A la secció 25 de la dissertació tercera de La genealogia de la moral, en el context de la recerca de «l’antagonista natural de l’ideal ascètic», es descriu l’antagonisme «Plató contra Homer» com «l’antagonisme autèntic i total». Aquest article emmarca aquest antagonisme en el conjunt de l’obra nietzscheana i, després d’analitzar com es planteja en la República de Plató, fa algunes remarques sobre el paper que interpreta en el pensament de l’últim Nietzsche. El seu propòsit és argumentar que la presa (...) en consideració de la interpretació i l’ús que Nietzsche fa de l’antagonisme «Plató contra Homer» permet obtenir una perspectiva hermenèutica des de la qual es poden contemplar aspectes habitualment desatesos de l’antagonisme decisiu, i no menys total, que té com a camp de batalla les últimes obres nietzscheanes: el «combat contra Plató» del mateix Nietzsche, que coincideix amb el seu combat per l’abandonament de la metafísica i l’autosupressió de la moral. (shrink)

La política de relaciones internacionales de los países del bloque occidental puso en marcha a mediados del siglo XX las políticas de cooperación al desarrollo. En España, a partir de los años 50 surgieron ONGD que iniciaron su camino en la cooperación al desarrollo, entre ellas Manos Unidas. La evolución del propio concepto de desarrollo y de cooperación al desarrollo fue recogida en los diferentes boletines informativos que se publicaban en Manos Unidas y reflejan los avances realizados en las diferentes (...) etapas. Este artículo analiza las acciones de desarrollo y de cooperación internacional a través de las publicaciones realizadas por la ONGD Manos Unidas. (shrink)

El presente artículo expone una redescripción de la primera persona gramatical en términos de su funcionamiento lógico-pragmático: qué ─acción─ cuenta como práctica lingüística de enunciación de “yo” como operación anafórica. Para conseguir este propósito, se utiliza la noción de anáfora como vínculo inferencial con estructuras suboracionales substituibles, y estas a su vez con estructuras proposicionales articuladas inferencialmente. Además, se cuenta con la noción de juegos de lenguaje y formas de vida ─Lebensformen─ en tanto adiestramiento para la práctica de dicho jugador. (...) En este sentido, se sigue plenamente la estructura que Robert Brandom desarrolla en hacerlo explícito. En definitiva, el enunciante de “yo” debe articular los contenidos conceptuales que se adscribe de manera anafórica para que se establezca un entramado coherente de compromisos deónticos. (shrink)

Prisoners sometimes die in prison, either due to natural illness, violence, suicide, or a result of imprisonment. The purpose of this study is to understand deaths in custody using qualitative methodology and to argue for a comprehensive definition of death in custody that acknowledges deaths related to the prison environment. Interviews were conducted with 33 experts, who primarily work as lawyers or forensic doctors with national and/or international organisations. Responses were coded and analysed qualitatively. Defining deaths in custody according to (...) the place of death was deemed problematic. Experts favoured a dynamic approach emphasising the link between the detention environment and occurrence of death rather than the actual place of death. Causes of deaths and different patterns of deaths were discussed, indicating that many of these deaths are preventable. Lack of an internationally recognised standard definition of death in custody is a major concern. Key aspects such as place, time, and causes of death as well as relation to the prison environment should be debated and incorporated into the definition. Systematic identification of violence within prison institutions is critical and efforts are needed to prevent unnecessary deaths in prison and to protect vulnerable prisoners. (shrink)

El presente artículo expone una redescripción de la primera persona gramatical en términos de su funcionamiento lógico-pragmático: qué -acción- cuenta como práctica lingüística de enunciación de “yo” como operación anafórica. Para conseguir este propósito, se utiliza la noción de anáfora como vínculo inferencial con estructuras suboracionales substituibles, y estas a su vez con estructuras proposicionales articuladas inferencialmente. Además, se cuenta con la noción de juegos de lenguaje y formas de vida -Lebensformen- en tanto adiestramiento para la práctica de dicho jugador. (...) En este sentido, se sigue plenamente la estructura que Robert Brandom desarrolla en Hacerlo explícito. En definitiva, el enunciante de “yo” debe articular los contenidos conceptuales que se adscribe de manera anafórica para que se establezca un entramado coherente de compromisos deónticos. (shrink)

