Desde que se completó la secuenciación del genoma humano, el hombre pierde su “esencia”, pasando a ser un texto interpretable y modificable: una subversión de la carne. D. Haraway (1995) ha sido una de las pioneras en el tema defendiendo al cyborg como una entidad polémica, un ciberorganismo que cuestiona, desde una cierta perspectiva de la filosofía de la técnica, –e incluso los feminismos– en la que se inscriben también Sloterdijk, Sandel. T. Aguilar, entre otros, la pretendida esencia humanista, misma (...) que queda cuestionada en torno a “lo humano” y su identidad unívoca. Se analizan derivas estéticas de Orlan, Sterlac y Kac. (shrink)

The doctrine of double effect has a firm, respected position within Roman Catholic medical ethics. In addition, public debate often incorporates this doctrine when determining the acceptability of certain actions. This essay examines and assesses the application of this doctrine to end-of-life decisions. National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 11.1 (Spring 2011): 99–119.

The new wave of ‘foundation models’—general-purpose generative AI models, for production of text (e.g., ChatGPT) or images (e.g., MidJourney)—represent a dramatic advance in the state of the art for AI. But their use also introduces a range of new risks, which has prompted an ongoing conversation about possible regulatory mechanisms. Here we propose a specific principle that should be incorporated into legislation: that any organization developing a foundation model intended for public use must demonstrate a reliable detection mechanism for the (...) content it generates, as a condition of its public release. The detection mechanism should be made publicly available in a tool that allows users to query, for an arbitrary item of content, whether the item was generated (wholly or partly) by the model. In this paper, we argue that this requirement is technically feasible and would play an important role in reducing certain risks from new AI models in many domains. We also outline a number of options for the tool’s design, and summarize a number of points where further input from policymakers and researchers would be required. (shrink)

Autonomía significa capacidad de otorgarse la ley a uno mismo; atendiendo a su etimología (de "autós" -uno mismo- y "nomos", ley), consiste en tener la ley en uno mismo, o, más precisamente aún, ser uno mismo su ley. En el discurso ético, el término aparece con Kant, pero la noción y la problemática que se quieren significar con él es mucho más antigua. Ya aparece nada menos que en los capítulos segundo y tercero del Génesis. En ellos se narra que (...) en el paraíso la primera pareja humana recibió un mandato de Dios :"Puedes comer de todos los árboles del jardín; mas del árbol de la ciencia del bien y del mal no comerás en modo alguno, porque el día en que comieres, ciertamente morirás". Pero sufrieron una tentación, con el argumento de que "Dios sabe que en el momento en que comáis se abrirán vuestros ojos y seréis como dioses, conocedores del bien y del mal", y cayeron en ella. Prescindiendo del decorado, no es difícil entender que lo que aquí está en juego es la decisión sobre el bien y el mal. El hombre reclama para sí el establecer -según su ciencia, eso sí- qué está bien y qué está mal, lo que en el relato se había reservado Dios para Sí mismo. Quiere por tanto ser el origen de la ley por la que debe regir sus actos: en una palabra, quiere ser autónomo. Como puede verse tanto por el tiempo en que se escribió el relato como más aún por el tiempo al que se refiere, la cuestión es vieja. Y es crucial. No se trata de tal o cual obligación moral, sino del origen mismo de la obligación. (shrink)

La llamada "moral civil" tiene tres características principales: es una "ética de mínimos", es plenamente racional, y se establece por consenso. Sin embargo, la ética no se mide por el número de preceptos, y los sistemas éticos no pueden ser clasificados por un criterio de cantidad. Más aun, es un punto de partida falso considerarla como un pensamiento racional uniforme frente a una pluralidad de creencias religiosas. Y si el consenso es sólo el resultado de una votación, puede fácilmente convertirse (...) en una dictadura de la mayoría. Por tanto, la ética civil tendría que buscarse en el sentido amplio de la justicia en vez de establecer un sistema nuevo. (shrink)

La descripción detallada de un hallazgo considerable de dirhames y fragmentos de dirhames realizado en las proximidades de Iznalloz (Granada) nos lleva a plantear una serie de cuestiones acerca de la trascendencia del reinado de `Abd al-Rahmán II en la historia numismática de al-Ándalus, sobre todo, lo relativo a la posible existencia de más de una ceca emisora.

