Issues of race have traditionally been addressed in medical school curricula in a didactic manner. However, medical school curricula often lack adequate opportunity for the application of learning material relating to race and culture. When confronted with acts of racism in clinical settings, students are left unprepared to respond appropriately and effectively. Forum Theatre offers a dynamic platform by which participants are empowered to actively engage with and become part of the performance. When used in an educational context, Forum Theatre (...) can be a powerful tool for students to interact with a wide variety of social issues. This paper describes the process by which one medical school designed a workshop in the Forum Theatre style to equip students to respond to racism observed in clinical settings. Based on real student experiences, the Responding to Racism in the Clinical Setting workshop was designed to give students an opportunity to combine cultural humility, communication theory and conflict resolution skills in order to prepare for interactions in clinical stages of medical education. As a result of workshop evaluations, surveys, and written reflections, the authors propose that Forum Theatre is a novel teaching modality for incorporating issues of race and culture into medical curriculum. (shrink)

Pretendo abordar de modo breve como, diferentemente da tradição francesa, MerleauPonty leu Proust à luz freudiana, podendo, assim, insistir num problema fundamental da sua fenomenologia: a temporalidade. Para tal abordagem, realizarei um exame da possível intersecção do caso do membro fantasma com a noção de sedimentação descrita pelo filósofo. Com esse procedimento, compreenderemos o recurso de Merleau-Ponty aos escritos de Proust, notadamente, ao conceito de “tempo”. Veremos, entretanto, que este recurso está largamente em interface com noções da clínica freudiana.

Em 1963, Derrida criticatrês páginas da A história da loucura naidade clássica (1961) de Foucault. Trata-se da interpretação de Foucault deuma passagem da Primeira Meditação deDescartes. Segundo Derrida, a leitura de Foucault está mergulhada no que eledenomina metafísica da presença. Istoé, apesar de se tratarem apenas de três páginas, para Derrida, Foucault não étão radical em sua obra ao pensar na noção de episteme, não vendo certa continuidade na tradição filosófica noque concerne ao seu fundamento: a presença viva. O que (...) isto significa; comoFoucault busca responder a este tipo de crítica; e, em que medida podemospensar que Foucault ainda estaria preso às amarras da filosofia da presença é oque buscamos investigar nesse texto. (shrink)

Durante los años menemistas, las políticas públicas de memoria estuvieron orientadas principalmente a “pasar la página”. Los mayores exponentes de esta postura fueron los indultos a los jerarcas de las Fuerzas Armadas de la última dictadura militar (1976-1983), decretados y publicados entre los años 1989 y 1991. Años después, otro suceso volvió a hacerla particularmente visible: el intento de demoler los edificios de la ESMA y colocar en su lugar un monumento a la “reconciliación nacional”. Esto despertó gran polémica con (...) los organismos de DDHH, con la oposición y dentro de la propia alianza gobernante y fue, además, el puntapié inicial para lo que hoy es el Sitio de la Memoria ex-ESMA. Sin embargo, hubo otras políticas culturales en este período que también son una muestra del afán de dejar atrás la memoria sobre los años de violencia política y represión, y que pasaron más desapercibidos. Este artículo propone un análisis del caso de los monumentos referidos al bombardeo a Plaza de Mayo del 16 de junio de 1955, atentado perpetrado por miembros de las Fuerzas Armadas en el que murieron más de 300 personas, colocados en la década de 1990. Tomando como caso análogo lo propuesto para el predio de la ESMA, se analizará el texto de los decretos –y en segundo plano el de los indultos en el año 1991– en relación al contenido de los memoriales. (shrink)

This paper aims to meet an objection that has been raised against structural empiricism known as the “loss of reality objection.” I argue that an inferential approach to scientific representation allows the structural empiricist to account for the representation of phenomena by data models and ensures that such a representation is not arbitrary. By the notions of immersion, derivation, and interpretation, I show how data models are able to represent phenomena in a non-arbitrary manner. I conclude this paper with a (...) programmatic outline of a view that arises from the theses defended throughout the article and that I would like to call “semantic structuralism.”. (shrink)

Normal and pathological are conceptions that seem to have a well-defined status in common sense. However, it is remarkable how few reflections we can find about this topic. Health sciences often adopt a statistic conception that can be measure in laboratory. For that, it would be necessary to have clear what is pathological. However, medicine finds itself in situations in which an ideal of normality cannot serve as guide in determining pathology. Psychiatry faces this problem when create a diagnostic manual. (...) Primarily we will reflect on how Frances justifies his utilitarian use of the notion of normal to establish DSM in its fourth version. Nevertheless, in medicine’s history there is a conception of normal and pathological that has not been carried forward, but still has a potential. It is about a reflection of Goldstein on the organism. What if we thought the normal as an action of establishing norms? (shrink)