The accuracy of proxies when they interpret advance directives or apply substituted decision-making criteria has been called into question. It therefore became important to know if the Andalusian Advance Directive Form (AADF) can help to increase the accuracy of proxies' predictions. The aim of this research was to compare the effect of the AADF on the accuracy of proxies' predictions about patients' preferences with that gained from informative and deliberative sessions about end-of-life decision making. A total of 171 pairs of (...) patients and their proxies were randomized to three groups. The control group's answers to the Life Sustaining Preferences Questionnaire (LSPQ) were compared with their proxies' answers to the same questionnaire. In one intervention group, the patients had already completed the AADF and given it to their proxies, who used it to guide their own answers to the LSPQ. In the second intervention (discussion) group, both patients and proxies attended two educative sessions guided by trained nurses and later filled in the LSPQ. Comparisons of accuracy and other variables showed a strong association with the discussion group. The findings show that promoting communication between patients and their proxies improves the accuracy of proxies' predictions much more than isolated use of the AADF form. (shrink)

Objective: To measure the stability of life-sustaining treatment preferences amongst older people and analyse the factors that influence stability. Design: Longitudinal cohort study. Setting: Primary care centres, Granada (Spain). Eighty-five persons age 65 years or older. Participants filled out a questionnaire with six contexts of illness (LSPQ-e). They had to decide whether or not to receive treatment. Participants completed the questionnaire at baseline and 18 months later. Results: 86 percent of the patients did not change preferences. Sex, age, marital status, (...) hospitalisation, and self-perception of health and pain did not affect preferences. Morbidity and the death of a relative did. Conclusion: Stability of preferences of older persons in relation to end-of-life decisions seems to be more probable than instability. Some factors, such as the death of a relative or the increase in morbidity, can change preferences. These findings have implications for advance directives (ADs) and advance care planning. (shrink)

: This article presents a definition of action that links empirical facts with normative reasons to form an explanation of rational agency with predictive capabilities. This idea is developed along the lines of pragmatism which holds that a set of beliefs is a matter of linguistic evaluation from a particular community. This notion is related to the idea of facts as empirical information that is cognitively apprehended. Such information is regarded as an input which is later contrasted to expected behavioral (...) responses from the agent. The deviation of such observed behavior with respect to the expected one represents an evaluative output that is understood as the definition of reasonably expected behavior. Action is, thus, understood as the outcome of such an evaluative process. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In this article we analyze the attempt that young Simone Weil made for thinking time and change, and for deciphering the participation that the world and the mind may have in its configuration. To achieve this, we set out to elucidate two concepts that we believe synthesize her approach: the first one is astonishment, understood both in its quality of incessant intuition that reveals the human impotence to understand the present, and in its quality as a mediating instance between (...) ignorance and approximate human science of the phenomenal field. The second concept we analyze is that of directed time, significant of the first Weilian philosophy in that it reveals the subjugation of man to the present, the only tangible time. This determination allows us to understand the meaning of the past as an abolished existence, and the future as a virtual nucleus of possibilities towards which the human being prepares his action and work thanks to his faculty to devise projects. Finally, we try to show the problematic tension that young Weil discerned between the law of the immediacy of the world, and the law of time that imposes intermediate steps to the realization of all human activity. (shrink)

En este artículo analizamos la cuestión de la presencia del mundo en los escritos de juventud de Simone Weil, con el objetivo de aprehender su concepción del tiempo. En ese sentido, intentaremos elucidar las relaciones ontológica y epistemológica que ella establece entre el hombre y el mundo. Esta perspectiva nos permite explorar la primera filosofía de la percepción weiliana y trazar las implicaciones existenciales que se desprenden de la experiencia del presente. Igualmente, examinamos la dificultad de pensar la inmovilidad en (...) la realidad humana a partir de la tensión problemática que plantea S.Weil entre las nociones de continuidad y eternidad. Palabras clave: Simone Weil, presencia, mundo, continuidad, eternidad, tiempo. (shrink)

