croyance, sans réduire celle-ci à un effet psychologique, celle-là à une raison que l ’ on serait obligé d ’ accepter.

The volume's topic is a comparative analysis of the main authors and social groups who were engaged with the reception of hellenistic philosophy at Rome. It studies in which way their specific approach to philosophy can be explained by their Roman cultural and intellectual background. Thus the volume designs philosophical and cultural criteria to be common to the philosophical activities of Romans and make them discernible as specifically Roman.

It has been argued that quantum mechanics forces us to accept the existence of metaphysical, mind-independent indeterminacy. In this paper we provide an interpretation of the indeterminacy involved in the quantum phenomena in terms of a view that we call Plural Metaphysical Supervaluationism. According to it, quantum indeterminacy is captured in terms of an irreducibly plural relation between the actual world and various misrepresentations of it.

This paper explores quantum indeterminacy, as it is operative in the failure of value‐definiteness for quantum observables. It first addresses questions about its existence, its nature, and its relations to extant quantum interpretations. Then, it provides a critical discussions of the main accounts of quantum indeterminacy.

Explanations of the genuine openness of the future often appeal to objective indeterminacy. According to the received view, such indeterminacy is indeterminacy of certain future-tensed state of affairs that presently obtain. We shall call this view the weak indeterminate present, to distinguish it from the view we will defend in this paper, which we dub the strong indeterminate present. According to our view, unsettledness of the future is grounded on the present indeterminacy of some present-tensed state of affairs. In order (...) for an indeterminate present-tensed state of affairs to explain the unsettledness of a future-tensed state of affairs, there has to be a connection between the two. We argue that this connection can only be provided if we look at the internal structure of the relevant state of affairs. Finally, we will suggest that the best background theory to explain the connection are the so-called spontaneous collapse models of quantum mechanics. (shrink)

The Mass Density approach to GRW (GRWm for short) has been widely discussed in the quantum foundations literature. A crucial feature of GRWm is the introduction of a Criterion of Accessibility for mass, which allows to explain the determinacy of experimental outcomes thus also addressing the tails problem of GRW. However, the Criterion of Accessibility leaves the ontological meaning of the non-accessible portion of mass utterly unexplained. In this paper I discuss two viable approaches to non-accessible mass, which I call (...) anti-realist and realist, and will defend the latter. First, I show that the anti-realist approach suffers from various objections. Second, I develop an account of non-accessible mass density states as objectively indeterminate states of affairs. (shrink)

The COVID-19 outbreak has placed extraordinary demands upon healthcare systems worldwide. Italy's hospitals have been among the most severely overwhelmed, and as a result, Italian healthcare workers' well-being has been at risk. The aim of this study is to explore the relationships between dimensions of burnout and various psychological features among Italian healthcare workers during the COVID-19 emergency. A group of 267 HCWs from a hospital in the Lazio Region completed self-administered questionnaires online through Google Forms, including the Maslach Burnout (...) Inventory, Resilience Scale, and Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale Short Form. Cluster analysis highlighted two opposite burnout risk profiles: low burnout and high-risk burnout. The high-risk group had lower resilience and greater difficulties in tolerating the uncertainty than the low-burnout group. A set of general linear models confirmed that both IU subscales, prospective and inhibition, moderated the relationship between resilience and burnout. In conclusion, the results showed that individual levels of resilience and one's ability to tolerate uncertainty have been significant factors in determining the impact of the COVID-19 emergency on HCWs. The use of emotional strategies that allow individuals to stay in a critical situation without the need to control it appears to protect against burnout in these circumstances. (shrink)

Two different definitions of numerical identity occur in Aristotle's works, namely: (i) "A" and "B" are both names of one thing; (ii) A and B constitute unity. These definitions can be traced back respectively to the following theories of predication: (i)' the sentences whose subjects are accidents are actually ill-formed; (ii)' in some cases the accidents are not eliminable subjects. Since (i)' and (ii)' are irreparably inconsistent, the theory of identity is inconsistent too; in this paper are explored the consequences (...) of such an inconsistence, mainly as far as the fallacies depending both on combination and division and on accident are concerned. (shrink)

The main research programs in quantum gravity tend to suggest in one way or another that most spacetime structures are not fundamental. At the same time, work in quantum foundations highlights fundamental features that are in tension with any straightforward space- time understanding. This paper aims to explore the little investigated but potentially fruitful links between these two fields.