1. La filosofia antica-India, Cina, Grecia -- 2. La filosofia tardo-antica e medioevale: ebraismo, cristianesimo, islamismo -- 3.1. La filosofia moderna: umanesimo, Riforma, rivoluzione scientifica (1350-1715) -- 3.2. La filosofia moderna: illuminismo, criticismo, idealismo (1715-1815) -- 4.1. La filosofia contemporanea: scientismi, sroticismi, irrazionalismi -- 4.2. La filosofia contemporanea: filosofie analitiche e continentali.

Studying trust in the context of human-robot interaction is of great importance given the increasing relevance and presence of robotic agents in the social sphere, including educational and clinical. We investigated the acquisition, loss and restoration of trust when preschool and school-age children played with either a human or a humanoid robot in-vivo. The relationship between trust and the representation of the quality of attachment relationships, Theory of Mind, and executive function skills was also investigated. Additionally, to outline children’s beliefs (...) about the mental competencies of the robot, we further evaluated the attribution of mental states to the interactive agent. In general, no substantial differences were found in children’s trust in the play-partner as a function of agency (human or robot). Nevertheless, 3-years-olds showed a trend toward trusting the human more than the robot, as opposed to 7-years-olds, who displayed the reverse pattern. These findings align with results showing that, for 3 and 7-year-olds, the cognitive ability to switch was significantly associated with trust restoration in the human and the robot, respectively. Additionally, supporting previous findings, we found a dichotomy between attributions of mental states to the human and robot and children’s behavior: while attributing to the robot significantly lower mental states than the human, in the trusting game children behaved in a similar way when they related to the human and the robot. Altogether, the results of this study highlight that similar psychological mechanisms are at play when children are to establish a novel trustful relationship with a human and robot partner. Furthermore, the findings shed light on the interplay – during development – between children’s quality of attachment relationships and the development of a Theory of Mind, which act differently on trust dynamics as a function of the children’s age as well as the interactive partner’s nature (human vs. robot). (shrink)

This article compares the political philosophies of Michael Oakeshott and Isaiah Berlin, probably the two most important political philosophers in postwar Britain, who, strangely, had very little to do with one another during their illustrious careers. The article focuses on their respective critiques of rationalism and theories of liberal pluralism, arguing that Oakeshott provides the more consistent and philosophically satisfying account in both instances.

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the discourses produced on their websites by the two organisations that conducted the official ‘leave’ and ‘remain’ campaigns in the Brexit referendum. The analysis, whi...

The scenario of Homo sapiens origin/s within Africa has become increasingly complex, with a pan-African perspective currently challenging the long-established single-origin hypothesis. In this paper, we review the lines of evidence employed in support of each model, highlighting inferential limitations and possible terminological misunderstandings. We argue that the metapopulation scenario envisaged by pan-African proponents well describes a mosaic diversification among late Middle Pleistocene groups. However, this does not rule out a major contribution that emerged from a single population where crucial (...) derived features—notably, a globular braincase—appeared as the result of a punctuated, cladogenetic event. Thus, we suggest that a synthesis is possible and propose a scenario that, in our view, better reconciles with consolidated expectations in evolutionary theory. These indicate cladogenesis in allopatry as an ordinary pattern for the origin of a new species, particularly during phases of marked climatic and environmental instability. (shrink)

Friedrich von Hayek’s Unfinished Draft of a Sketch of a Biography of Ludwig Wittgenstein was the first attempt at the task of assembling a comprehensible picture of the life of his pre-eminent cousin, Ludwig Wittgenstein. As the title might suggest, von Hayek never finished this task, his efforts being stymied by both Wittgenstein’s literary executors and Wittgenstein’s sister, Margaret Stonborough. Here, and for the first time, Christian Erbacher presents the first real publication of this draft, with accompanying commentary, and an (...) afterword by Allan Janik. Perhaps the best way to describe Erbacher’s work here is as a ‘biography of a biography’. His introduction to von Hayek’s manuscript details the story behind its creation, beginning with an outline of von Hayek’s own relationship with Wittgenstein, and the parallels between their academic careers. In doing so, Erbacher not only also describes the history of von Hayek’s sketch, but also the history of Wittgenstein-biography as a genre in itself. For what emerges from Erbacher’s extensive work in researching the von Hayek sketch is that, despite never coming to fruition itself, the work that von Hayek put into collecting the materials for writing a biography of Wittgenstein was hugely influential in all future endeavours of chronicling Wittgenstein’s life. (shrink)