A noção de pessoa, para Simone Weil, passa por uma certa desconstrução e releitura que a filósofa realiza a partir da categoria do impessoal. Abordaremos inicialmente os conceitos de direito e obrigação, refletindo sobre as necessidades da alma pensadas por Weil, em que a obrigação abre o ser humano para o impessoal da pessoa, que por sua vez é conexo com o sentido do eterno e do sagrado. Neste escrito pretende-se resgatar alguns traços desta reflexão e destacar a relação entre (...) o impessoal com o eterno e o sagrado, enquanto constitutivos do ser humano, estudando como a partir do impessoal emerge uma nova percepção da relação ética. (shrink)

Resumen La cuestión del tiempo es uno de los principales objetos de estudio que ocuparon a Simone Weil. En efecto, está intensamente presente en su obra desde sus primeros textos hasta sus últimos escritos. La razón es de peso: para esta autora es a través del tiempo que accedemos a la realidad y a toda posibilidad de sentido en sta. Ahora bien, nuestra intención es mostrar que si bien es cierto que la concepción del tiempo de S. Weil, en sus (...) años de madurez, se erige desde una perspectiva espiritualista, mística y religiosa, en su primera época la filósofa se instala en una ontológica fuertemente influenciada por Kant, que la lleva a restringir lo temporal al marco de la experiencia posible, en el sentido que le da el pensador alemán.The question of time is one of the most important subjects in Simone Weil’s philosophy. Indeed, time’s issue is intensively present in her works from her earlier texts until her last writings. This can be explained by the fact that, for this author, it is through time that we can access to reality and find any sense into the latter. That being said, our goal is to show that, if certainly it can be affirmed that S. Weil’s conception of time in her maturity years is constructed from a spiritual, mystic and religious perspective, at the opposite, in her first period, the philosopher settles her views through an ontology strong influenced by Kant, which conducts her to limited temporal matters into the frame of possible experience, according to the definition of this expression given by the German thinker. (shrink)

Resumen: En este trabajo estudiamos la génesis de la concepción de la percepción de Simone Weil. Apoyándonos en algunos textos clave de juventud de la autora, hacemos el seguimiento al manejo que le da la filósofa a la figura mitológica de Proteo y a las nociones de tiempo y espacio. Así, nuestra intención es evidenciar la aparición de los principales fundamentos teóricos que estructurarán la fenomenología weiliana de los años de madurez.2 En este sentido, intentamos demostrar en particular que si (...) bien el proceso perceptivo weiliano de los años de juventud está determinantemente influenciado por la fenomenología kantiana, aparece ya un aporte original en lo que atañe a la relación de la conciencia del sujeto y los datos espaciotemporales que se le revelan al aprehender el objeto.: In this work we study the genesis of Simone Weil's conception of perception. We discuss her use of the notions of time, space, and the mythological figure of Proteus, analyzing some of the author's key early texts. Our goal is to then make clear the appearance of the main important theoretical bases that organize Weil's phenomenology in her mature years. In this way, we try to demonstrate that although the perceptive process as conceived by the young Weil is strongly influenced by Kantian phenomenology, it already appears as an original contribution with regard to the relation between the consciousness of the subject and the spatiotemporal data revealed in the apprehension of the object. (shrink)

