Die Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) hat im Mai 2001 eine neue behinderungsspezifische Klassifikation verabschiedet, die "Internationale Klassifikation der Funktionsfähigkeit, Behinderung und Gesundheit (ICF)". Mit der ICF wird der Anspruch erhoben, das medizinische und das soziale Modell von Behinderung in einem "biopsychosozialen Ansatz" zu integrieren. Im medizinischen Modell wird die individuelle gesundheitliche Schädigung als ursächlich für die Behinderung eines Menschen angesehen. Im sozialen Modell hingegen liegt der Fokus auf den soziokulturellen Umweltbedingungen, die einen geschädigten Menschen in seiner Lebensführung einschränken. Bei sorgfältiger Analyse weist (...) das integrative Modell der ICF jedoch Ambivalenzen hinsichtlich der Aufnahme von Aspekten des medizinischen und sozialen Modells auf, die eine Vereinbarkeit der beiden Modelle in Frage stellen. Entgegen der Intention der ICF ist der Einfluss des medizinischen gegenüber dem sozialen Modell dominant. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungDie Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) hat im Mai 2001 eine neue behinderungsspezifische Klassifikation verabschiedet, die "Internationale Klassifikation der Funktionsfähigkeit, Behinderung und Gesundheit (ICF)". Mit der ICF wird der Anspruch erhoben, das medizinische und das soziale Modell von Behinderung in einem "biopsychosozialen Ansatz" zu integrieren. Im medizinischen Modell wird die individuelle gesundheitliche Schädigung als ursächlich für die Behinderung eines Menschen angesehen. Im sozialen Modell hingegen liegt der Fokus auf den soziokulturellen Umweltbedingungen, die einen geschädigten Menschen in seiner Lebensführung einschränken. Bei sorgfältiger Analyse weist (...) das integrative Modell der ICF jedoch Ambivalenzen hinsichtlich der Aufnahme von Aspekten des medizinischen und sozialen Modells auf, die eine Vereinbarkeit der beiden Modelle in Frage stellen. Entgegen der Intention der ICF ist der Einfluss des medizinischen gegenüber dem sozialen Modell dominant. (shrink)

Reflections on Language brings together a collection of seventy-eight articles that examine language from many different perspectives. Its selections focus on language as a social form, demonstrating how it is an indispensable component of the world and how we interpret it. Organized thematically, the text addresses many topics, including the acquisition of language, the rhetoric of advertising, the language of politics, language between the sexes, and language across cultures. It also discusses areas not covered by similar books, such as the (...) bodily basis of language, communication across species, and the language of cyberspace. Ideal for courses in freshman composition, introduction to language, and a variety of writing classes, Reflections on Language helps students and other readers to become more aware of language and to use it more effectively. The text offers useful aids for writing instruction, including an opening chapter on writing and revising, a rhetorical table of contents, and a glossary, as well as introductory notes, journal writing prompts, and analytical exercises for each selection. Reflections on Language also includes an index as well as thirteen advertisements, eighteen cartoons, and numerous end-of-chapter writing assignments. This unique reader incorporates a substantial number of scholarly articles by language theorists in addition to pieces by popular writers and works of short fiction, poetry, and drama. Lively, informative, and authoritative, Reflections on Language leads students and general readers to a deeper understanding of language and its power. (shrink)

On the basis of the primitive dyadic time relation “earlier than” we develop subsequently temporal relations and orders of things in mereological terms. The basic mereological relation is the relation of part to whole, which permits the whole as part of itself. Starting point of the mereo-chronological systematization is Alfred Tarski’s development of the characteristics of the relations of part and time and their correlations in the appendix E of Henry Woodger’s application of mathematical and logical methods in biology in (...) “The Axiomatic Method in Biology” (1937). Tarski’s reasoning is modified and expanded in different ways. Modifications are made with respect to the following three items: the choice of the postulated axioms and cited theorems, the transscription of the axioms and theorems formalized by Tarski in Principia Mathematica-notation in symbolism of modern First-Order Predicate Logic and the detailed proofs of the theorems. The intended meaning of the axioms and theorems is given in common everyday language and − if possible − illustrating diagrams are added. -/- Things in time and momentary things are introduced (§ 2) and their relations to things in general are contemplated (§ 3.1). By means of the relation of temporal coincidence certain relations between momentary things are dealt with (§ 3.2). For momentary things another time relation “wholly earlier” is defined (§ 3.3), which leads together with the definition of momentary worlds to a corresponding relation between them (§ 3.4). This relation eventually gives us a temporal order of momentary worlds, which is isomorphic to the continuum of real numbers (§ 3.4). Momentary phases as “slices” of single things (§ 3.5), the fundamental concept of an organized (biological) unity and the relation “wholly earlier” between momentary phases of an organized unity have the result that the duration of life of an organized unity can be modelled as a closed interval in the sequence of momentary worlds (§ 4). Finally by means of a dyadic time relation “wholly earlier” between things introduced by Tarski in the appendix E the time relations of copresence, of temporal part, of simultaneousness and of genuine temporal part are defined (§ 5). (shrink)

Ein Standardwerk, dass aus dem geistigen Leben nicht mehr wegzudenken ist: "In allen Bibliotheken der Welt stehen seine in zahlreiche Sprachen übersetzten Werke. Unzählige Studenten haben mit ihnen gearbeitet. Die hohen Auflagenzahlen beweisen, dass es sich um Standardwerke handelt. Hirschbergers monumentale... "Geschichte der Philosophie"ist aus dem geistigen Leben nicht mehr wegzudenken. Durch Klarheit, Quellennähe und Konzentration auf das Wesentliche übertrifft sie alles Vergleichbare... "(Die Zeit).