In the most recent debate of phenomenological as well as analytical provenance, Husserl’s reflection, although pioneer regarding ethics, seems to suffer of a general depreciation enrooted in his supposed excess rationalism. The husserlian ethics would remain subjected to the dominance of a logico-objectifying reason, which appears to be the fundamental dimension of intentionality. The wide range of life-experiences would then be crushed by the hegemony of objectifying acts. Are we really sure? Our contribution will rather consist in raising the originality (...) of Husserl’s method which lastly to reconcile two seemingly contradictory requirements: the autonomy of ethical and its dependence towards logical reason. We shall notice thus a progressive dissociatoon from Brentano’s teaching leading to an overall revision of intentionality. If anything such as rationalism exists in Husserl’s thinking, it can only be asserted on the condition of a radical criticism of the concept of “representation” – from where, as we shall see, emerges a newly articulated relationship between “object” and “value”. (shrink)

By its very name, phenomenology seems to invoke a priority claim on phenomena. And yet it has not been necessary to wait for phenomenology in oder to have a proper account of phenomena. One need only to take a look at the history of philosophy, from Plato to Kant, as well as at the history of sciences, from physics to psychology, so as to register a wide range of uses concerning the concept of phenomenon. The understanding of what a phenomenon (...) is, in a phenomenological sense, should therefore at least not be completely compatible with any other, if phenomenology has to exist as a discipline and as a method. That is one of the issues at stake in the debate between phenomenology and neokantianism, between Husserl, to a certain extent Brentano, and Natorp. It is on this debate that we shall draw attention, if we wish to grasp the reasons behind the phenomenological conception of the phenomenon, especially at the time of the Logische Untersuchungen. (shrink)

Within the Seinsfrage, the question of being, the «who» question, or Werfrage, arises at once. Who is this «who»? In other words, who am I? Questioning the being, inevitably means questioning ourselves. Would it thus be possible to conceive of a subject without being? This question, paradoxical as it may appear, nevertheless has a historiographical legitimacy, if we consider that «phenomenological anthropology», as the young Heidegger conceived it, precedes in effect the formulation of the Seinsfrage. From his very first lectures (...) in Fribourg, an access into subjectivity, apprehended as a «wordly ipseity », is thereby opened. While criticizing Natorp who unreservedly denied such a possibility, Heidegger yet ends up conceding the point almost entirely. This, at least, is our hypothesis: the «I» exists only at the cost of a tension between facticity and existence, a tension which, in the eyes of Natorp, leads to a confirmation that the «I», strictly speaking, cannot be – and this allows us therefore a glimpse into the legitimate possibility of a Werfrage without Seinsfrage. (shrink)

Barnes (2014) has argued in this journal for the following conditional: If there is any metaphysical indeterminacy, this must be at the most fundamental level of reality. To argue for this claim, Barnes relies on two principles that I shall call bivalent completeness and determinate link. According to the former, a complete description is a bivalent assignment of truth values to every sentence. The determinate link, instead, establishes that the determination relation between levels of reality preserves determinacy from one level (...) to another. In response to Barnes’ conclusion, Eva (2018) has recently pointed out that bivalent completeness is question begging. In this paper, I will first show why Eva's line of reasoning can be resisted. My aim will then be to present a stronger case against Barnes’ argument by challenging the determinate link. In the presence of metaphysical indeterminacy, the link between fundamental and derivative facts might itself be the locus of indeterminacy. I will conclude by showing that Barnes and Eva make many unwarranted assumptions regarding both indeterminacy and fundamentality. The logical space around the connection between these two notions appears to be much wider than what they seem to be aware of, or so I will argue. (shrink)