We present asecond-personalaccount of corporate moral agency. This approach is in contrast to thefirst-personalapproach adopted in much of the existing literature, which concentrates on the corporation’s ability to identify moral reasons for itself. Our account treats relationships and communications as the fundamental building blocks of moral agency. The second-personal account rests on a framework developed by Darwall. Its central requirement is that corporations be capable of recognizing the authority relations that they have with other moral agents. We discuss the relevance (...) of corporate affect, corporate communications, and corporate culture to the second-personal account. The second-personal account yields a new way to specify first-personal criteria for moral agency, and it generates fresh insights into the reasons those criteria matter. In addition, a second-personal analysis implies that moral agency is partly a matter of policy, and it provides a fresh perspective on corporate punishment. (shrink)

In this article I analyze the connection between the concepts of “actuality”, “upcoming” and “origin” found in the early reflections of Walter Benjamin and Theodor W. Adorno to expose some of the defining borders of the transposition of criticisms made by both philosophers. Through the identification of “actuality” as a reflection on the conditions in which philosophy is legitimate, “upcoming” as a requisite for self-justification of philosophical knowledge, and “origin” as the claim of the historically unfinished, I show in what (...) sense a critical horizon is recovered by Benjamin and Adorno as an inexorable exercise of philosophical praxis. (shrink)

Meaning of place is usually approached as slow social cognitive construction. However, grounded on the theory of affordances, it may also stem from direct perception-action processes, which enable the formation of immediate perceived functional, social or symbolic meaning of place (Raymond, Kyttä, & Stedman, 2017). In the present study, affordances of places, which are perceived by a specific perceiver in a specific place, were mapped using a web-map survey. Each place offers opportunities for interaction, behavior, use, feeling or meaning, which (...) is directly perceived and actualized there. This paper aims at identifying the degree of youth-friendliness of urban neighborhoods using the hypothetical intertwined model of independent mobility and actualized affordances (Kyttä, 2004) combined with place use and meaning (Broberg, Kyttä, & Fagerholm, 2013). SoftGISchildren methodology (Broberg, Kyttä, et al., 2013) was adopted to carry out a cross-sectional research, involving 145 sixth to ninth graders of the Great Lisbon area. SoftGIS integrates Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS), enabling collection and place mapping of daily subjective environmental experiences in the physical environment, consequently allowing for individuals to be actively engaged in public processes of participation (Brown & Kyttä,2014). A place based web survey called “Ideal City: a game of graphic imagination” was adopted. Participants were asked to map their home place, select and mark social, functional, leisure and emotional place transactions, and report actual and ideal mobility to these places. Findings on mobility showed that shorter distances to meaningful affordances of places promote active and independent travel; ideally, youths would like to be more frequently active and more frequently autonomous. As for meaningful places, a total of 1632 affordances were localized, with a higher number on social category. Neighborhood area (500 meters around home place) was assessed as youth-friendly, where active and independent travel occurred more frequently, and social affordances were the most expressive type. Relational and affectional experience in the neighborhood places was meaningful for youth. Municipalities should consider these features when planning, designing and managing residential areas aiming for the well-being and health of young citizens; and include youths as specialists of space (spatialists) in planning participatory processes (PPGIS). (shrink)

El presente artículo centra su atención en dos textos de la producción temprana de Walter Benjamin, Sobre el lenguaje en general y el lenguaje de los humanos y Para una crítica de la violencia, con el fin de detectar ciertas huellas conceptuales vinculadas al pensamiento kantiano. A partir de ellas se bosquejan algunos fragmentos del panorama teórico dentro del cual Walter Benjamin plantea aquella tensión tan particularmente dialéctica mediante la que, a pesar de objetar la ilustración, reivindica la crítica como (...) el modo inexcusable de actualizarse el pensamiento filosófico. (shrink)

Este trabajo muestra una concurrencia patente en la resonancia de las categorías ‘industria cultural’ [Kulturindustrie] –empleada por Theodor Adorno para indicar ciertas zonas de la dialéctica subjetiva– e ‘industria de recreo’ [Vergnügungsindustrie] –referida por Walter Benjamin en relación a la dialéctica objetiva–. Me detengo en esta poco explorada concomitancia para determinar por qué Adorno evidencia una dialéctica de la subjetividad administrada en la renuncia sacrificial y Benjamin elabora una dialéctica de la objetividad fetichizada signada por su carácter de fantasmagoría cadavérica. (...) Así, señalo una dimensión de la incardinación entre la veta expansiva de la racionalidad moderna y la instrumentalización de sujetos y objetos. (shrink)

Este trabajo revisa y aplica algunos conceptos y relaciones entre conocimiento, investigación y desarrollo, y posteriormente, entre ciencia, tecnología, innovación y sociedad. Constituye una aproximación general, donde el conocimiento es visto como un proceso integrado que se inicia en el asombro y la curiosidad, se construye a través de la investigación y crece en múltiples disciplinas científicas básicas y aplicadas, que innovan y avanzan hacia el desarrollo y bienestar social, cultural y económico. A la luz de ciertos inventos y descubrimientos, (...) nombres y figuras notables del saber, se discuten aspectos, avances y perspectivas de una cultura basada en el conocimiento, la información y la globalización. (shrink)

