It is often said that because physicians and other healthcare professionals frequently play a critical role in determining the fate of their patients, they ought if at all possible to be their patient's friend. The relationship of necessity is intimate: physicians have knowledge of their patients' histories and of their bodies which under other circumstances would be reserved to the most intimate of friends, and physicians and patients meet under more or less critical situations. In this paper, I briefly examine (...) the role of the physician as “friend,” an Issue to be much more extensively explored In a book In preparation. (shrink)

v. 1. The philosophy of the Veda and of the epic.--The Buddha and the Jina.--The Sāmkhya and the classical Yoga-system.--v. 2. The Nature-philosophical schools and the Vaiśeṣika system.--The system of the Jaina.--The materialism.

Virtually all persons who have had a hand in shaping the concept of ethics committees in this country accept the principle that the individuals making up the ethics committee should represent different interests, backgrounds, and viewpoints. In other words, ethics committees are intended mainly to represent the interests of the communities they serve. However, ethics committees often also serve hospitals that are religiously based and who, not unreasonably, may insist on affirming their own institutional morality and their own peculiar way (...) of looking at some problems. Deep-seated ethical quandaries, especially in shaping policy, are often unavoidable. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be (...) preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Nothing less than a manifesto for a new social and psychological revolution to save our threatened planet, this book is a summary of the penetrating thought of ...

Excerpt from Das Realitatsproblem in der Erfahrungslehre Kants: Eine Kritische Studie mit Besonderer Rucksicht auf den Neukantianismus der Gegenwart Den Ausdruck metaphysisch gebrauche ich dabei zunachst nicht in dem Sinne, in welchem er die Probleme des Ubersinnlichen bezeichnet, sondern in dem von seinsphilosophisch. Es handelt sich um Aussagen oder Voraussetzungen uber die Wirklichkeit, im Gegensatz zu formalen, hypo thetischen Erorterungen und zu Erkenntniskritik. Dass mit dem Aufwerfen dieser Fragen noch nichts uber ihre Beantwortung entschieden wird, ist selbst verstandlich. Es ist (...) aber auch nicht schwer einzusehen, dass kein Denker, wenn er sich nur selbst versteht, um eine metaphysische Stellungnahme in diesem Sinne, wie immer sie ausfallen moge, herumkommt. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.". (shrink)

Cet article étudie surtout les raisons de Faccueil favorable réservé à la théorie du droit maternel de Bachofen par des milieux de tendances ans4’: divergentes que le socialisme et le néoromantisme. Il montre qu'il y a chez Bachofen des tendances correspondant d'une part à la philosophie romantique et d'autre part à la critique de la société patricentrique. L'une ou l'autre de ces tendances se trouve être à la base des sympathies exprimées pour la théorie de Bachofen, selon l'orientation spirituelle ou (...) politique de son public. Au delà de cette question, l'auteur cherche à démontrer que la connaissance du „complexe matricentrique“, fondée sur l'étude des civilisations matriarcales, enrichit la doctrine des motifs psychiques qui sont à la base de la société moderne.This paper concerns itself mainly with the reason why Bachofen's mother-right theory met with so positive a reception by two such opposed circles as the Socialists and the New Romantics. It shows that in Bachofen there were present tendencies of romantic philosophy as well as statements leading to a criticism of the patricentric society — and that according to one's spiritual and political affiliations this or that aspect of Bachofen was made the basis for sympathy with the theory. It is also shown that the extensive knowledge of,,matricentric complexes“ obtained from study of matriarchal cultures, afford fruitful possibilities for the understanding of the psychological impulses lying at the root of modern society. (shrink)