No início do movimento psicanalítico, a Hungria foi um dos países pioneiros dentre os que acolheram e propagaram a psicanálise. Sándor Ferenczi, figura principal de desenvolvimento da psicanálise no país, abraçou a causa psicanalítica e se tornou um dos mais importantes teóricos de sua história. Responsável pela criação da Associação Psicanalítica Internacional, fundaria também a Sociedade Húngara de Psicanálise, instituição reconhecida pela originalidade de suas propostas. Além de Ferenczi, Melanie Klein, Michael e Alice Balint, Géza Roheim, dentre outros, foram seus (...) membros. Neste estudo de caráter histórico, o intuito é retomar todo o caminho trilhado pela instituição húngara, desde sua fundação até sua dissolução, em 1949. A identidade e o “espírito” investigativo daquela instituição se perpetuariam ao longo da história psicanalítica, influenciando, direta ou indiretamente, grandes escolas e teóricos da psicanálise, como D. W. Winnicott e alguns pensadores das escolas americanas e francesas. Palavras-chave: psicanálise; história da psicanálise; sociedade húngara de psicanálise; instituições psicanalíticas; Sándor Ferenczi.: Hungary was a place where psychoanalysis founded a great support and development at the beginning of psychoanalytical movement. Sándor Ferenczi, leading figure of psychoanalytical increase in the country, embraced the psychoanalytic cause and became one of its most important theorists and thinkers in history. Responsible for the foundation of the International Psychoanalytical Association, also created the Hungarian Psychoanalytical Society, an institution recognized for the originality of their proposals. Besides Ferenczi, Melanie Klein, Michael and Alice Balint, Géza Roheim, among others, were its members. In this historical study, the purpose is to resume the entire path taken by the Hungarian institution, from the foundation to its dissolution in 1949. The identity and the investigative “spirit” of that institution perpetuate throughout psychoanalytical history, influencing, directly or indirectly, great schools and theorists of psychoanalysis, eg, D. W. Winnicott and some thinkers of American and French schools. Keywords: psychoanalysis; psychoanalytical history; hungarian psychoanalytical society; psychoanalytical institutions; Sándor Ferenczi. (shrink)

Many features of quantum mechanics (QM) suggest that, at the microscopic level, objects sometimes fail to determinately instantiate their properties. In recent years, many have argued that this phenomenon indicates the existence of an ontological kind of indeterminacy, often called metaphysical indeterminacy, which is supposed to affect the ontology of QM. As insisted by Glick ('Against Quantum Indeterminacy), however, once we look at the major realist approaches to QM we learn that the indeterminacy disappears from the description of the world (...) at its most fundamental level. This absence might be taken as a good reason for adopting some form of eliminativism towards quantum mechanical indeterminacy. The aim of this paper is to distinguish three ways of defending eliminativism, and to argue that none of them eventually succeeds. The upshot is that QM does in fact suggest the existence of metaphysical indeterminacy, although only as an emergent phenomenon. (shrink)

Just hearing the names of Brentano and Plato put together is enough to highlight the queerness of a matching which finds almost no evidence in critical literature. The study of the texts in which Brentano explicitly deals with Plato, in particular in his lectures on the history of Greek philosophy, does not change much of the negative impression that emerges from a general overview: the place of Plato in the history of philosophy depends, for Brentano, on Aristotle or, better, on (...) the accomplishment of Greek philosophy occurs in Aristotle’s work. We shall turn our attention towards the of certain relevant problems in order to open up, if possible, a less negative prospect for the relationship of Brentano to Plato: not so much directly by examining Platonic philosophy from a Brentanian point of view as by considering the concrete solution that Brentano provides to some Aristotelian questions. To put it differently, we shall take into account not so much what Brentano says of Plato, as what Brentano does with Aristotle, by tracking the Platonizing traces that can be found in the Brentanian commentary to Aristotle’s categories, the philosophical consequences of which seem to be reflected in Brentano’s overall philosophical project. (shrink)

Dans l’Allemagne du xix e siècle, l’édition intégrale du Corpus aristotelicum de l’Académie des sciences de Berlin constitue la condition ayant rendu historiquement possible le « retours à Aristote », dont l’une des figures majeures est sans doute A. F. Trendelenburg. Suivant comme fil conducteur les rapports grammaticaux inhérents aux différentes parties de la proposition, Trendelenburg, le premier, s’engage à démontrer l’ordre sous-jacent au nombre des catégories, laissé pourtant indéterminé par Aristote. Le but est, pour l’essentiel, de découvrir le point (...) de contact originaire entre la pensée, le langage et l’être, en opposition frontale aux résultats de l’idéalisme allemand. C’est donc le lien entre logique et métaphysique qui est au centre de l’exégèse philosophique que Trendelenburg livre aux pages de l’ Aristoteles Kategorienlehre en 1846, sur laquelle nous portons notre attention afin de rétablir les lignes directrices d’un projet dont l’originalité a souvent été confinée aux hypothèses prétendument improductives d’une grammaire spéculative ou délaissée en faveur d’autres épigones du lignage aristotélicien – de Brentano à Heidegger. (shrink)