A partir de nuestra interpretación de la obra de Simone Weil proponemos dos líneas de lectura para entender su concepción de la identidad individual: primero, mostramos que para la filósofa el hombre construye, a través de su trabajo, la imagen de sí mismo que él busca ser. Mostraremos que esta búsqueda está habitada por un problema fundamental: la repetición de un mecanismo ligado al deseo de expansión del yo, en el que apenas se alcanza el instante de contacto con la (...) imagen proyectada, esta se ve remodelada y vuelta a lanzar al horizonte inalcanzable del deseo. Así, veremos en segundo lugar que en oposición a ese camino de construcción de la identidad que emana de la labor, aparece en la última época weiliana una búsqueda de destrucción del impulso de identificación, que implica una disciplina consciente de control de la expansión del yo y del deseo de poder que le es inherente. From our interpretation of Simone Weil's works, we propose two lecture lines to understand her conception of individual identity: first, we show that, according to Weil, man builds, through his work, the image of himself that he attempts to be. We will show that, behind this search, there is a structural problem: the repetition of an mechanism related to the self's desire of expansion, where, as soon as the instant of contact with the projected image is reached, this image is remodeled and launched forward until the unreachable horizon of desire. And secondly, we will see that in opposition to this path of identity's construction which arises from work, in the last weilian period it appears a search of destruction of the identification momentum, that implies a conscious discipline of control of the self's expansion and the desire of power which is related. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Toward a Political Economy of the Libro De AlexandreSimone Pinet (bio)The carefully composed and craftily pronounced stanzas of the thirteenth-century Libro de Alexandre, if mostly a (free) translation of Gautier de Châtillon’s Alexandreis, provide readers with glimpses of northern Iberia in descriptions and comparisons, but especially through curious formulations and eloquent rewritings.1 These incite the reader to reflect upon the emergence of the vernacular regime of literary composition by (...) clerics that developed in the thirteenth century, a corpus known to us as the mester de clerecía. In this corpus, the use of the vernacular, in particular, brings with it an unproblematized sense of transparency of the context in which the works of mester de clerecía were produced, a genre of which the Libro de Alexandre is a key poetic point of origin. Next to an emphasis on a Latinate syntax and recitation techniques that underline the corpus’s clerical production, the irruption of quotidian phrases, vocabulary, figures of medievalization, and especially of Iberization, make these texts a privileged site to study the articulation of the varied phenomena that from economics to the grammatical, from Aristotle to technology, come to revolutionize medieval culture from the twelfth century onward. Of the many peculiar uses of the vernacular in the Libro de Alexandre, references that connote a sense of worthlessness through the repeated structure “not worth an X, ” especially those that express the comparison with minted coinage of little value: dinero, meaja, pepión, or sueldo, as in “not worth a penny,”2 will serve here as a point of entry. These hyperbolic [End Page 44] expressions, common to Romance languages, underline not only the moral and economic ambivalence of terms such as preçio, valor, honor, pagar(se), dar crédito, and so forth, but also the incorporation of a monetary economy within this ambivalence. These types of expressions, moreover, produce a linguistic marker for such ambiguity, as Louis F. Sas noted when he underlined the “affect” which marks, at the level of speech, the reference to abstract terms such as infinity, nothing, and zero in these types of constructions [469, 471].3Sas notes that the vast majority of the occurrences of these phrases in the Libro de Alexandre happen “in combination with the word valer, with its synonyms, or with dar por, that is, in contexts of exchange” [475]. Many years before Sas exhaustively documented these expressions, Alois Richard Nykl had interpreted their presence as related to barter and a supposed clerical contact with local markets, which to some extent could explain their frequent use in the poem, and he especially mentioned the use of fruits and vegetables in these expressions. Nykl also suggested these were “rustic” similes, favored by men of the clergy such as Berceo, Juan Ruiz, and the authors of the Alexandre and the Fernán González, showing, in his opinion, these men’s contact with a certain world in which fruits and vegetables could serve as payment for the church or diezmo, bringing in through this curious interpretation not only a historical economic context but also its [End Page 45] qualification as something “rustic” or at least foreign to the cleric [311].4In 1929, a couple of years after Nykl’s article appeared, George Irving Dale would correct his affirmations, noting that the expressions called “rustic” by Nykl belonged to a well-studied figure called figurative negation. Dale remarked that figurative negation appeared already in the Poema de mio Cid, and he directed the reader to the bibliography offered by Menéndez Pidal in his edition of the Poema under the title of “Refuerzo de la Negación” [Cantar de Mio Cid 1: 376 and glossary]. In his article, Dale wrote in passing that the type of adjectives used with these expressions “increases the insignificance or lack of value” [324]. Later, agreeing with Dale, Sas wrote that the emphasis added to these phrases through the use of adjectives such as vile or rotten did not point to any medieval particular practice beyond that of a peculiar affect, which has been interpreted in terms of “simplicity.” In the next pages I want to suggest some lines of... (shrink)