In his new book Keynes wishes to prove that since Ricardo's times liberalistic economics have proceeded from unreal premises of such nature that their theses are inapplicable to economic reality. This should explain the failure of economic theoreticians in all decisive problems of political economy. K.'s newly presented „General Theory“ is analyzed in the above article. Insofar as this theory contains true statements, it offers, in Baumann's opinion, only fresh formulations of long since known facts, and whatever new it offers, (...) particularly the introduction of psychological factors as determinants of the economic process, turns out to be untenable. The significance of the „General Theory“ lies in the attempt at giving a theoretical justification to the neomercantilistic economic policy.Dans son nouveau livre, Keynes veut démontrer que, depuis Ricardo, l'économie libérale part d'hypothèses si irréelles, que ses propositions ne sont pas applicables à la réalité. Ainsi s'explique l'échec des théoriciens économiques dans toutes les questions décisives de la politique économique. La nouvelle théorie générale de K. est analysée dans l'article ci-dessus. Dans la mesure où elle est exacte, elle apporte seulement, d'après Baumann, une expression nouvelle de faits connus depuis longtemps. En revanche, ce qu'elle apporte de nouveau, avant tout l'introduction de facteurs psychologiques comme facteurs déterminants du processus économique, ne résiste pas à la critique. La „théorie générale“ représente une tentative pour justifier par la théorie le néo-mercantilisme ; c'est là sa véritable signification. (shrink)

In many-valued logics with the unit interval as the set of truth values, from the standard negation and the product (or, more generally, from any strict Frank t-norm) all measurable logical functions can be derived, provided that also operations with countable arity are allowed. The question remained open whether there are other t-norms with this property or whether all strict t-norms possess this property. We give a full solution to this problem (in the case of strict t-norms), together with convenient (...) sufficient conditions. We list several families of strict t-norms having this property and provide also counterexamples (the Hamacher product is one of them). Finally, we discuss the consequences of these results for the characterization of tribes based on strict t-norms. (shrink)

This volume captures the individuality, the national and personal identity, the cultural exchange, and the self-consciousness that have long been sensed as peculiarly potent in the Hellenistic world. The fields of history, literature, art, philosophy, and religion are each presented using the format of two essays followed by a response. Conveying the direction and focus of Hellenistic learning, eighteen leading scholars discuss issues of liberty versus domination, appropriation versus accommodation, the increasing diversity of citizen roles and the dress and gesture (...) appropriate to them, and the accompanying religious and philosophical ferment. The result is an arresting view of the incredible and unprecedented diversity of the Hellenistic world. (shrink)

Moral Perception It is a familiar thought that many of our beliefs are directly justified epistemically by perception. For example, she sees what looks to her to be a cat on the mat, and from this she is justified in saying “There is a cat on the mat.” This article explores the idea that our … Continue reading Moral Perception →.

Exploratory analysis is an area of increasing interest in the computational linguistics arena. Pragmatically speaking, exploratory analysis may be paraphrased as natural language processing by means of analyzing large corpora of text. Concerning the analysis, appropriate means are statistics, on the one hand, and artificial neural networks, on the other hand. As a challenging application area for exploratory analysis of text corpora we may certainly identify text databases, be it information retrieval or information filtering systems. With this paper we present (...) recent findings of exploratory analysis based on both statistical and neural models applied to legal text corpora. Concerning the artificial neural networks, we rely on a model adhering to the unsupervised learning paradigm. This choice appears naturally when taking into account the specific properties of large text corpora where one is faced with the fact that input-output-mappings as required by supervised learning models cannot be provided beforehand to a satisfying extent. This is due to the fact of the highly changing contents of text archives. In a nutshell, artificial neural networks count for their highly robust behavior regarding the parameters for model optimization. In particular, we found statistical classification techniques much more susceptible to minor parameter variations than unsupervised artificial neural networks. In this paper we describe two different lines of research in exploratory analysis. First, we use the classification methods for concept analysis. The general goal is to uncover different meanings of one and the same natural language concept. A task that, obviously, is of specific importance during the creation of thesauri. As a convenient environment to present the results we selected the legal term of neutrality, which is a perfect representative of a concept having a number of highly divergent meanings. Second, we describe the classification methods in the setting of document classification. The ultimate goal in such an application is to uncover semantic similarities of various text documents in order to increase the efficiency of an information retrieval system. In this sense, document classification has its fixed position in information retrieval research from the very beginning. Nowadays renewed massive interest in document classification may be witnessed due to the appearance of large-scale digital libraries. (shrink)