Este estudo aprofunda o sentido da experiência relatada por Marguerite Porete, mistica medieval, condenada como herética e queimada em 1310, acusada de ultrapassar e transcender as Escrituras, errar nos artigos da fé e dossacramentos e dizer palavras contrárias e prejudiciais. No entanto, ela traz uma contribuição importante para o pensamento filosófico-teológico e literário, na medida em que levanta questões e articula respostas sobre o problema da inacessibilidade do transcendente. O aniquilamento é o seu tema, perigoso para um tempo em que (...) o ideal era a salvação de si próprio, perigoso também parao tempo atual, fundado no humanismo e, nessa medida, detido no eu. (shrink)

DNA methylation plays a key role in neural cell fate and provides a molecular link between early life stress and later-life behavioral phenotypes. Here, studies that combine neuroimaging methods and DNA methylation analysis in pediatric population with a history of adverse experiences were systematically reviewed focusing on: targeted genes and neural correlates; statistical models used to examine the link between DNA methylation and neuroimaging data also considering early life stress and behavioral outcomes. We identified 8 studies that report associations between (...) DNA methylation and brain structure/functions in infants, school age children and adolescents faced with early life stress condition. Results showed that several genes were investigated and different neuroimaging techniques were performed. Statistical model used ranged from correlational to more complex moderated mediation models. Most of the studies considered DNA methylation and neural correlates as mediators in the relationship between early life stress and behavioral phenotypes. Understanding what role DNA methylation and neural correlates play in interaction with early life stress and behavioral outcomes is crucial to promote theory-driven studies as the future direction of this research fields. (shrink)

Narrar artisticamente o Mistério Santo que habita entre nós: Leitura místico-teológica da obra “Guerra e Paz” de Cândido Portinari. (Narrating artistically the Holy Mystery that lives among us: Mystical-theological reading of the panel "War and Peace"). - DOI: 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2013v11n31p867 A revelação é um conceito fundamental para a teologia cristã: ele se refere à experiência que fundamenta o discurso sobre Deus. No século XX, operou-se uma transformação importante nessa concepção fundamental, uma renovação que implicou na desconstrução do conceito tradicional de revelação (...) focado em doutrinas e dogmas e na emergência de uma nova concepção que coloca como fundamento da revelação a experiência do incondicional, experiência mística. A partir dessa renovação, passou-se a considerar a problemática da dificuldade de uma linguagem que expresse a complexidade dessa experiência paradoxal. Toda criação artística, na medida em que provoca uma forte experiência estética, é uma maneira de falar de revelação. A linguagem da arte com seu poder evocativo e não definível é certamente capaz de expressar essa experiência do divino sem constrangimento do sagrado e sem desvalorização do humano. Esse trabalho consiste em fazer a leitura dos painéis Guerra e Paz de Cândido Portinari, evidenciando que através da arte é possível narrar artisticamente o Mistério Santo que habita entre nós. Palavras-chaves: Mística. Arte. Espiritualidade. Cândido PortinariRevelation is a key concept to Christian theology: it refers to the experience that underlines the discourses about God. In the twentieth century, an important transformation on this concept led to a deconstruction of its traditional meaning, originally focused on doctrines and dogmas, and further to the emergency of a new conception, which places the mystical experience in the very foundation of the Revelation’s concept. Since this renovation, the difficulties of a language to express the complexity of this paradoxical experience were highly problematized. All artistic creation, as long as it provokes a strong aesthetic experience, is matter of Revelation. The Art’s language, with its non-definable and evocative power, is certainly capable of expressing this divine experience without devaluate the holy or the human depreciation. This work consists on the reading of Cândido Portinari’s “War and Peace” panels, pointing out that, through art, it is possible to narrate artistically the Holy Mystery that dwells among us. Keywords: Mystics. Art. Spirituality. Cândido Portinari. (shrink)