En este trabajo se indaga en la recepción del republicanismo clásico en España e Hispanoamérica, recepción que en ambos escenarios fue superficial y parcial. En España, es posible hallar huellas de esta tradición filosófico-política especialmente en el movimiento comunero cuyos integrantes esgrimían una ideología que recogía parte de la doctrina republicana y llegaron a poner en práctica, incluso, algunos de sus aspectos más destacables, si bien no surgió ninguna obra doctrinal importante. En Hispanoamérica, por su parte, todas las naciones, tras (...) su independencia, se enfrentaron al reto de organizar sus sociedades y sus Estados, lo que les llevó a bucear en las fuentes clásicas y renacentistas de la tradición republicana tanto como en las modernas de la tradición liberal. En cualquier caso, las tesis clásicas apenas llegaron a tener influencia real a pesar de que fueran esgrimidas, ni más ni menos que por el propio Simón Bolívar, entre otros. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Toward a Political Economy of the Libro De AlexandreSimone Pinet (bio)The carefully composed and craftily pronounced stanzas of the thirteenth-century Libro de Alexandre, if mostly a (free) translation of Gautier de Châtillon’s Alexandreis, provide readers with glimpses of northern Iberia in descriptions and comparisons, but especially through curious formulations and eloquent rewritings.1 These incite the reader to reflect upon the emergence of the vernacular regime of literary composition by (...) clerics that developed in the thirteenth century, a corpus known to us as the mester de clerecía. In this corpus, the use of the vernacular, in particular, brings with it an unproblematized sense of transparency of the context in which the works of mester de clerecía were produced, a genre of which the Libro de Alexandre is a key poetic point of origin. Next to an emphasis on a Latinate syntax and recitation techniques that underline the corpus’s clerical production, the irruption of quotidian phrases, vocabulary, figures of medievalization, and especially of Iberization, make these texts a privileged site to study the articulation of the varied phenomena that from economics to the grammatical, from Aristotle to technology, come to revolutionize medieval culture from the twelfth century onward. Of the many peculiar uses of the vernacular in the Libro de Alexandre, references that connote a sense of worthlessness through the repeated structure “not worth an X, ” especially those that express the comparison with minted coinage of little value: dinero, meaja, pepión, or sueldo, as in “not worth a penny,”2 will serve here as a point of entry. These hyperbolic [End Page 44] expressions, common to Romance languages, underline not only the moral and economic ambivalence of terms such as preçio, valor, honor, pagar(se), dar crédito, and so forth, but also the incorporation of a monetary economy within this ambivalence. These types of expressions, moreover, produce a linguistic marker for such ambiguity, as Louis F. Sas noted when he underlined the “affect” which marks, at the level of speech, the reference to abstract terms such as infinity, nothing, and zero in these types of constructions [469, 471].3Sas notes that the vast majority of the occurrences of these phrases in the Libro de Alexandre happen “in combination with the word valer, with its synonyms, or with dar por, that is, in contexts of exchange” [475]. Many years before Sas exhaustively documented these expressions, Alois Richard Nykl had interpreted their presence as related to barter and a supposed clerical contact with local markets, which to some extent could explain their frequent use in the poem, and he especially mentioned the use of fruits and vegetables in these expressions. Nykl also suggested these were “rustic” similes, favored by men of the clergy such as Berceo, Juan Ruiz, and the authors of the Alexandre and the Fernán González, showing, in his opinion, these men’s contact with a certain world in which fruits and vegetables could serve as payment for the church or diezmo, bringing in through this curious interpretation not only a historical economic context but also its [End Page 45] qualification as something “rustic” or at least foreign to the cleric [311].4In 1929, a couple of years after Nykl’s article appeared, George Irving Dale would correct his affirmations, noting that the expressions called “rustic” by Nykl belonged to a well-studied figure called figurative negation. Dale remarked that figurative negation appeared already in the Poema de mio Cid, and he directed the reader to the bibliography offered by Menéndez Pidal in his edition of the Poema under the title of “Refuerzo de la Negación” [Cantar de Mio Cid 1: 376 and glossary]. In his article, Dale wrote in passing that the type of adjectives used with these expressions “increases the insignificance or lack of value” [324]. Later, agreeing with Dale, Sas wrote that the emphasis added to these phrases through the use of adjectives such as vile or rotten did not point to any medieval particular practice beyond that of a peculiar affect, which has been interpreted in terms of “simplicity.” In the next pages I want to suggest some lines of... (shrink)