"¿Buenas noticias sobre la 'muerte del arte"™? Arte, historia y polí­tica entre el comunitarismo hegeliano y el individualismo de Danto" La tesis, de origen hegeliano, acerca de la muerte del arte a dado lugar a múltiples interpretaciones en el último siglo y medio. Una de las más recientes y originales es la que defendió Arthur C. Danto en Después de la muerte del arte. En este ensayo, se examinan crí­ticamente las principales lí­neas argumentativas expuestas en dicha obra, tanto a la (...) luz de su fuente hegeliana como de algunas de sus lecturas más relevantes. De tal suerte que sea posible precisar los puntos de conflicto entre las visiones de Hegel y de Danto, pero también que se valore el alcance de los análisis de este último respecto del arte contemporáneo. "Good news about the 'death of the art'? Art, history and politics between the hegelian comunitarism and the Danto's individualism" The thesis, of hegelian stamp, about the death of the art had given place to multiple interpretations in the last and a half century. One of the most recent and originals is the one that Arthur C. Danto defended in After the Art"™ s death. In this essay, the main argumentative lines exposed in this work are examined critically, so much by the light of its hegelian source as by some of their more important readings. Thus, that is possible to specify the conflict points among the visions of Hegel and Danto, but also that the reach of the analyses of Danto is valued regarding the contemporary art. (shrink)

This paper addresses alleged contradictions between the use and theory of metaphora in Aristotle. Some authors claim that these inconsistencies are resolved by showing that the use of metaphorai is allowed in the technai and forbidden in the epistemai. This paper instead unpacks Aristotle’s view on language, as it is contained in the semantics of metaphora, to make sense of Aristotle’s statements on metaphora. My proposal is that Aristotle refers to metaphora under different nomenclatures (metaphora, metapherein, and metaphorikon einai) as (...) they relate to the level of linguistic expression, to the perception of similarities, or to the ability to produce metaphors. This threefold distinction helps us understand that the use of metaphora by Aristotle is guided by his idea of the lexis as a means to show the dianoia, and express reality in energeia. This use does not contradict his methodological principles. Lastly, this interpretation also enlightens Aristotle’s understanding of the relations between language, thought, and reality. (shrink)

Let’s agree in calling “classical demonstration” a deduction that enables us to know the rational necessity that something is the case and cannot be otherwise. I propose to take seriously actual instances of this notion, e.g. some mathematical proofs, and explore certain discoursive and epistemic implications of their existence. Then I will look at questions about characterizing, rigorizing and acknowledging this kind of conclusive proof. Finally, some remarks on the meaning of Provability Logic in this context will be made.

In this book, international experts from Europe and the United States address Lullism as a remarkable and distinctive method of thinking and experimenting. The origins and impact of Ramon Llull's oeuvre as a modern thinker are presented, and their interdisciplinary and intercultural implications, which continue to this day, are explored. Ars combinatoria, generative and permutative generation of texts, the epistemic and poetic power of algorithmic systems, plus the principle of unconditional dialogue between cultural groups and their individual members, are the (...) most important coordinates of this combinatorial-dialogical media and communication theory, which appeared very early in the history of science, technology, and art. It was developed in the work of Ramon Llull during the transition from the thirteenth to the fourteenth century when Arab-Islamic, Jewish, and Christian cultures intersected. The legacy of Lullism lives on in poetry and in the visual and electronic-based arts, as well as in research on the history of informatics, formal logic, and media archaeology. The primary idea of Llull's teachings--to enable rational and therefore trustworthy dialogue between cultures and religions through a universally valid system of symbols--is today still topical and of great relevance, especially in the tensions prevailing in globalized spaces of possibility. (shrink)

El ensayo tiene el propósito de dilucidar la relación establecida por Michel Foucault entre el medio, los dispositivos de seguridad y la población. Elementos que pueden ser anexionados o circunscritos en el ejercicio del biopoder en la Modernidad. Al exponer la relación de estos elementos preguntamos por la existencia dada del organismo o del viviente en su medio, lo cual conlleva conocer la emergencia del concepto medio y, a su vez, saber cómo se dio su desbloqueo epistemológico en el tránsito (...) de la mecánica a la biología y a la literatura, para después situarse en la arquitectura. Una vez conocida la historia del concepto medio se discute la idea general de que el viviente, en este caso el humano, al identificarlo como homo faber, transforma su medio de manera unidireccional, ante lo cual se opone la tesis de que el humano al transformar su medio, haciéndolo artificial, termina siendo afectado por esa artificialidad misma. Por esta afectación del hombre sobre su medio y viceversa, se plantea la importancia de recurrir a una teoría del medio puesta en relación con los dispositivos de seguridad y, en todo caso, con el biopoder. The essay has the intention to explore the relation established by Michel Foucault between the milieu, the security apparatuses and the population. Elements that can be annexed or circumscribed in the biopower exercise of Modernity. To expose the relation of this elements we can ask for the existence of the organism or the living in his milieu, which involves knowing the emergence of milieu concept and, at the same time, knowing how occurs the epistemological unlocking in the transit from mechanics to biology and the literature, to be situated in architecture. Once known the milieu’s history can be discussed the general idea that the living, in this case the human, identified as homo faber, transforms his milieu in an unidirectional way, whereupon opposed the thesis that the human to transform his milieu, making artificial, is affected by this artificiality. For this affectation, the human over his milieu and vice versa, set the importance to draw upon a theory of the milieu in relation with the security apparatuses and with bio-power. (shrink)