This paper seeks to present and reflect on some contributions that the philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty brings to pedagogy during his courses on child psychology and pedagogy achieved in Sorbonne between 1949 and 1952. It will be highlighted how the philosopher insists that it is in the intersection of knowledge that we are forced to think otherwise. Thus, studies on psychoanalysis, anthropology, culturalism, for instance, in his view, are fundamental for pedagogical reflections. This way of thinking renews our conception of children’s (...) world, as the children’s relation with the world, with others and with themselves. To expose this, we will first present some reflections on childhood that influenced the experience of the philosopher’s own thought. Finally, we will present one of Merleau-Ponty’s courses, “The child seen by the adult”, in which is revealed the philosopher’s originality in bringing to light some knowledge apparently distant from pedagogical reflections, but which forces us to think. (shrink)

Resumo: Como escolher um exemplo? O que se passa como um simples dado pode ser o mais complexo: o critério de escolha. Alguns casos servem de exemplo e outros não. Por quê? O objetivo deste texto é tentar dar algum critério para esse tipo de escolha. O caminho escolhido para tal foi tomar um caso da psicopatologia freudiana: o caso Dora. Por que esse caso é considerado o exemplo de histeria? Para responder a essa questão, recorre-se ao pensamento de Agamben, (...) principalmente quando se diferencia o exemplo da exceção; além de outros pensadores contemporâneos, recorre-se também a Foucault, quando este nos mostra o que seria o pensamento do exterior. O texto busca determinar por que o exemplo recai no caso de singularidade - algo que nem é particular e nem universal. Há um paradigma em dar um exemplo: nem todos valem. Por quê?: How to choose an example? What happens in dealing with simple data could in fact be the most complex of things: the criterion of choice. Some cases are examples and others are not. Why? The purpose of this text is to try to give some criteria for this sort of choice. The path chosen for this was to take a case of Freudian psychopathology: the case of Dora. Why is this case considered an example of hysteria? To answer this question, we recurr to Agamben’s ideas, especially his distinction between example and exception. Foucault’s “thought from outside” is also discussed, along with the ideas of other thinkers. The text seeks to determine why an example lies in a case of singularity - something that is neither particular nor universal. There is a paradigm in providing an example: not all are worthwhile. Why? (shrink)

In this study we aim to analyze the combined effect of age-based and gender stereotype threat on work identity processes and on work performance. The research utilizes an ample sample of over fifty-year-old workers from diverse organizations in Italy. Using a person-centered approach four clusters of workers were identified: low in both age-based and gender stereotype threat, high in gender and low in age-based stereotype threat, high in age-based and low in gender stereotype threat and high in both gender and (...) age-based stereotype threat. Gender was significantly associated with these clusters and women were more frequently present in those groups with high gender stereotype threat. ANOVA results show that workers in the last two clusters score significantly lower in authenticity, organizational identification and self-rate performance. All in all, if ageism is undoubtedly problematic for older workers’ identity processes, ageism and gender-stereotypes represent a double risk for women over fifty in the workplace. The analysis of the results can be beneficial both for the theoretical advancement and for the practical insights offered in the organizational and management field, where new policies of HR management can be elaborated, in order to value and to improve the workers experience. (shrink)

This article discuss two different approaches used to think historical a priori . On the one hand, when Husserl speaks about historical a priori , he refers to the tradition – one way of stating that history of thought is continuous and follows a common spirit. It implies, at the same time, that the tradition, despite being a discourse that precedes the subject, clearly to exist depends on a discursive subject at his present activity. On other, in Foucault’s proposal, historical (...) a priori will be saw from what would make possible the appearance of multiple statements in a given era . Therefore, it is all about a history not guided by subjectivity, but by the discourse itself. What remains of these two conceptions is to know the status of mathematics and physical sciences: they would be a model or an exception? (shrink)

In this article, we intend to show how Merleau-Ponty’s reflections originated in Husserlian phenomenology without, however, being restricted by its general outline. This is due to his assimilation of the contemporaneous works of the Gestalt theorists, and to his original analysis of Husserl’s work, an analysis which draws its inspiration from a certain tradition that endeavors to think the concrete. We will begin with Merleau-Ponty’s definition of phenomenology and the necessity of retrieving a “lived world”, a discussion that will allow (...) us to enter into his debate with the Gestalt theorists. In turn, this will enable us to see how he restructured his reading of Husserl, leading him to think the subject of perception in bodily terms. (shrink)