Addressing both collegiate and professional sports, the updated edition of Fair Play: The Ethics of Sport explores the ethical presuppositions of competitive athletics and their connection both to ethical theory and to concrete moral dilemmas that arise in actual athletic competition. This fourth edition has been updated with new examples, including a discussion of Spygate by the New England Patriots and recent discoveries on the use of performance enhancing drugs by top athletes. Two additional authors, Cesar R. Torres and Peter (...) F. Hager, bring to this edition a discussion of the moral issues involved in youth sports and the ethics of being a fan, as well as a fresh perspective on the theories of broad internalism and the quest for excellence. Furthermore, major criticisms of broad internalism by philosophers William J. Morgan and Scott Kretchmar add a new dimension to the discussion on the moral foundations of winning. (shrink)

This paper develops a semantic solution to the puzzle of Free Choice permission. The paper begins with a battery of impossibility results showing that Free Choice is in tension with a variety of classical principles, including Disjunction Introduction and the Law of Excluded Middle. Most interestingly, Free Choice appears incompatible with a principle concerning the behavior of Free Choice under negation, Double Prohibition, which says that Mary can’t have soup or salad implies Mary can’t have soup and Mary can’t have (...) salad. Alonso-Ovalle 2006 and others have appealed to Double Prohibition to motivate pragmatic accounts of Free Choice. Aher 2012, Aloni 2018, and others have developed semantic accounts of Free Choice that also explain Double Prohibition. -/- This paper offers a new semantic analysis of Free Choice designed to handle the full range of impossibility results involved in Free Choice. The paper develops the hypothesis that Free Choice is a homogeneity effect. The claim possibly A or B is defined only when A and B are homogenous with respect to their modal status, either both possible or both impossible. Paired with a notion of entailment that is sensitive to definedness conditions, this theory validates Free Choice while retaining a wide variety of classical principles except for the transitivity of entailment. The homogeneity hypothesis is implemented in two different ways, homogeneous alternative semantics and homogeneous dynamic semantics, with interestingly different consequences. (shrink)

This paper uses the example of the COVID-19 pandemic to analyse the danger associated with insufficient epistemic pluralism in evidence-based public health policy. Drawing on certain elements in Paul Feyerabend’s political philosophy of science, it discusses reasons for implementing more pluralism as well as challenges to be tackled on the way forward.

An original study of the philosophical problems associated with inductive reasoning. Like most of the main questions in epistemology, the classical problem of induction arises from doubts about a mode of inference used to justify some of our most familiar and pervasive beliefs. The experience of each individual is limited and fragmentary, yet the scope of our beliefs is much wider; and it is the relation between belief and experience, in particular the belief that the future will in some respects (...) resemble the past and the unobserved the observed, which forms the subject of this book. Dr Blackburn's first aim is to state the problem of induction properly, to show that there does exist a genuine problem immune to the solutions in vogue at present, yet no tin principle insoluble. He gives an extended and original account of the concept of a reason and goes on to discuss prediction. In the end Dr Blackburn produces a rationale for belief in certain short-term predictions based on his reinterpretation of the classical principle of indifference. He claims that a justification for induction can be found along the lines he has suggested and must indeed be found there if anywhere. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Classical and intuitionistic logic both validate Ex Contradictione Quodlibet, according to which any proposition whatsoever follows from a contradiction. Many philosophers have found ECQ counter-intuitive, but criticisms of the principle have almost universally been directed from a position of support for relevance or other orthodox paraconsistent logics, according to which some, but not necessarily all, propositions follow from a contradiction. This paper draws attention to the historically significant view that nothing whatsoever follows from a contradiction – Ex Contradictione Nihil. (...) It addresses the key arguments – model-theoretic, proof-theoretic, meaning theoretic and holist – deployed by proponents of ECQ against their standard opponents, and shows that each can be defeated from a position of support for ECN. In the course of answering these arguments, some understanding is developed of possible motivations for ECN and a solid case is built that ECN deserves further investigation. (shrink)

In this article, I will discuss two prominent views on the relevance and irrelevance of ontological investigations for the social sciences, namely, ontological foundationalism and anti-ontological pragmatism. I will argue that both views are unsatisfactory. The subsequent part of the article will introduce an alternative role for ontological projects in the philosophy of the social sciences that fares better in this respect by paying attention to the ontological assumptions of actual social scientific theories, models, and related explanatory practices. I will (...) illustrate and support this alternative through discussion of three concrete cases. (shrink)

Encyclopedia entry on the debate over simplicity/parsimony and Ockham's Razor in the philosophy of science.