Since Aristotle it is recognised that a valid syllogism cannot have two particular premises. However, that is not how a lay person sees it; at least as long as the premises read many, most etc, instead of a plain some. The lay people are right if one considers that these syllogisms do not have strict but approximate (Zadeh) validity. Typically there are only particular premises available in everyday life and one is dependent on such syllogisms. – Some rules on the (...) usage of particular premises are given below. (shrink)

The major theoretical framework relative to the perception of illusory figures is reviewed and discussed in the attempt to provide a unifying explanatory account for these phenomena.

Following the pioneering studies of the receptive field (RF), the concept gained further significance for visual perception by the discovery of input effects from beyond the classical RF. These studies demonstrated that neuronal responses could be modulated by stimuli outside their RFs, consistent with the perception of induced brightness, color, orientation, and motion. Lesion scotomata are similarly modulated perceptually from the surround by RFs that have migrated from the interior to the outer edge of the scotoma and in this way (...) provide filling-in of the void. Large RFs are advantageous to this task. In higher visual areas, such as the middle temporal and inferotemporal lobe, RFs increase in size and lose most of their retinotopic organization while encoding increasingly complex features. Whereas lowerlevel RFs mediate perceptual filling-in, contour integration, and figure–ground segregation, RFs at higher levels serve the perception of grouping by common fate, biological motion, and other biologically relevant stimuli, such as faces. Studies in alert monkeys while freely viewing natural scenes showed that classical and nonclassical RFs cooperate in forming representations of the visual world. Today, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the RF is undergoing a quantum leap. What had started out as a hierarchical feedforward concept for simple stimuli, such as spots, lines, and bars, now refers to mechanisms involving ascending, descending, and lateral signal flow. By extension of the bottom-up paradigm, RFs are nowadays understood as adaptive processors, enabling the predictive coding of complex scenes. Top-down effects guiding attention and tuned to task-relevant information complement the bottom-up analysis. (shrink)

Alongside the 'critical theory' of the Frankfurt School, West Germany was also home to another influential Marxist current known as the Marburg School. In this volume, Marburg disciple Lothar Peter traces the school's history and situates it in the political discourse and developments of its time. The renowned political scientist Wolfgang Abendroth plays a large role, but unlike most histories of the Marburg School Peter also takes the sociologists Werner Hofmann and Heinz Maus into account as well as their (...) many students and successors. They were united by the conviction that teaching and scholarship must necessarily be tied to the practical goal of transforming society - an approach that met with considerable opposition in the harshly anti-Communist atmosphere of the period. (shrink)

The following conjecture is due to Shelah–Hasson: Any infinite strongly NIP field is either real closed, algebraically closed, or admits a non‐trivial definable henselian valuation, in the language of rings. We specialise this conjecture to ordered fields in the language of ordered rings, which leads towards a systematic study of the class of strongly NIP almost real closed fields. As a result, we obtain a complete characterisation of this class.

This article is about the post-history of Hobbes’s name for the state and thus about the history of the name ‘Leviathan’ insofar as this name has remained the catchword for the (modern) state to this day (from the late 17th century to the beginning of the 21st century), but above all for that of absolutist-despotic proportions. This story, told here for the first time, is particularly interesting because it ultimately reveals a continuity in the understanding of Hob-bes that suggests that (...) this post-history not only has something to do with Hobbes’s Leviathan itself, but at least as much with its pre-history - with the name ‘Leviathan’, which Hobbes gave the state in reference to the biblical monster of the same name. (shrink)

"Die Kritik ist nicht die Wissenschaft." Zu diesem Ergebnis führt eine Besinnung auf den Begriff der Objektivität in der kunstwissenschaftlichen Forschung. Die aktuelle Situation, die durch wissenschaftstheoretische und methodologische Überlegungen bestimmt ist, verlangt neue Zielsetzungen und Aufgaben. Das zentrale Problem - die Begründung der Ästhetik als selbständige, moderne Wissenschaft - steht und fällt mit der Frage, ob die Kunst Gegenstand einer generellen, empirisch prüfbaren Theorie sein kann. Der zeitgenössische Strukturalismus glaubt diese Frage positiv beantworten zu können. Er versucht, die ästhetischen (...) Gebilde nicht nur als registrierbare Einzelfälle zu erklären und zu bewerten, sondern auf allgemeinere Gesetzmäßigkeiten zurückzuführen. (shrink)

Is the reference to the Book of Job sufficient to explain why Hobbes gave the name ‘Leviathan’ to the state he advocated? Had he not been aware of how maligned this name had been for centuries: that it not only referred to a monster, but soon became synonymous with the devil himself? - The “long shadow” that, according to Carl Schmitt, the name ‘Leviathan’ alone had cast on Hobbes’s work from the very beginning was first cleared somewhat in 2007 by (...) Noel Malcolm’s reference to Jacques Boulduc’s Job- commentary of 1619/37. As far as the “extraneous influence” in question is concerned, however, reference could also be made to the Job-commentary of a certain Joseph Caryl of 1643, which in turn took away some of the scandalous connotation of the biblical Leviathan. The real key to Hobbes’s naming, however, may lie with Jean Bodin, with whom Hobbes shares everything that the name ‘Leviathan’ stands for in his political philosophy. (shrink)