The presence of Persian sources in Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra has been a topic of debate for decades. This paper summarizes the main results of a comparative study of Nietzsche and the ancient Persian scripture Avestā. In addition to several secondary sources Nietzsche repeatedly encountered, there is strong evidence that he read Johann Friedrich Kleuker’s German translation of the Avestā texts reconstructed by Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron. Analyzing Nietzsche’s diverse sources of Zoroastrianism as well as his knowledge of this religion, this (...) paper shows that many metaphors, references and claims in both Thus Spoke Zarathustra and in Nietzsche’s notebooks can be traced back to Zoroastrianism. Taking these sources into consideration contributes significantly to our understanding of one of Nietzsche’s major works. (shrink)

This portrait proceeds from the hypothesis that an actress should be studied as a distinct subject and that, in this sense, Giacinta Pezzana is representative because of her artistic choices and feminism, resting on friendship among women. In this article the author proposes a theoretical biography in nuce, which identifies the contexts and the problematical issues of Pezzana’s history, in the interweaving of the public and personal spheres, favouring the use of epistolary sources. Her lifetime witnessed the coexistence of the (...) Grande attore tradition, issues of Naturalism, Duse’s revolutionary art and industrial standardization. Pezzana stood out for her ethical sense and strong emphasis on expressivity, which disposed her to populist developments. Hence, her interest in popular and experimental theatre, renewable through linguistic and dramaturgic inventions. This brings about a double identity as writer and actress and an original twofold repertoire: the warhorses – such as Zola’s Teresa Raquin – and the ‘intellectual luxuries’, such as the Serate Dantesche, where she appears as a precursor of one-woman-shows. (shrink)

Pourquoi recourir à la pensée de Dietrich Bonhoeffer pour formuler une contribution philosophique au problème de la tolérance? Et, de surcroît, en dialogue avec la phénoménologie? Homme de pensée et d’action, Bonhoeffer n’est, à proprement parler, ni un phénoménologue ni un penseur de la tolérance. Il est, toutefois, légitime d’envisager sa lutte contre le totalitarisme, tant sur le plan théologique que politique, comme un cas limite susceptible de relever du questionnement sur la nature et la portée de la tolérance elle-même. (...) Et cela en raison du paradoxe auquel Bonhoeffer s’expose dans la tentative de putsch visant l’élimination du Führer à laquelle il participe : la violation non seulement de la loi, mais d’un commandement divin – « tu ne tueras pas » – que Bonhoeffer justifie au nom de sa foi en Dieu. Notre hypothèse de lecture nous conduit dès lors à consacrer une attention particulière à sa thèse d’habilitation, Akt und Sein, où Bonhoeffer formule une critique originale de la phénoménologie notamment heideggérienne, inspirée par la theologia crucis de tradition luthérienne : renonçant à toute tentative d’autodétermination, l’homme, pour Bonhoeffer, ne peut se comprendre que par une ouverture radicale à la transcendance qui coïncide, en dernière instance, avec la dimension authentiquement personnelle de l’homme lui-même ainsi que de la relation entre l’homme et Dieu. (shrink)

A Encíclica Fratelli tutti, do Papa Francisco, publicada em 3 de outubro de 2020, é, como se tem veiculado, um documento que faz parte da Doutrina Social da Igreja. Escrita sob a inspiração do diálogo com o líder islâmico Grande Imã Ahmad Al-Tayyeb, pretende falar sobre o amor fraterno em sua dimensão universal. Este comentário, unindo-se a outros que se tem feito sobre esse texto, tem como objetivo contribuir na recepção da encíclica, sendo uma abordagem na perspectiva da espiritualidade.

In Nothing To Come: A Defence of the Growing Block Theory of Time, Correia and Rosenkranz present in great depth their own version of the Growing Block Theory. This special issue contains several commentaries on Correia and Rosenkranz’s position made by leading figures in contemporary philosophy of time, together with extremely thorough replies by the authors themselves which clarify crucial aspects of their view.