é quase natural associarmos a fenomenologia a uma filosofia da consciência. A pretensão de Husserl de realizar um idealismo transcendental tendo o ego transcendental como o fundamento da razão não nos deixa muitas brechas para pensarmos diferente. O modo como Husserl foi lido na França também não nos ajuda a pensar de outro modo. Entretanto, seu aluno, Martin Heidegger, parece propor algo diferente. Sim, a consciência é uma questão fundamental do pensamento filosófico. Mas seria preciso reduzir a filosofia a uma (...) questão sobre a consciência? Esse texto busca mostrar que não. Seria possível pensarmos a fenomenologia de um outro modo. (shrink)

Este artigo visa contribuir no modo como pensamos a relação da psicanálise freudiana e a educação. Dentre os vários clássicos que lidam com essa questão, voltamo-nos ao livro de Catherine Millot, _Freud anti-pédagogue_, por proporcionar uma visão ampla sobre nosso tema e por ter uma conclusão polêmica: uma antinomia entre educar e analisar. Se isso for verdade, há como pensarmos em uma relação entre pedagogia e psicanálise? Millot nos diz que não pode haver uma pedagogia analítica no sentido de uma (...) ciência da educação, considerando a referida ciência tal como se emprega o saber adquirido pela experiência psicanalítica sobre o inconsciente. Esse discurso bem articulado de Millot nos levou a crer (no meio acadêmico) que há um afastamento definitivo entre esses campos. Nossa questão aqui é: podemos pensar de outra forma? Para a presente reflexão, acompanhamos a posição de um pensador contemporâneo brasileiro: Rinaldo Voltolini. Ele argumenta que o problema da posição da psicanálise no campo educativo está voltado a um discurso de mestria. Pensaremos então sobre a impossibilidade do educar e o papel do ideal do eu na educação. Voltolini afirma que uma mestria é impossível. Em sua argumentação, mestria é entendida como uma maximização do efeito da educação sobre a criança em uma direção desejada. Em outras palavras: um direcionar-se a um ideal. Nesse sentido, podemos nos questionar: é possível, afinal, eliminarmos a transferência no ensino? Ou podemos nos utilizar da transferência no saber? Nossa conclusão se volta à ideia de que o educador trabalharia a partir de seu poder sugestivo; sabendo disso, ele pode se servir de tal poder na educação. (shrink)

In this detailed study of the republican tradition in the development of the Enlightenment, the central problem of utopia and reform is crystallized in a discussion of the right to punish. Describing the political situation in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the author shows how the old republics in Italy, Poland and Holland stagnated and were unable to survive in the age of absolutism. The Philosophes discussed the ideal of republicanism against this background. They were particularly influenced by (...) the political and religious radicalism of John Toland, which had survived the English Restoration and was then reaching Europe. Professor Venturi traces the debate on the penal laws and the attempt to relate utopian ideas of society to the practical problem of dealing with man in society, which culminated in the assertion by many Philosophes that an unjust social system necessitated harsh penal laws, thereby rejecting the possibility of reform. (shrink)

La comprensión de lo histórico por medio de la “revivencia” en Dilthey confluye con la idea de re-enactment en la teoría de la imaginación histórica de Collingwood a través de la autognosis. Este conocimiento de sí constituye la actividad primordial de la comprensión histórica y es llevado a cabo por el individuo que comprende de acuerdo con los significados vitales y sociohistóricos de su época. Así, las tradiciones del empirismo y del idealismo se acercan en aras de una reflexión sobre (...) la actividad efectiva del historiador. Se analiza, entonces, cuál es el rol de la autoconciencia en el conocimiento humano, atendiendo a las diferencias entre la psicología de ambos pensadores. (shrink)

Volume 16, Issue 4, September 2019, Page 381-388.

This paper provides a historical reevaluation of the originality and implications of Avempace's critique of Aristotle's causal explanation of the motion of projectiles. It also offers a serious revision of the place which has usually been assigned to Avempace in the history of science. The views regarding projectiles defended in Avempace's Arabic commentary are in sharp opposition to the anti-Aristotelian Avempace that was known in the Medieval West through Averroes. Avempace's commentary reveals only a moderate critic of Aristotle, a critic (...) who did not, in any case, break with the master, and who, therefore, did not even go as far as Philoponus in creating a new and more profound theory of projectile motion. (shrink)